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BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is linked to major health consequences and a poor quality of life. Despite the fact that CKD is becoming more prevalent, public knowledge of the disease remains low. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the outcome of a health education intervention designed to enhance knowledge, health-related quality of life (QOL), and motivation about healthy lifestyle among adults suffering from CKD. METHODS This study was a parallel-group (1:1) randomized controlled trial in the Mirzapur sub-district of Bangladesh that compared two groups of CKD patients. Adults individual with CKD (stages 1-3) were enrolled in November 2020 and randomly assigned to one of two groups: intervention or control. The intervention group received health education through a CKD awareness campaign and mHealth technologies, whereas the control group received standard treatment, and was observed for 6 months. Primary Outcome was evaluation of improved scores on the chronic kidney disease knowledge questionnaire and secondary outcomes were improved QOL and changes in the level of blood pressure (BP), BMI, serum creatinine, fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin, cholesterol, HDL-c, triglyceride, serum uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and ACR. RESULTS We enrolled 126 patients (control group, n=63, intervention group, n=63) in the study and performed intention to treat analysis. The analyses included repeated measures ANOVA and results were observed to be significantly different in case of within-group (P CONCLUSIONS The health education strategy, which included a campaign and mHealth, showed promise for enhancing CKD knowledge among CKD patients. This strategy may also aid CKD patients in controlling their fasting blood sugar and blood pressure. The combined health education initiatives give evidence for scaling them up in Bangladesh and possibly other low- and middle-income countries, particularly in rural and peri-urban settings. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04094831; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04094831.

The Laevicaulis alte is a terrestrial, pulmonate slug. The ovotestis of the slugs comprises only one vitellogenic oocyte in each acinus. Ultrastructural features of the vitellogenesis and various yolk granules along with their different developing stages are described for the first time in the pulmonate slugs by a transmission electron microscope. Vitellogenesis accompanied by the autosynthetic and the heterosynthetic processes. Ooplasmic Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum are involved in autosynthesis, whereas endocytosis of microvillar process of the oolemma supports heterosynthesis of yolk bodies. The follicular cleft contains various secretory materials and glycogen granules, some of which are incorporated into the distal tips of the microvilli of the oolemma. In ooplasm, three types of yolk granules are discriminated morphologically. The Type-1 yolk granules are ovoid shaped, characterized by the presence of a well-developed axial band. The Type-2 yolk granules are oval-shaped filled with a uniform electron-dense matrix. The Type-3 yolk granules are circular and vacuolated, surrounded by few cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Morphometric characteristics of the vitellogenic oocyte, follicle cells, and different yolk granules are noted. The number of yolk granules in the ooplasm of L. alte is compared to those of other pulmonate species in different habitats.

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a protease enzyme, participates in proteolytic cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins from Drosophila and mammals. But, recent studies have revealed other physiologically important roles of MMP in Drosophila. MMP contributes to cardioblast movement and distribution of collagen proteins during cardiogenesis in developing Drosophila. Tissue remodeling, especially tracheal development is also maintained by MMP. MMP regulates certain immunological functions in Drosophila such as wound repairing, plasmatocyte assemblage at the injured site of the basement membrane and glial response to axon degeneration in Drosophila nervous system. But, the contribution of MMP to tumor formation and metastasis in Drosophila has made it an interesting topic among researchers. Ovulation and egg laying are also found to be affected positively by MMP in Drosophila.

The snake shed skin has long been used in folk as ethnomedicine for the treatment of various therapeutic purposes. The present study investigates the effects of the shed skin aqueous extract (SSAE) of the nonpoisonous snake Ptyas mucosus on the development of the ovotestis of the hermaphrodite slug, Onchidium tigrinum. The ovotestis consists of numerous ovoid-shaped acini, include both spermatogenesis and oogenesis. It is observed that the nonpoisonous SSAE has some significant detrimental effects on the gametogenesis of the slug only on direct contact into the body fluid of the individuals, otherwise, the SSAE has no significant harmful effect on the ovotestis constituents. The most noticeable pathological effects in spermatogenesis are - the arrangement of developing sperm bundles and their typical twisting pattern have deteriorated, the head of the sperm become a small bead-like structure, the pyramidal development of the spermatogenic cells is lower in number in the acini. On the other hand, the oocyte lost its basal integrity with the acinar boundary. The oolemma of the oocytes becomes irregularly shrank. Some small ooplasmic blebbing have commonly been found near the oolemma. The cell membrane of most of the cells in the acini has been damaged and several bare nuclei have frequently been observed in the acinar space. The somatic cells such as Sertoli cells, follicle cells, etc. in the acini appeared as the cellular remnants. It advocates that the SSAE has more detrimental effects on the oogenic cells than that of the spermatogenic cells in the mollusc.

BACKGROUND Despite the growing burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD), disease knowledge and understanding are still lacking, especially in Bangladesh. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of a health education intervention in order to enhance knowledge, health-related quality of life (QOL), and motivation regarding healthy lifestyles among rural and periurban adults suffering from CKD. METHODS A parallel-group (1:1) randomized controlled trial is ongoing in the Mirzapur subdistrict, Bangladesh, where two groups of patients with CKD are being compared. Patients aged 18 years and over with CKD (stages 1-3) were enrolled in November 2020. Patients were randomly allocated into either the intervention group (n=63) or the control group (n=63). The control group received usual treatment, while the intervention group received health education through a CKD campaign facilitated by a nephrologist and via mHealth (ie, periodic mobile phone calls) from community health workers. Both groups were followed up for a period of 6 months. The primary endpoint is patients’ increased knowledge measured using the Chronic Kidney Disease Knowledge Questionnaire. The secondary endpoints are improved QOL measured using the standardized EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire as well as improvements in the levels of blood pressure, BMI, serum creatinine, fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, serum uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and albumin to creatinine ratio. RESULTS Enrollment of participants began in November 2020; the intervention and follow-up were completed in May 2021. We enrolled 126 patients in the study. Patients’ mean ages were 57.97 (SD 15.03) years in the control group and 57.32 (SD 14.37) years in the intervention group. There were 45 out of 63 (71%) females in the control group and 38 out of 63 (60%) females in the intervention group. In addition, there were 38 out of 63 (60%) literate patients in the control group and 33 out of 63 (52%) literate patients in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that a combined approach, incorporating both a CKD campaign and mHealth, for health education may be an effective tool for increasing knowledge and improving QOL among patients with CKD. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04094831; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04094831 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/30191

The development of gametes and somatic cells in the ovotestis of Laevicaulis alte of different body weights is studied using transmission electron microscopy. Spermatogenesis is a proliferative pha...

This work demonstrates the leak flow behavior of subcooled water at high pressure and high temperature through a narrow slit analogous to a pipe crack. The modeling and simulations are based on the loss of coolant accident in the primary loop piping of pressurized heavy water reactors where a subcooled liquid is subjected to a rapid depressurization. Prediction of critical leak flow pattern is crucial in the design methodology of costly high energy pipelines in the perspective of leak before break consideration. For a variety of entry and exit conditions, the interphase mass transfer has been studied using computational techniques. Presence of thermodynamic nonequilibrium was detected on several occasions due to high transit velocities. A comparison with experimental findings indicates the validity of a flashing model for safety analysis of similar high energy thermal systems.

β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA), a potent chemical priming agent, induces plant resistance to a broad spectrum of biotic and abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aims to identify rare and differentially expressed transcripts in BABA-primed maize (Zea mays L.) using a suppression subtractive hybridization strategy. Forward subtraction was performed using the cDNA prepared from a BABA primed leaf as a tester and cDNA from the control leaf as the driver. For reverse subtraction, tester cDNA was synthesized from control leaf and driver cDNA from the BABA primed leaf. A total of 626 clones were picked randomly. In total 192 and 204 high quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from forward (ZmSF) and reverse SSH library (ZmSR) respectively. Contigs analyses revealed 27 unigenes from the forward subtracted library and 4 unigenes from the reverse subtracted library. The ESTs encoding alpha amylase, inositol monophosphatase 3, tocopherol cyclase, thioredoxin H-type, aspartic proteinase, NADP-malic enzyme and PEP carboxykinase were expressed predominantly in BABA-primed leaf and found to be predominantly associated with major metabolic and biosynthesis events along with seed germination, developmental processes and adaptive responses to environmental stimuli such as drought, salinity, osmotic stress and pathogen attack. In this study, we present the first report of transcriptome analysis of maize leaf exposed to BABA. The expression profiles of candidate genes from subtracted libraries were checked using semi quantitative RT-PCR and further validated by qRT-PCR. Expression profiles largely corroborated the quality and functional diversity of both libraries. In ZmSF, 130 ESTs (67.70%) did not show any significant similarity to any protein in the NCBI database, indicating a significant fraction of novel and rare expressed transcripts that were rapidly and strongly induced in response to BABA. Further research needs to be done for these novel transcripts to elucidate their function in a BABA-potentiated stress adaptation mechanism. Overall, our study adds new insights into the BABA potentiated defense mechanisms in plants, and strengthens the available transcriptome database of maize.

To observe the impact of the annealing time on the alloy structure and ultra-soft magnetic properties of Fe 75.5 Si 13.5 Cu 1 Nb 1 B 9 , the alloy was annealed in a controlled way in the temperature range 475 - 600 ° C for different annealing time from 5 to 30 min. Amorphosity of the ribbon and nanocrystalline state was evaluated by X-ray diffraction. Grain size and Si content increase with increasing annealing temperature and time; on the other hand lattice parameter decrease with increasing annealing temperature and time. The maximum permeability was observed at annealing temperature Ta = 525 ° C for 15 min, and thereafter it starts to decreases. Saturation magnetization increases with annealing temperature Ta for the samples and finally decreases during annealing at a temperature much higher than peak crystallization temperature. The results of the experimental observations are explained on the basis of existing theories of nanocrystalline amorphous metallic ribbons. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 40, No. 2, 137-145, 2016

Education theories stress not only societal context of education, but also educational philosophy, anthropology and psychology of learning. A formal curriculum theory, viz. Taba–Tyler rationale, has been proposed to incorporate philosophical, sociological, anthropological and psychological contexts of engineering education in the curriculum. The newly developed undergraduate curriculum at the Indian Institute of Technology Ropar is based on such education theories and has been presented as a case study. It has been demonstrated that the resulting curriculum can lead to unique courses that collectively bring out unique features such as core competency, strong connection to society, hands-on learning, creativity and innovation.

The estimation of leak flow rates through a narrow channel is important to ascertain safe designs of piping system in nuclear power plants. RELAP5 has been universally used as a conventional code for predicting concerned thermal hydraulics which includes the prediction of breakage mass flow during loss of coolant (LOCA) accidents. In the present work an experimental validation of RELAP5 prediction of high temperature subcooled leakage flow has been demonstrated. Avoiding uncertainties of crack morphology, narrow rectangular slits circumferentially created on a reactor grade stainless steel pipe was used for experimental observation. The simplest model of the whole arrangement has been simulated using RELAP5 Mod 3.2 to assess the theoretically maximum flow rate. Circumferential slits were analogous to through wall cracks while slits sizes under study ranged 200–300 μm with aspect ratio 100–200 on 100 mm NB SS-304L pipes of 8 mm thickness. Pressurized sub-cooled light water was used to simulate standard conditions of PWRs or PHWRs with stagnation pressures and temperatures in the range of 6 to 9 MPa and 230 to 250 °C respectively. The experimental results were analyzed and compared with RELAP5 predictions for various stagnation conditions and node geometries mentioned. Flow predictions showed a lot of divergence when compared for several slit opening geometries.

The work presented here is an experimental investigation of the critical flashing flow of initially subcooled water through circumferential slits in pipes. The study provides first hand information about the prediction of leak flow rates in piping and pressure vessels retaining high temperature and high pressure. The dedicated experimental facility loop simulates the thermal hydraulic condition of Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR). The critical flow characteristics found for varying leakage cross sections at different stagnation pressure and different degree of subcooling has been demonstrated in this paper. A marked decrease in mass flux has been found as subcooling decreases for a fixed stagnation pressure. More observation has revealed that the tighter slits or openings with very short duct as small as 0.8 cm flow length have different flow behavior than greater opening dimensions or with longer flow channels or that for nozzles. The critical flow has been seen to occur at higher pressure differentials along the flaws and prominent changes in the flow rate is reported to occur with varying dimensional parameters of the slit or cracks.

Collagen biosynthesis is a multistep process that starts with the transcription and translation of the individual collagen gene. It is characterized by the presence of a large number of co- and posttranslational modifications. Hydroxylysine is found only in animal proteins and mostly in collagens. Procollagen lysyl hydroxylation is the first step in collagen biosynthetic pathway and lysyl hydroxylases (Plod isoforms) are responsible for this enzymatic process. Previously we showed the down regulation of Plod isoforms in hypothyroid ovary. As hypothyroidism is a stress for normal animals, we wanted to explore whether any compensatory pathway exists to balance the reduced lysyl hydroxylation of collagen in hypothyroid rat ovary. In this report we have shown that procollagen I and III are increased in hypothyroid condition and subsequently decreased upon T(3) add-back. Heat Shock Protein-47 is a collagen-specific molecular chaperone and its existence in ovary has been documented. The genes encoding HSP-47, prolyl-4-hydroxylase-alpha and -beta (P4H-alpha and -beta) are increased in hypothyroid condition. Down regulation of lysyl hydroxylase in hypothyroid condition results less collagen formation. At the same time over production of procollagens, HSP-47 and P4H is very significant as they may compensate the damage whatsoever caused due to hypothyroidism in ovarian tissue.

Hypothyroid-associated reproductive disorders have now become a striking phenomenon worldwide but the molecular mechanism behind these disorders is not fully known. Pitx2 gene encodes homeodomain transcription factor, which regulates Plod2 gene in brain tissue, transactivates gonadotropin genes in pituitary and plays a substantial role in cell growth and proliferation in different tissues. Pitx2 binds to Plod2 promoter and activates this gene in rat ovary. In this report, we show that Pitx2's expression is markedly reduced in hypothyroid ovary as well as in ovarian granulosa cells, which is recovered with T(3)-supplementation both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Reduced Pitx2 expression could decrease Plod2 expression and hence facilitate ovarian ECM degradation. We have also observed similar pattern of expression of Pitx1 and -3 in hypothyroid and T(3)-supplemented ovaries. The temporal expression of Pitx2 across the estrous cycle shows that it is expressed through all the 4 phases of the cycle and reaches its maximum in the proestrus phase suggesting its possible role in ovulation followed by luteinization. The present study reveals that the reduced Pitx2 expression in hypothyroid ovary could lead to ovarian dysfunction by modulating the Pitx2-Plod2 interaction, further study will be necessary to unravel the complete regulatory mechanism of Pitx2 in ovarian function.

The present study highlights the role of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) in alleviating drought stress effects in maize (Zea mays L.). Chemical priming was imposed by pretreating 1-week-old plants with 600 μM BABA prior to applying drought stress. Specific activities of key antioxidant enzymes and metabolites (ascorbate and glutathione) levels of ascorbate-glutathione cycle were studied to unravel the priming-induced modulation of plant defense system. Furthermore, changes in endogenous ABA and JA concentrations as well as mRNA expressions of key genes involved in their respective biosynthesis pathways were monitored in BABA-primed (BABA+) and non-primed (BABA-) leaves of drought-challenged plants to better understand the mechanistic insights into the BABA-induced hormonal regulation of plant response to water-deficit stress. Accelerated stomatal closure, high relative water content, and less membrane damage were observed in BABA-primed leaves under water-deficit condition. Elevated APX and SOD activity in non-primed leaves found to be insufficient to scavenge all H2O2 and O2 (·-) resulting in oxidative burst as evident after histochemical staining with NBT and DAB. A higher proline accumulation in non-primed leaves also does not give much protection against drought stress. Increased GR activity supported with the enhanced mRNA and protein expressions might help the BABA-primed plants to maintain a high GSH pool essential for sustaining balanced redox status to counter drought-induced oxidative stress damages. Hormonal analysis suggests that in maize, BABA-potentiated drought tolerance is primarily mediated through JA-dependent pathway by the activation of antioxidant defense systems while ABA biosynthesis pathway also plays an important role in fine-tuning of drought stress response.

Historical Notes: Commissions and Committees on Technical Education in Independent India: An Appraisal

In this paper, a study to describe irreversibility in a water heating solar flat plate collector is conducted. The collector is visualized as a heat exchanger, and the study concentrates on minimizing the internal contributions of irreversibility. The analysis is supported by data obtained from ASHRAE based experiments on a solar flat plate collector. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the thermodynamic trade-off in the design and operational parameters in a solar flat plate collector of a specific design application.

Second-law modeling of flat-plate collectors is performed with the objective of describing collector performance when entropy generation is minimum. Effects of irreversibility are demonstrated. Factors mostly effecting the generation of entropy are discussed.

Introduction: Though metal based drugs have been prescribed in Ayurveda for centuries to treat various diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer, toxicity of these drugs containing heavy metal is a great drawback for practical application. So, proper scientific validation of herbo-metallic drugs like Arkeshwara Rasa (AR) have become one of the focused research arena of new drugs against cancers. Aim: To investigate the in vitro anticancer effects of AR. Materials and Methods: Anticancer activity of AR was investigated on two human cancer cell lines, which represent two different tissues (pancreas and skin). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay for enzyme activity and trypan blue assay for cell morphology were performed for further confirmation. Results: AR showed potent activity against pancreatic cancer cells (MIA-PaCa-2). LDH activity confirmed that AR was active against pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, it was observed that AR exhibited significant effects on cancer cells due to synergistic effects of different compounds of AR. Conclusion: The study strongly suggests that AR has the potential to be an anticancer drug against pancreatic cancer.

Collagen type II (Col II), one of the main components of the hyaline cartilage, is a member of the fibril-forming collagen family. Due to its amino acid composition, the extent of lysine hydroxylation of Col II is much higher than that of other fibril forming collagens. Since lysyl hydroxylase isoforms are less synthesized in hypothyroid ovarian tissue, Col II level is expected to be reduced here and contribute to the degradation of ovarian ECM in this condition. As there was no previous report, we have demonstrated Col II expression in rat ovary. Col2A1 mRNA shares significant part of the total collagens in ovary as shown by the relative expression of the major collagen genes present in this tissue. It has also been shown that Col II is down regulated in hypothyroid ovarian tissue and its expression is increased upon stimulation by thyroid hormone (T(3)). To know whether less Col II in hypothyroid ovarian tissue is due to less synthesis of the protein or its increased rate of degradation is also involved in it, we demonstrated the status of Collagen - degrading Matrix Metalloproteinases in this condition and found up regulation of MMP-1, -8 and -13 in hypothyroid rat ovary. The present study shows the reduced Col II expression in hypothyroid rat ovary, with the concomitant increase in Col II degradation. This information will be useful for further studies on reproductive disorders.

Prediction of long-term distribution of solar radiation enables generation of synthetic weather data for simulating solar energy systems and to estimate long-term average utilizability. Liu and Jordan (1960) observed that the distribution of daily clearness indices (ratio of terrestrial to extraterrestrial irradiation) for a month, K, depends only on their monthly average value,CK. Bendt et al. (1981) presented a fit to the Liu and Jordan generalized cumulative frequency distribution curves of daily clearness indices which included two additional parameters, namely, the minimum (Kmin) and maximum (Kmax) daily clearness indices for a month. Subsequent studies attempted to refine the predictions. To examine the universality of the Liu and Jordan curves, the present investigation compares the daily clearness index values obtained from actual data against the values computed employing four different methods due to Bendt et al., Saunier et al. (1987), Babu and Satyamurty (2001) and Ibanez et al. (2002). Hourly global radiation data measured at five Indian locations for eight years have been used in the present study. Comparisons are presented in terms of root mean square errors. For each of the methods, Kmin and Kmax values are first taken as specified in the respective literature. Data-based correlations to predict Kmin and Kmax in terms of more available information like K, latitude and altitude of the location, monthly mean declination etc. are used in the next set of comparisons. Lastly the comparisons are made using Kmin and Kmax values from data. It has been observed that all the models return their individual best values when Kmin and Kmax are taken from data. On the other hand, all the models performed progressively poorer as the inaccuracy in predicting Kmin and Kmax from the correlations increases either due to the correlations themselves or due to inappropriate use of the correlations. This establishes that all such models are very sensitive to the accuracy of input information of the extreme values of daily clearness indices. When both Kmin and Kmax for the respective months are taken from data, r.m.s. error for each of the locations has been found to be the lowest for the model due to Bendt et al. and on an overall basis, taking all the five locations and all the months together, r.m.s. errors for Babu and Satyamurty, Saunier et al., Ibanez et al., and Bendt et al. have been found to be 0.057, 0.054, 0.046 and 0.043 respectively.

Hypothyroid-induced reproductive malfunction in both the sexes is a common phenomenon of global concern. In an attempt to characterize the differentially expressed genes that might be responsible for these disorders, we have identified a number of clones in hypothyroid rat ovary by subtractive hybridization. One such clone is procollagen lysyl hydroxylase2 (Plod-2), the key enzyme for the first step of collagen biosynthetic pathway, which was down-regulated in hypothyroid condition. We have also demonstrated the reduced expression of other isoforms of Plods, namely Plod-1 and -3 in hypothyroid rat ovary. The current studies are the first of their kind to report that thyroid hormone regulates the Plod gene in rat ovary. Moreover, we have shown the up-regulation of matrix-degrading enzyme(s), matrix metalloproteinase(s) in the hypothyroid rat ovary, whereas the tissue-inhibitory metalloproteinase is down-regulated. Finally, the results of the present studies indicate that in hypothyroid condition, collagen biosynthesis in ovary seems to be disturbed with concomitant enhancement in collagen degradation, resulting in disintegration of overall ovarian structure.

Frequency distribution of daily clearness indices was first given analytically by Bendt et al. (1981) in their attempt to fit the original data-based generalized curves due to Liu and Jordan (1960). Despite some seasonal dependence, their theoretical distribution corresponding to random insolation sequences agreed very well with the actual values computed from measured solar radiation data for ninety United States locations. Since then, a lot of research has been done to describe the natural distribution of daily and hourly (even of shorter time intervals) insolation values. Comparative performance of the major methods have been reported in the literature when they are applied for both temperate and tropical locations. By using Kmin (minimum daily clearness index, K, for a month) and Kmax (maximum value of K in a month) from data, Ibanez et al. ((2002) have shown that the Bendt et al. model produces results of comparable accuracy, just second to their bi-exponential model and better than the Saunier et al. (1987) and Hollands and Huget (1983) models, for the twelve United States locations considered by them. In a conjugate study, the present authors (IECEC, 2005) found Bendt et al. model to be performing better than Ibanez et al., Babu and Satyamurty (2001) and Saunier et al. models at each of the five Indian locations for which a broad base of eight years of measured hourly global radiation data was employed. Though originally developed for daily insolation values, the same Bendt et al. model has also been applied to obtain distributions of hourly clearness indices, daily sunshine duration and hourly ambient temperature by different researchers. In addition to this versatility and accuracy, a good feature of the Bendt et al. distribution is its simplicity, by virtue of which both the cumulative frequency and the daily clearness index can be obtained interchangeably. In this distribution, evaluation of a parameter, γ, which is a function of Kmin, Kmax and Kbar (monthly average daily value of K), requires an iterative procedure. The range of values γ can assume is from ∞ to + ∞. Precise values of γ can also be found directly from a relation given by Lahiri et al. (1999), however, when γ is equal to zero, Bendt et al. distribution fails to describe such “indeterminate” months. In the present article, a new distribution has been proposed when γ = 0. Evidences of such situations in reality are shown from hourly solar radiation data. Comparative performance of the present distribution and distributions due to Saunier et al., Babu and Satyamurty and Ibanez et al. has been presented. The results establish the general validity of the present model. A criterion for having γ = 0 has also been formulated.