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A estrutura acusatória do nosso sistema processual penal deve ser caracterizada por um juízo eminentemente oral. Este fato indica que a defesa técnica necessita de ferramentas específicas para gerar resultados positivos no seu atuar em audiência. A presente reflexão, portanto, tem como proposta o fortalecimento do exercício efetivo da defesa criminal em um juízo oral

Interval graphs and proper interval graphs are well known graph classes, for which several generalizations have been proposed in the literature. In this work, we study the (proper) thinness, and several variations, for the classes of cographs, crowns graphs and grid graphs. We provide the exact values for several variants of thinness (proper, independent, complete, precedence, and combinations of them) for the crown graphs CRn. For cographs, we prove that the precedence thinness can be determined in polynomial time. We also improve known bounds for the thinness of n × n grids GRn and m×n grids GRm,n, proving that n−1/3 ⌈ n − 1 3 ⌉ $\textstyle\lceil\frac{n-1}3\rceil$ ≤ thin(GRn) ≤ n+1/2 ⌈ n + 1 2 ⌉ $\textstyle\lceil\frac{n+1}2\rceil$. Regarding the precedence thinness, we prove that prec-thin(GRn,2) = n+1/2 ⌈ n + 1 2 ⌉ $\textstyle\lceil\frac{n+1}2\rceil$ and that n− 1 + 3/2 ⌈ n − 1 3 ⌉ ⌈ n − 1 2 ⌉ + 1 $\textstyle{\lceil\frac{n-1}3\rceil}{\lceil\frac{n-1}2\rceil}+1$ ≤ prec-thin(GRn) ≤ n− 1 2 ⌈ n − 1 2 ⌉ 2 + 1 $\textstyle{\lceil\frac{n-1}2\rceil}^2+1$. As applications, we show that the k-coloring problem is NP-complete for precedence 2-thin graphs and for proper 2-thin graphs, when k is part of the input. On the positive side, it is polynomially solvable for precedence proper 2-thin graphs, given the order and partition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pretensão do neodesenvolvimentismo de pleitear a continuidade do desenvolvimentismo não encontra nenhum fundamento objetivo. As duas expressões do pensamento econômico correspondem a épocas históricas distintas e representam espectros ideológicos opostos. Ao identificar a realidade da economia brasileira contemporânea com o desenvolvimento capitalista virtuoso, o novo desenvolvimentista revela‑se tal qual é - uma apologia do poder. Não passa de um esforço provinciano para dar roupa nova à velha teoria da modernização como solução para os graves problemas das populações que vivem no elo fraco do sistema capitalista mundial.The pretension of the new developmentalism to plead the continuity of the old developmentalism has no objective foundation. The two expressions of economic thought correspond to different historical epochs and represent opposing sides of the ideological spectrum. When the new developmentalism identifies the contemporary reality of the Brazilian economy with virtuous capitalist development, it reveals what it is really: an apologia for power. It is nothing more than a parochial effort to make up the old theory of modernization as a solution to the serious problems of the population living in the weak link of the capitalist world system.

O balanço dos primeiros meses da política econômica do governo Lula revela que as medidas adotadas, sem exceção, obedecem cegamente os ditames do FMI. Atônita, a população que apostava na mudança assiste a Palocci e a Meirelles praticando um melanismo ortodoxo, condenado pelo voto popular. Mesmos remédios, mesmos efeitos. A instabilidade econômica não arrefece e as autoridades continuam a reboque de movimentos especulativos do mercado – eufemismo utilizado para designar os interesses do capital financeiro. E, assim, o enorme entusiasmo gerado pela vitória da esperança começa a ser empanado pelo sentimento claustrofóbico de que tudo continua igual.

We study a special case of Hamming–Huffman trees, in which both data compression and data error detection are tackled on the same structure. Given a hypercube Qn of dimension n, we are interested in some aspects of its vertex neighborhoods. For a subset L of vertices of Qn, the neighborhood of L is defined as the union of the neighborhoods of the vertices of L. The minimum neighborhood problem is that of determining the minimum neighborhood cardinality over all those sets L. This is a well-known problem that has already been solved. Our interest lies in determining optimal Hamming–Huffman trees, a problem that remains open and which is related to minimum neighborhoods in Qn. In this work, we consider a restricted version of Hamming–Huffman trees, called [k]-HHT s, which admit symbol leaves in at most k different levels. We present an algorithm to build optimal [2]-HHT s. For uniform frequencies, we prove that an optimal HHT is always a [5]-HHT and that there exists an optimal HHT which is a [4]-HHT. Also, considering experimental results, we conjecture that there exists an optimal tree which is a [3]-HHT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A relatively simple, general, and very flexible method to design complex, three-dimensional hole trajectories can be obtained by using a 3D extension for Bézier curves. This approach offers superior results in terms of coding, use, and flexibility compared to other methods using double-arc, cubic functions, spline-in-tension functions, or constant curvature. The mathematics is surprisingly simple, and the method can be used to obtain trajectories for any of the four typical end conditions in terms of inclination and azimuth, namely: free-end, set-end, set-inclination/free azimuth, and free-inclination/set-azimuth. The resulting trajectories are smooth, with continuous and smooth change of curvature and toolface, better exploiting the expected delivery of modern rotary steerable deviation tools, particularly the point-the-bit and the push-the-bit systems. With the relevant parameters at any point of the trajectory (curvature and toolface angle) an automated system can steer the hole toward the defined targets in a smooth fashion. The beauty of the method is that the description of the trajectory is obtained with one single expression that handles the three space coordinates, instead of working with three separate coordinate functions. It uses a generalization of the well-known 2D Bézier curve. The concept is easy to understand, and implementation even using spreadsheets is straightforward. Besides, the conditions at both ends (coordinates and inclination/azimuth for set ends) the trajectory curve has up to two independent parameters. By playing suitably with these parameters, one can obtain a curve that favors the reduction of drag and torque during drilling, tripping, and casing running. In addition to the formulation for trajectory calculation, the paper presents the expressions to calculate the inclination, azimuth, curvature, and toolface at any point along the trajectory. Proper numerical examples illustrate the various end-conditions. The method can be used during the hole planning cycle as well as during the hole drilling for automatic and manual steerage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH) is a rare complication of lumbar discectomy. Here, the authors reviewed 10 articles concerning the etiology, clinical, diagnostic, and surgical management of SSDH. Case Description: A postoperative SSDH occurred following a lumbar microdiscectomy in an 80-year-old patient in the absence of a dural injury. Conclusion: SSDH is a rare complication of lumbar discectomy and may even occur without a dural fistula. Notably, magnetic resonance is the diagnostic study of choice to identify this pathology that may then be appropriately managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a mathematical method to design complex trajectories for three-dimensional (3D) wells. Three-dimensional cubic trajectories are obtained for various end conditions: free end, set end, free inclination/set azimuth, and set inclination/free azimuth. The resulting trajectories are smooth continuous functions, which better suit the expected performance of modern rotary steerable deviation tools, in particular point-the-bit and push-the-bit systems. A continuous and gradual change in path curvature and tool face results in the smoothest trajectory for 3D wells, that in turn results in lower torque, drag, and equipment wear The degree of freedom and the associated parameters of the 3D curves express the commitment between the average curvature to the final length of the path, which can be adjusted to fit the design requirements and to optimize the trajectory. Several numerical examples illustrate the various end conditions. The paper also presents the full mathematical results (expressions for the 3D path, actual curvature, and actual tool face). The method is directly applicable to the well planning cycle as well as to automatic and manual hole steering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fresh fruits of 'Grande Naine' (Cavendish AAA- Musa spp.) dominate the world market, especially in countries with a population in a situation of social vulnerability. However, Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 4 Subtropical (Foc ST4), emerges as a serious threat to banana production, requiring the development of resistant cultivars based on biotechnological strategies, such as the induction of mutation in tissue culture. This study aimed to identify and characterize genetic variation in somaclones resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense subtropical race 4 (Foc ST4), derived from 'Grand Naine' bananas, by molecular markers based on retrotransposons IRAP (Inter-retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism) and REMAP (Retrotransposon-Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism). Nine combinations of IRAP and six combinations of REMAP primers were used. The low number of polymorphic bands did not allow for genetic diversity studies; however, ten polymorphic bands between the somaclones and control were sequenced. Of these, three presented good base calling and were aligned, namely, 1AF, 2AF, and 3AF bands. Only the 1AF band presented function related to stress response with homology to a calcium-binding protein. These proteins act early in plant infection as secondary messengers activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), initiating the cascade of plant defense signals. The fact that this band is present in all somaclones reinforces previous assessments of their resistance to Foc ST4. The use of markers IRAP and REMAP produced polymorphic bands that can, through future primer design and field validations, accelerate the identification of resistant banana genotypes for use in banana genetic breeding programs.

Banana breeding consists of obtaining diploid, triploid, and tetraploid intra- and interspecific hybrids by conventional breeding methods with the objective of aggregating characteristics of agronomic and commercial interest. Given the narrow genetic base of bananas, Embrapa's Banana Genetic Breeding Program (BGBP) aims at crosses between improved diploids (ID) (ID × ID) and between improved diploids (ID) and commercial triploids (ID × CTP) and tetraploids (ID × CTT), in order to increase the genetic base and variability in bananas regarding agronomic traits of interest and resistance to main biotic and abiotic factors. These improved diploids are resistant to main fungal diseases such as yellow (YSD) and black Sigatoka (BSD) disease and Fusarium wilt (race 1 and subtropical race 4), the latter being one of the most devastating diseases in bananas. The genetic diversity between 22 improved diploids and seven commercial banana triploids was analyzed using DNA molecular markers. Five IRAP (Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism, 7 ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats) and 12 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers were used. The genetic dissimilarity matrix was based on the Jaccard dissimilarity index; clusters were separated using the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method With Arithmetic Mean) method and cophenetic correlation of 0.8755. This study of the genetic diversity between improved diploids and commercial triploids, based on the genetic dissimilarity matrix, revealed that the most dissimilar diploids were DM23 and DM15 (74%) and DM16 and DM15 (74%). The smallest genetic distances between the improved diploids and commercial triploids were between TCGN25 and DM17 (50%) and TCN26 and DM17 (50%). The genetic distance matrix also revealed important genotypes to be used in crosses in order to maintain good characteristics in commercial triploids when crossed with improved diploids. The results of our study provide better breeding strategies for one of the largest banana-breeding programs worldwide focused on the development of banana varieties resistant to main biotic and abiotic factors.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in goats and sheep, is highly prevalent worldwide and is characterized by economic losses in small ruminant production. Currently available techniques for clinical and laboratory diagnosis of the disease lack market availability and/or sensitivity, and therefore, infected animals can remain in the herd, serving as a source of infection for other animals. The present study aimed to verify hematological and clinical biochemistry changes in goats naturally infected by C. pseudotuberculosis. One hundred seventy-three Canindé goats were included in this study, from which blood samples and caseous lesions were collected. The animals were classified as uninfected, asymptomatic, and symptomatic according to microbiological isolation and serological assays. A high dissemination of the infection was observed in the herd, with 86.13% of positive animals, being 74.57% asymptomatic and 11.56% symptomatic. In the hemogram and clinical biochemistry analyses, the only statistical difference found was a higher level of serum urea in asymptomatic individuals than in non-infected animals. In addition, this study points to the possibility of chronic CLA being potentially reflected in hepatic and renal biochemical markers., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Lipophosphoglycan (LPG), when used as an ELISA target, confers high specificity and sensitivity to the detection of Leishmania infantum antibodies in dogs. Glycoconjugates are economically viable because the yield is very high after extraction/purification. In addition, they are very stable, which allows their use in point-of-care testing without special storage conditions. During the glycoconjugate extraction, a glycoinositolphospholipid (GIPL)-enriched fraction is obtained in similar quantities as LPG. Since GIPLs can be extracted from the same parasite pellet as LPGs, this work aimed to evaluate the immune recognition of GIPLs by Leishmania infantum -infected dogs and its use for canine leishmaniasis (CanL) immunodiagnosis. Like LPG, GIPLs were recognized by sera from L. infantum -infected dogs, but with less sensitivity (83.8%). However, 80% (16/20) of subclinically infected dogs were detected as positive in the assay. Different from LPG, the GIPL-based assay achieved a lower specificity (73.7%) and cross-reactions occurred with T. cruzi and L. braziliensis -infected dogs. Although GIPLs exhibited a similar performance to LPG for subclinically L. infantum -infected dogs, the occurrence of cross-reactivities with other protozoa and a lower sensitivity hinders its use for an immunodiagnostic test. In places where those diseases do not co-exist such as in the Mediterranean region, its use for subclinically dogs could be an alternative., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Sampaio, Soares, Barral, Passos, Fonseca, Meyer, Barrouin-Melo and Portela.)

Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major surface glycoconjugate of Leishmania protozoan and has an important biological role in host-parasite interactions both in the midgut epithelium of the sand fly vector and in the vertebrate macrophages. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a chronic infectious disease predominantly caused by Leishmania infantum. An early and accurate immunodiagnosis of the disease is crucial for veterinary clinical practice and for disease control. In this work, we evaluated L. infantum LPG as an antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for CanL immunodiagnosis (LPG-ELISA) by testing serum samples from 97 naturally infected dogs with diverse clinical presentations ranging from subclinical infection to severe disease, as evaluated by veterinarian infectologists. Serum samples from healthy dogs from non-endemic areas (n = 68) and from dogs with other infectious diseases (n = 64) were used as controls for assay validation. The performance of the LPG-ELISA was compared with that of an ELISA using the soluble fraction of L. infantum total lysate antigen (TLA). LPG-ELISA presented a superior performance in comparison to TLA-ELISA, with 91.5% sensitivity, 98.5% specificity and 99.7% accuracy. A distinguishing feature of the LPG-ELISA compared to the TLA-ELISA was its higher ability to identify subclinical infection in clinically healthy dogs, in addition to the absence of cross-reactivity with other canine infectious diseases. Finally, LPG-ELISA was compared to TR DPP visceral canine leishmaniasis test, the immunochromatographic test recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture. LPG-ELISA exhibited higher values of specificity (98.5% versus 93.1%) and sensitivity (91.5% versus 90.6%) compared to TR DPP. In conclusion, L. infantum-derived LPG was recognized by antibodies elicited during CanL in different infection stages and was shown to be a suitable antigen for specific clinical settings of veterinary diagnosis and for public health usage., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Objective: To assess the trend of thyroid cancer mortality in Brazil between 1980 and 2010., Materials and Methods: An ecological study of time series. Mortality rates for thyroid cancer adjusted by age according to gender were calculated between 1980 and 2010. Data were analyzed by three distinct strategies: polynomial regression, joinpoint analysis, and moving averages., Results: Over 70% of deaths occur in the elderly, regardless of sex. Among young adults, the mortality rate is low, with no difference between men and women. Among mature adults and elderly, mortality is increasing, and significantly, for women. There is a trend of decreasing mortality in all female adults and overall population, and in males and 40-59 years and overall population, both excluding the elderly, with statistical significance., Conclusion: Knowledge about trends allows setting priorities and allocating resources toward positive changes in this scenario in the Brazilian population.