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The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into focus the potential value of innovation in a crisis: big, new, urgent problems may demand novel solutions. Early on in the pandemic, there were [...]

En los últimos tiempos ha resurgido el interés en la incidencia de las instituciones en el desempeño económico. Una revisión de la literatura indica que el concepto de ¿institución¿ significa cosas diferentes para los diferentes estudiosos, en la economía tanto como en las ciencias sociales. Este artículo analiza los factores que unifican las diferentes definiciones de instituciones, y presenta un concepto de instituciones que es útil para el análisis del desempeño económico y del crecimiento económico en particular. Más precisamente, presenta el concepto de instituciones como ¿tecnologías sociales¿ estandarizadas. El crecimiento económico resulta de la coevolución de las tecnologías físicas y sociales.

The study about patenting by faculty members at academic medical centers, which documented a large increase in patent activity during the period from 1981 through 2000, is reported. The medical school faculty members could have better chance to become patent holders if they had Ph.D. degrees and received funds from the National Institutes of Health.

Byline: David C. Mowery (1), Bhaven N. Sampat (2,3) Keywords: Bayh-Dole; technology transfer; patents Abstract: Recent initiatives by a number of OECD governments suggest considerable interest in emulating the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, a piece of legislation that is widely credited with stimulating significant growth in university--industry technology transfer and research collaboration in theUS. We examine the effects of Bayh-Dole on university--industry collaboration and technology transfer in the US, emphasizing the lengthy history of both activities prior to 1980 and noting the extent to which these activities are rooted in the incentives created by the unusual scale and structure (by comparison with Western Europe or Japan) of the US higher education system. Efforts at 'emulation' of the Bayh-Dole policy elsewhere in the OECD are likely to have modest success at best without greater attention to the underlying structural differences among the higher education systems of these nations. Author Affiliation: (1) Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A. NBER, 30 Arta Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-8715 U.S.A (2) School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 685 Cherry Street, NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, U.S.A. (3) School of Public Health, Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan, 109 Observatory Room M2240, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, U.S.A Article History: Registration Date: 30/12/2004