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Abstract: This paper addresses the topic of artificial intelligence and its role in the process of automated analysis of Arabic language levels, specifically the pure level, where it is exposed to the concept of artificial intelligence and its most important characteristics and objectives, its applications used in the process of automated analysis of Arabic language, and its importance in the development of the latter. It aims to identify the most innovative methods of automated analysis of different language levels, which integrate advanced technology into the process of language processing and analysis of its components. This paper concludes that the application of AI programs in Arabic language processing and analysing their levels has become an urgent requirement, especially when compared with other languages that have benefited from the evolving digital revolution. Arabic language is an important entry point for addressing the levels of the other language, an important starting point for bridging this gap and keeping abreast of technological development. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Automated analysis, Language levels, Linguistic processing, Morphological level.

Abstract Accommodating talker variability is a complex and multi-layered cognitive process. It involves shifting attention to the vocal characteristics of the talker as well as the linguistic content of their speech. Due to an interdependence between voice and phonological processing, multi-talker environments typically incur additional processing costs compared to single-talker environments. A failure or inability to efficiently distribute attention over multiple acoustic cues in the speech signal may have detrimental language learning consequences. Yet, no studies have examined effects of multi-talker processing in populations with atypical perceptual, social and language processing for communication, including autistic people. Employing a classic word-monitoring task, we investigated effects of talker variability in Australian English autistic (n = 24) and non-autistic (n = 28) adults. Listeners responded to target words (e.g., apple, duck, corn) in randomised sequences of words. Half of the sequences were spoken by a single talker and the other half by multiple talkers. Results revealed that autistic participants’ sensitivity scores to accurately-spotted target words did not differ to those of non-autistic participants, regardless of whether they were spoken by a single or multiple talkers. As expected, the non-autistic group showed the well-established processing cost associated with talker variability (e.g., slower response times). Remarkably, autistic listeners’ response times did not differ across single- or multi-talker conditions, indicating they did not show perceptual processing costs when accommodating talker variability. The present findings have implications for theories of autistic perception and speech and language processing.

Background: Children with hearing impairment have difficulties affecting their ability to understand speech and general communication development. It is essential to understand the background of the factors affecting young children's speech intelligibility in the Pakistani setting. Objective: To explore the factors affecting speech intelligibility among children with hearing impairment. Methods: A total of n=107 individuals were selected for the 6-month study at GMT clinic, Siemens Hearing Clinic, Hearing and Speech Care Clinic, and RHS in Islamabad using non-probability convenience sampling. Children between the ages of 6 and 12 who had mild to profound sensorineural hearing loss and could express themselves at the phrase level met the inclusion criteria. Speech-impairing conditions and progressive or conductive hearing loss were included in the exclusion criteria. Using the Assessing Intelligibility Worksheet, data was collected, in which 17 utterances with 57 words spoken by the therapist participants were repeated and the responses were noted by the therapist. Multiple linear regression, descriptive statistics, and percentage distribution were all analyzed using SPSS 21. Results: A multiple regression model was run to predict intelligibility utterance from age, gender, type of hearing aid, technology of hearing aid, degrees of hearing loss, and talkativeness. This model significantly predicted speech intelligibility of hearing aid users {F (8, 98) = 42.905, p

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of color vision impairment among Pakistani adults at Polyclinic Hospital Islamabad. METHODOLOGY: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Federal Government Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad. The research was conducted from March to May 2022, employing a consecutive non-probability sampling methodology. The study centred on a cohort of participants aged 10 to 55 who received medical attention at the Ophthalmology Outpatient Department. Sampling was done using the non-probability consecutive sampling technique. The sample size was 104 patients. All adults aged between 10-55 years were included except Patients having a history of Ocular or Neurological surgery, Trauma and Patients diagnosed with Diabetes or Hypertension were excluded. The gathered data was entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. RESULTS: A total of 104 candidates underwent color vision assessment. 3.8% (4/104) of the candidates were color vision deficient. All of them were unaware of their condition. CONCLUSION: The screened Population showed color blindness in 3.8% of the candidates. All of the individuals were unaware of the condition

Abstract: Modern linguistic research is one of the research projects that relies in its steps on the scientific method, as language is studied scientifically in itself and for its own sake, as De Saussure says. This is to provide a complete, specific, and clear description of language, and to explain its various functions on the basis that all languages share a set of facts, which are the basic components of language, which are (phonological component, morphological component, syntactic component, lexical component, and semantic component), in addition to the social nature of language. Any language must have a phonetic system through which sounds are followed to form words, and words are followed through this system to form sentences with meaning.Modern linguistics looking at language as a phonetic phenomenon. It is concerned with the spoken linguistic reality, which requires objectivity in expressing the facts and phenomena under study, and investigates scientificity and clarity of the method, in order to reach accurate results that express the linguistic reality. Keywords: linguistics, linguistic research, scientificity, objectivity, De Saussure.

Onopordum nervosum subsp. platylepis Murb. is an Asteraceae species found in Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya. It has been studied for its potential use as a vegetable rennet alternative to animal-derived rennet, making it important to understand its germination characteristics. This species often shows low germinability due to dormancy, which limits its large-scale cultivation. In preliminary experiments, many factors were analyzed to evaluate the seed germination of this thistle including physical stratification with abrasive paper and high-temperature water, chemical treatments with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and the exogenous use of the growth regulator gibberellic acid (GA3). Based on the obtained results and subsequent analysis, GA3 and cold stratification durations were selected for the second experiment, which used a full factorial RSM design with three levels for each factor. Additionally, the total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), condensed tannin content (CTC), and DPPH assay were analyzed during the optimization process and for ungerminated seeds. The findings revealed that 14 days of cold stratification followed by 750 ppm GA3 was the most efficient method for breaking the dormancy of these thistle seeds. The highest TPC was recorded in ungerminated seeds. However, germinated Onopordum nervosum ssp. platylepis seeds showed higher levels of TFC and CTC (14.83 mg QE/g DW and 6.49 mg EC/g DW, respectively) compared to the non-germinated ones and demonstrated the greatest potency in inhibiting free radicals (DPPH EC50 = 0.018 mg/mL) at the identified optimal germination conditions. Ungerminated seeds indicated significant phenolic content (TPC) and a limited ability to reduce oxidants, which could explain their low germination percentage. Our findings on the seed germination and dormancy characteristics of this endemic thistle will aid in the protection and development of its germplasm.

Background: Vision impairment is a public health problem and every patient with visual impairment doesn’t accept low vision aids (LVA’s). Objective: To explore the non-acceptability rate of low vision aids with the reasons for not opting for them. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology in the Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad. A sample of n=100 Patients in the selected age groups 20 to 80 years diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, high myopia/hypermetropia, optic atrophy/neuropathies, and glaucoma were recruited using non- probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using a predefined form to determine the willingness of low-vision patients to adopt LVAs. The non-acceptance rate was calculated as the percentage of participants declining LVA services, assessed through their responses on the form. Results: The mean age of the participants was 43.48±14 with a range from 20 to 80 years. A total of n=100 patients out of which n=58 were males and n=42 were females. Among these n=100 patients, n=91 patients show non-acceptance with a gender distribution of n=53 male and n=38 female patients. The major reason for non- acceptance was unaffordability for LVA among males (n=19) and n=06), followed by usage difficulty, transportation, fear of losing jobs, social stigma, low necessity, and lack of awareness. Conclusion: Non-acceptance of low vision aids among the study population due to unaffordability, compounded by social stigma, financial constraints, and limited awareness, underscores the need to address these barriers for better device utilization and enhanced quality of life for visually impaired individuals. Keywords: blindness; vision aids; visual impairment

The aim of this research was to study the effect of solvent polarity and extraction technique of phenolic compounds from Juniperus oxycedrus L. on antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Also, this paper aims to evaluate the anti-corrosive effect of aqueous extracts. In order to evaluate the effect of solvents on the bioactive compound’s extraction efficiency, the samples were prepared with different extraction procedures. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts were prepared by using Soxhlet and maceration extraction and aqueous extracts were obtained by decoction and infusion methods. Moreover, six fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol and aqueous) were prepared by partition of ethanolic extract. All the extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening; the results show the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids. The study of the effect of extraction methods revealed that the decoction is the most suitable for the extraction of phenolic compounds. Moreover, depending on the solvent studied, it was noted that the ethanol showed a high level of flavonoids and the high antioxidant capacity. The extracts were also tested for their antibacterial activity in vitro against two bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) using the disc diffusion method. The results of antibacterial showed that the highest activity was attributed to ethanolic extract with a maximum zone of inhibition of 13 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. The corrosion inhibition effect of the aqueous extracts in mild steel in 1 M HCl solution showed that the extracts inhibit effectively corrosion of mild steel.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of disease on physical, educational, psychological and social wellbeing of transfusion dependent thalassemia major patients. Study Design and Setting: A case control study conducted in Thalassemia Centre of Pediatric Ward, PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi for a duration of six months from March 2019 till August 2019. Methodology: Seventy cases of thalassemia major patients were enrolled along with a control group of hundred patients. The enrolled cases were registered thalassemia patients of pediatric hematology clinic. The controls are healthy, age and sex matched participants and their history was taken to compare with the diseased participants. Peds QL4.0 generic core scale proforma was filled to assess health related quality of life (HRQoL) in these patients. Results: Mean age of patients was 8.56 ± 4.526 and 7.94 ± 4.528 for controls. The greatest level of difficulty was seen in thalassemia patients in physical functioning, health activities and emotional functioning domains with a score of 9.4 ± 6.85, 9.186 ± 5.724 and 6.4 ± 3.5 respectively. The total score in terms of increasing difficulty was 51.84 ± 21.26 in patients while it was 15.06 ± 10.26 in control group with a significant difference (p = 0.05). There was also significant association of splenectomy with health-related scores. Conclusion: This study reiterated the impact of blood transfusion, iron chelation and other clinical dependencies of thalassemia major patients on their quality of life. The questionnaire data provided valuable information regarding impact on daily life activities and its difference in comparison to controls

This study aimed to compare the chemical composition of aqueous extracts from different aerial plant parts (leaves, stems, and flowers) of Onopordum nervosum ssp. platylepis growing in different regions (Sousse, Kairouan, and Nabeul) in Tunisia, as well as their antioxidant and milk-clotting properties for both spontaneously grown and cultivated plants. Results showed that phenolic composition varies significantly among ecotypes and plant organs (p < 0.05), with flowers containing the highest amounts of total phenols and flavonoids in both plant types. The flowers from Nabeul (NA) region showed the highest amounts of total phenols and higher phenolic contents compared to leaves and stems, with 44.75 mg GAE/g and 39.79 mg GAE/g in spontaneous and cultivated plants, respectively. However, flowers of spontaneously plants grown in Sousse (SO) showed the highest total flavonoid contents (11.42 mg QE/g). Additionally, the findings indicated that flowers contained higher concentrations of mono- and disaccharides than leaves and stems. The antioxidant activity showed that the radical scavenging activity of O. platylepis aqueous extracts is significantly affected by the organ and genotype (p < 0.05). NA genotype revealed the highest potency in inhibiting free radicals, with flowers having the lowest IC50s values in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) tests, registering 0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively. Milk-clotting activity was limited to flowers of this thistle. Moreover, SO and NA genotypes were identified as the most potent populations to coagulate milk in spontaneous and cultivated plants. The principal component analysis confirms the organ and genotype variability in this thistle, with the first two axes explaining 64.15% of the variance and highlighting a distinct flower group. The obtained results suggest that the domestication of this thistle could be useful for the conservation of biodiversity and the promotion of genotypes with potential technological properties.

BackgroundMonkeypox (mpox), re-emerging zoonotic infectious disease, is striking the world with serious public health concerns, especially in non-endemic countries. The public's knowledge and attitude towards the monkeypox virus (MPXV) influence their adherence to preventive strategies. Therefore, we aimed to assess the public's knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of MPXV in Pakistan.MethodsWe collected data for this cross-sectional study from 1040 participants via online self-reported questionnaire from July 5th, 2022, to August 1st, 2022. The questionnaire consisted of a total of 29 items in four sections, assessing socio-demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding MPXV. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS V.25, and factors associated with MPXV knowledge, attitude, and practices were identified by using logistic regression analyses.ResultsA total of 1040 participants were included. 61.4% were male, and 57.2% had graduation level education. Only 34.4% had good knowledge about MPXV, and 30% knew the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine against MPXV. 41.7% had a positive attitude, 48.6% agreed that it is a fatal disease, and 44.6% were in favour of banning travel from endemic to non-endemic regions. 57.7% had good practices, and 69.9% would use protective measures if MPXV became an epidemic. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that gender and education significantly impacted knowledge (pConclusionThe majority of study participants had inadequate levels of knowledge, and attitudes regarding MPXV. To prevent the emergence and spread of MPXV in Pakistan, a comprehensive strategic framework for public health education must be established and implemented.

During the previous few years, the relationship between the gut microbiota, metabolic disorders, and diet has come to light, especially due to the understanding of the mechanisms that particularly link the gut microbiota with obesity in animal models and clinical trials. Research has led to the understanding that the responses of individuals to dietary inputs vary remarkably therefore no single diet can be suggested to every individual. The variations are attributed to differences in the microbiome and host characteristics. In general, it is believed that the immanent nature of host-derived factors makes them difficult to modulate. However, diet can more easily shape the microbiome, potentially influencing human physiology through modulation of digestion, absorption, mucosal immune response, and the availability of bioactive compounds. Thus, diet could be useful to influence the physiology of the host, as well as to ameliorate various disorders. In the present study, we have described recent developments in understanding the disparities of gut microbiota populations between individuals and the primary role of diet-microbiota interactions in modulating human physiology. A deeper understanding of these relationships can be useful for proposing personalized nutrition strategies and nutrition-based therapeutic interventions to improve human health.

Industrial waste is mainly responsible for accumulating Zn (II) in the soil, which needs to be removed to avoid its bioaccumulation and hazardous effects on the environment. In a recent study, the potential of the RY12 strain was evaluated as a biosorbent of Zn (II) ions in an aqueous medium. Different microbiological techniques like biochemical, molecular characterization, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used for the identification of RY12. The impact of different parameters such as the initial zinc ion concentration, pH, temperature, and the removal of other metals such as manganese, lead, cobalt, silver, copper, mercury, and chromium was also evaluated on the reduction of Zn (II). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was also carried out to investigate the role of cellular surfaces in the sorption of Zn+2 ions. Both biochemical and phylogenetic analyses established that strain RY12 Pseudomonas sp. capable of reducing Zn +2 up to 89% at 28°C (pH = 6.5; initial Zn +2 concentration = 200 mg/L). The FTIR analysis revealed that the bacterial cell wall’s amino, carboxyl, and phosphate groups were involved in the reaction with Zn (II). Our findings suggest that Pseudomonas sp. RY12 is a proficient bacterium for removing zinc from industrial waste and could be a valuable bioremediation agent.

Background: Obesity is the single most burdensome lifestyle disease, which has reached epidemic proportions. This study aimed to examine the eating behavior patterns and beliefs in a group of adolescents living in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Procedure: A questionnaire was administered to adolescents (aged 11 and 18 years) attending outpatients' clinics at governmental health facilities. Informed consent was obtained, and the questionnaire was available in English or Arabic languages. Results: In all, 36 adolescent subjects participated in our study with 12 males and 24 females. UAE nationals constituted 72% of our participants and 28% were of other ethnic backgrounds; 75% were overweight to obese with 17% normal and 8% underweight. The majority of patients were healthy with only 6 patients suffering chronic medical diseases. We uncovered that in less than half of our cohort, the decision to eat came directly from the individuals themselves, but it was more influenced by their families. Food consumption was largely in response to physical hunger with the sensation perceived in the upper abdomen by one-third and the remainder localizing it to various other areas. Excessive caloric intake with frequent meals and snacks was also reported. Our study subjects decided what to consume mainly based on what appeared appetizing, followed by availability and cravings and to a lesser extent based on health recommendations. Excessive speed of food ingestion was self-reported in the majority of participants. Moreover, almost half of the adolescents were unable to turn down food offerings from their close family members and over one-fourth were unable to refuse food from other persons. Common symptoms reported included dysphoric mood, disordered sleep, decreased energy and concentration difficulties as well as low self-esteem. Conclusion: Our study uncovered certain eating behaviors in the cohort of adolescents, which may be important in promoting weight gain. These included misconceived hunger signals, excessive frequency, amount and speed of food consumption as well as more focus on food taste, inattentiveness to cravings and a strong social influence on food intake decisions. The findings of our study aim to shed some light on the eating patterns among adolescents and encourage research to investigate eating behaviors on an expanded scale evaluating ethnic, gender and age-related differences.

ان مفهوم ممر النقل يدل على العديد من المعاني التي ادت الى ظهور نتاج علمي وفير في مجموعة متنوعة من التخصصات. و يمكن أن يؤدي تحليل الأدبيات إلى بناء إطار نظري لتحليل دراسات الحالة ، استنادًا إلى وضع تصنيف وظيفي للممرات وعلى نهج متعدد النطاقات لأهداف الدراسة. اذ يتيح اختيار دراستي الحالة في أوروبا والشرق الأوسط مقارنة فكرة الممر بمواضيع تخطيطية ملموسة في سياقات إقليمية مختلفة. والهدف من ذلك هو التساؤل في نطاق وحدود هذه الفكرة في ممارسات التخطيط للأقاليم عن طريق وضع نفسها على التوالي في نطاقات مختلفة. ان هذا الدعم متعدد الأغراض للمشاريع يجعل من الممكن فهم حقيقة الفجوة بين المفهوم وتطبيقه السياسي وتطبيقه الملموس في الاقاليم. كما أنه يجعل من الممكن إبراز دراسات الحالة التي تمثل عناصر تسمح بإعادة النظر في مفهوم الممر ذاته.

Obesity rates are rising exponentially reaching global epidemic proportions and are associated with substantially increased morbidity and mortality. Less appreciated are the serious risks this poses on our environment from increased greenhouse gas emissions related to obesogenic behavior. In spite of a plethora of diets, the results are short term and nonsustainable, thereby leaving individuals battling with more weight than they lost. This is likely attributable to inherent flaws in the nature of weight loss diets or perhaps the approach of implementing them. These grim realities will be exposed to lead the way to uncover a novel “behavior modification for weight loss” strategy called Eat-ology. It exposes eating errors and imparts techniques to transform them into eating essentials, thereby enabling weight loss and its long-term maintenance. It is through such approaches that we can hope to win the fight against obesity and achieve not only a leaner global society but also a greener environment.

Biosurfactants are microbial amphiphilic compounds which can reduce surface tension between aqueous and hydrocarbon mixtures. Bacterial strains isolated from petroleum contaminated soil of various motor workshops were characterized morphologically and biochemically. Biosurfactant producing ability of the strains was determined and their emulsification activity was screened against different oils. All the selected bacterial strains showed enhanced biosurfactants production with yeast extract as nitrogen source and glucose as carbon source at optimized conditions. These strains also exhibited multiple metal and antibiotics resistance. Isolated biosurfactants of three most promising strains SF-1, SF-4 and SM-1 were extracted by solvent extraction and subjected to TLC technique. The technique indicates the glycolipid nature of the compounds and presence of rhamnose sugar, which was further confirmed by FT-IR analysis. 16srRNA analysis revealed that SF-1 and SM-1 had close resemblance with Pseudomonas sp. while SF-4 showed homology with Enterobacter sp. Isolation and screening of biosurfactant producing strains from petroleum polluted places proved to be a quick and effective means to find bacterial strains with possible industrial uses.