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COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of individuals globally over the last three years and is spreading continuously. In view of different studies and clinical findings, patients suffering with COVID-19 frequently have deranged liver function tests (LFTs), but the clinical significance of this finding is debatable. Objective: The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence, features, and clinical significance of deranged LFTs in COVID-19 infected individuals, who were hospitalized but were not critically ill. Method: We conducted a cross sectional from May 2021 to December 2021 at The Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital Islamabd. A total of 250 COVID-19 patients were included in the current study. The patient's blood samples were collected to get laboratory results, which included LFTs. LFTs were performed at the time of admission and every 5 ± 2 day throughout the stay. The outcome measure was either death or transfer of the patients to an intensive care unit. Results: At the time of admission, 160 patients (64%) showed deranged LFTs. Individuals with deranged LFTs experienced more severe inflammation, swelling, and organ damage than those who didn’t. Patients with deranged LFTs had a greater proportion of transfer to the ICU (81 vs 17), hospital stay (17 vs 7 days), and death (17 vs 5) than those with normal LFTs. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation demonstrated that LFTs data might forecast the degree of illness in patients with COVID-19 infections at the time of admission and during their hospital stay. Keywords: Covid-19, Liver Function Tests, ICU, Mortality Rate, Pakistan

According to the WHO, over 350 and 250 million individuals have been estimated as chronic carriers of HBV and HCV, worldwide. About 1.34 million deaths are attributed to HBV and HCV, globally. Objective: To estimate the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV-related hepatitis. Methods: For this purpose, a population of 300 individuals was screened for HBsAg and Anti-HCV antibodies. Data were collected from tested individuals included their age, gender, occupation. Prevalence of HBV and HCV was found at 10% and 14% respectively. Co-infection of both pathogens was observed in 1.33% of individuals. Male (18%) were more infected with these viruses as compared to females (6%). The highest percentage (75%) of HBV/HCV was in adult patients of age between 31-50 years. The various risk factor associated with the spread of viral hepatitis were also considered for a better understanding of the routes of spread of these viral infections. Results: Out of 300 screened individuals, 21% had a history of going through any dental procedure, followed by 17% with needle stick injuries. Only 7.6% of persons had a history of any blood transfusion. Conducting such type of seroprevalence studies can help the administration and health care authorities to take necessary control measures to minimize the chances of acquiring these infections by eliminating risk factors. Conclusion: Further, these surveillance studies can also play a significant role in the launch of vaccination programs in areas of high prevalence.

The increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance is a public health concern, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to be resistant to a variety of antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of P. aeruginosa from environmental and clinical sources were studied in the current study. A total of 170 samples were evaluated, with 85 samples each from environmental sources and clinical settings. The isolates were subjected to microbial analysis and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. The findings revealed that 45.88 % (39) of the 85 clinical isolates tested for the presence of P. aeruginosa were positive. In terms of prevalence, there were significant variations (p 0.05) between the clinical samples. Wound samples had the highest isolation rate of 28.2%, while urine samples had the lowest (12.8%). P. aeruginosa was found in 38.8 % (33/85) of the samples isolated from environmental sources. In terms of prevalence, there was a highly significant difference (p 0.01) between the isolates. All of the positive isolates were completely resistant to cefuroxime and amoxicillin (100 %). The majority were also resistant to, cotrimoxazole (82%), nalidixic acid (82%), ciprofloxacin (86%), and tobramycin (69%). There was a substantial variation in the resistance patterns of isolates. The current study demand comprehensive measure to combat antimicrobial resistance in P. aeruginosa.

Industrial waste is mainly responsible for accumulating Zn (II) in the soil, which needs to be removed to avoid its bioaccumulation and hazardous effects on the environment. In a recent study, the potential of the RY12 strain was evaluated as a biosorbent of Zn (II) ions in an aqueous medium. Different microbiological techniques like biochemical, molecular characterization, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used for the identification of RY12. The impact of different parameters such as the initial zinc ion concentration, pH, temperature, and the removal of other metals such as manganese, lead, cobalt, silver, copper, mercury, and chromium was also evaluated on the reduction of Zn (II). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was also carried out to investigate the role of cellular surfaces in the sorption of Zn+2 ions. Both biochemical and phylogenetic analyses established that strain RY12 Pseudomonas sp. capable of reducing Zn

Objective: To determine the effects of proprioception training in improving balance in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Methods: A quasi-experimental design study was conducted at the Safi Hospital Faisalabad for eight weeks from August to December 2019. Out of, 38, 19 patients were placed in exercise group (10 males, 9 females; mean age 64 ± 7.7 years; range 60 to 83 years) and 19 patients were placed in controls group (12 males, 7 females; mean age 63 ± 8.2 years) were included in this study through consecutive sampling technique. Proprioception Training was given to exercise group twice a week for eight weeks and the diabetes awareness campaign was given once a week to the control group. Static and dynamic balance were assessed by using One Leg Standing (OLS) Test with eyes open and closed, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) and 10-M Walk Test (10-MWT). The data was collected before and after treatment and was compared using independent sample t-test. Results: The finding of the study showed that OLS score with eyes open improved significantly with p

Placenta previa is the condition of pregnancy in which placenta implants in lower uterine segment, partially or completely covering the internal os. This condition may associate with many risk factors. Because with placenta previa pregnancy becomes high risk and fetomaternal morbidities and mortalities are also increased. By knowing the risk factors which are the main causative factors for placenta previa fetomaternal outcome can be optimized The purpose of this study is to find the incidence of placenta previa, and also determine the risk factors for placenta previa. This is descriptive prospective study. This study was done in tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. In this study total deliveries were 5381, total patient with previa were found 325 (6.03%). The risk factors of placenta previa are age more than 35 years (28.92%), smoking (20.16%), multiparity (44%), uterine scar (60.30%), previous evacuation and curettage (24.30%). According to age distribution to mostly patients about 135 out of 325 were found between age group of 36-40 years with percentage of 41.23%. Distribution of patients accrding to gestational age mostly found between age 33-35 weeks with percentage of 54.76 percent amd according to gravidity mostly found between G5–G7 with percentage of 42.46 percent. Aim of the study is to find out the risk factors associated with placenta previa and also determine the incidence of placenta previa in tertiary care hospital of Pakistan.

Placenta previa is an obstetric complication that occurs in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. It may cause severe feto-maternal morbidities and mortalities to mother and fetus. The risk of placenta previa increases with the history of cesarean section. In the presence of these two risk factors (placenta previa and previous cesarean section) incidence of placenta accrete spectrum is also increased. The value of making the diagnosis of placenta previa before delivery is important to involve for multidisciplinary planning in an attempt to minimize potential maternal or neonatal morbidity and mortality so the feto-maternal outcome can be optimized. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of placenta previa in developing countries like Pakistan and find out its association with scarred and unscarred uterus. It is a descriptive cross sectional study. 207 cases of placenta previa were found in six month of period, among them 138 patients were having previously scared uterus, and 69 were having previously unscarred uterus. Most patients 35.74% were between 36-40 years age group, and presented with gestational age between 32-35 weeks were 53.62%. Mostly found between G5-G7 i.e. 52.65%. While frequency of placenta previa in scarred uterus was 66.66% and in unscarred uterus was 32.45%. Association of placenta previa with previous four LSCS was found 33.33%. Occurrence of major degree placenta previa was found 18.84% and minor was 81.15%. Prevalence of placenta previa was found 5.78%. Strong association was found between placenta previa and scared uterus which is highest with previous four. Our objective is to determine the frequency of placenta previa in scared and un-scared uterus. To minimize the rate of cesarean section we can reduce the feto-maternal morbidity and mortality, rising trend of cesarean section in turn increases the rate of placenta previa.

Alternative herbal medicine has been used to treat various infections from centuries. Natural plants contain phytoconstituents having similar chemical properties as of synthetic antibiotics. Typhoid fever is a serious infection and failure of its treatment emerged multi-drug resistant (MDR) bugs of Salmonella typhi. Due to multiple and repeated issues with antibiotics efficacy, it became essential to evaluate biological properties of plants from different geographical origins. Mango leaves have been Reported for various medicinal effects like antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihelminthic, antidiabetic and antiallergic etc. Objective of present study was to investigate anti-typhoid properties of acetone mango leaf extract (AMLE) against antibiotic sensitive and MDR S. typhi isolates. A total of 50 isolates of S. typhi including MDR (n=30) and antibiotic sensitive (n=20) were investigated. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC14028) were used as quality control strains. AMLE was prepared and its antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion screening method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), by agar dilution technique. Zone of inhibition (mm) of AMLE against MDR and antibiotic sensitive isolates was 18±1.5mm (Mean±S.D). Zone of S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and S. typhimurium (ATCC14028) was 20±1.5mm (Mean±S.D). MIC of AMLE was Reported in range from 10-50 mg/ml. The present study described the inhibitory effects of mango leaves against S. typhi.