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This document reports about the Model Order Reduction, which we implemented in Task 6.2 and delivered as toolbox to the partners of the Upwards consortium. Partners use this toolbox for performing a rank reduction of models in the high dimensional data space of wind parks. Simulating wind parks by rank reduced models requires much less computation memory and time than their originating counterparts.

Kongsberg Digital (KDI) is currently developing a decision support system for wind farms (Kongsberg EmPower). The objectives of Kongsberg EmPower are to optimize the total power production from a wind farm, forecast the power production and monitor the performance and condition of the wind turbines. Power production from a wind farm depends on the flow field around the wind turbine, which is highly influenced by the interaction between turbine and terrain wakes. Furthermore, increased turbulence due to wake-wake interaction increases structural and fatigue loads on the wind turbine blades, leading to higher operational and maintenance (O&M) cost. An improved understanding on the wake-wake interaction is extremely important for optimizing the power production and for reducing the O&M cost. Performing extensive velocities measurements for an entire wind farm is time consuming and expensive. The traditional approach within wind research and industry has been to use full CFD models when complex flow phenomena have to be taken into consideration, but this is computationally demanding. On the other hand, simple engineering models are unable to capture the interaction of flow over complex terrain and wind turbine wakes. KDI and SINTEF are running a project to develop a fast response simulator with simplified representations of terrain effects and turbine wakes. In the proposed approach a pragmatic model for turbines and terrain wakes interaction is presented. Complex flow over a terrain is estimated with mass consistent model and wake from wind turbine is computed using well established wake models i.e. Jensen and Ainslie model. The pragmatic model for coupling the interaction between turbine wakes and terrain approach is presented. The results obtained from the mass consistent approach are verified with CFD using OpenFoam.

Treball desenvolupat dins el marc del programa 'European Project Semester'. This report is the compilation of a semester of work conducted as a project in the EPS undergraduate program. This report is focused on implementing a heating system for Kjeller, Norway and Seville, Spain in a single family home design. This system may possibly be implemented into a research facility at either aforementioned location. Recommendations are backed by relevant research and calculations relating to heat transfer, ventilation, and a comparison between water and electrical based systems and costs.

Treball desenvolupat dins el marc del programa 'European Project Semester'. This report is a contribution to adapt a Twin House Research Facility to Norwegian/European conditions. The report includes a survey of possible building materials, the gases they can exhaust and how those can be measured. The effects of external factors on the emissions are also considered. To understand the impact of the pollutants on human health, a definition of indoor air quality is given

Irradiation hardening due to voids can be a significant result of radiation damage in metals, but treatment of this by elasticity theory of dislocations is difficult when the mechanisms controlling the obstacle strength are atomic in nature. Copper has long been used to approximate austenitic stainless steels in computer simulations because of their shared face-centered cubic structure and similar Stacking Fault Energy (SFE). Their stacking fault properties are however not identical; the SFE in stainless steel is significantly lower than that in Cu. Low values of SFE lead to wide dissociation of dislocations in their glide planes into Shockley partial dislocations, severely affecting the hardening process of the metal.Molecular Dynamics simulations have been conducted in order to highlight the implications of stacking fault energy on the interaction between dissociated dislocations and nanoscale voids. A recently developed set of interatomic potentials with a range of stacking fault energies based on FCC copper was used in order to investigate the Critical Resolved Shear Stress (CRSS) and other interaction details for a range of void sizes, temperatures, impact parameters and void separation distances for both edge and screw dislocations.Changes in SFE were found to affect the pinning interactions for dissociated edge dislocations in a relatively weak but systematic manner. The CRSS needed for any given dislocation to overcome the array of voids was in all cases shown to decrease with decreasing SFE and vice versa. This was also concluded for dissociated screw dislocations, but with an extra layer of complexity: The advent of complex cross-slip mechanisms sometimes lead to highly unpredictable void pinning dynamics, mainly through multiple cross-slip and its consequences; the creation of temporary immobile dislocation structures. The value of SFE is shown to be very influential on the distribution, probability and form of complex cross-slip mechanisms, which may double or triple the pinning strength of voids.

The general assembly of IUPAP, in Berlin in October 2002, formed a Working Group on Energy, to which it gave the task to provide: a survey of research and development (R&D) of energy technologies toward the future provision of any kind of secondary energy (i.e.electricity, heat, gasoline) demanded: − electric energy − fuels in transportation sector − high and low temperature heat Obviously they must be all in sufficient amounts, environmentally safe and at sufficiently low cost by making best use of any kind of primary energy including − fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) − nuclear fission energy (produced in a nuclear reactor by dividing the nucleus of an atom) − nuclear fusion energy (produced by the fusion of two atomic nuclei) − renewable energy This survey of R&D of energy technologies should help to sharpen the interest − of scientists, especially physicists, in universities, in research institutions, in industry to devote their further work to this challenging field of science − of media people to inform the public with sufficient completeness on this subject of vital importance − of policy makers on the attractive potential for future ample business opportunities in the field of energy technologies as well as in many other fields. To produce this report − we invited scientific experts of different countries to provide short surveys of many different energy technologies describing the present status as well as the future R&D required to further develop the corresponding technology for proper ample use in the future − we have further collected reports on the special energy situation in different countries around the globe concerning * the present demand on energy * the possible future demand on energy together with ideas how this demand can be met * the availability of different kinds of primary energy to provide any kind of secondary energy demanded * the needs of further R & D on future energy technologies We ourselves have briefly summarized the manifold energy technologies and the collected reports on the energy situation in different countries. Furthermore we have drawn conclusions on the further need of R&D of energy technologies towards future provision of energy in sufficient amount, environmentally safe and at sufficient low cost, keeping in mind that availability of energy is a limiting factor to further economic development especially in many fast developing countries around the globe. We would like to thank the scientific experts for their most informative contribution on special energy technologies and Herve Nifenecker and T. Alfstad for their country reports on the energy situation in France respectively and in South Africa. To read more easily this report, some units and definitions are given on page 36.