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The glass cliff phenomenon (GCP) maintains that women are more likely to lead risky organizations than men. Quantitative measures of risk for assessing a possible GCP exist for leaders in the business sector, but no quantitative measures exist for college or university leadership. This article tests one variable of risk for college and university institutions, the financial responsibility composite score (FRCS), to see if it measures the GCP in college or university chief executive officer (CEO) hires. Using an ex post facto causal-comparative design, gender and FRCS in private American colleges and universities were analyzed using the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System data. Purposive sampling randomly paired institutions with female CEOs with similar institutions with male CEOs. Using the U.S. Department of Education's FRCS database, the researcher reviewed patterns in FRCS before and after CEO hires over three studies. No statistically significant results were observed, demonstrating that there is no indication that female CEOs are hired into riskier colleges or universities when utilizing FRCS. Future studies should further investigate the GCP using alternative measures of risk.

BackgroundThe randomized, placebo-controlled COLCOT (Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial) has shown the benefits of colchicine 0.5 mg daily to lower the rate of ischemic cardiovascular events in patients with a recent myocardial infarction. Here, we conducted a post hoc pharmacogenomic study of COLCOT with the aim to identify genetic predictors of the efficacy and safety of treatment with colchicine.MethodsThere were 1522 participants of European ancestry from the COLCOT trial available for the pharmacogenomic study of COLCOT trial. The pharmacogenomic study's primary cardiovascular end point was defined as for the main trial, as time to first occurrence of cardiovascular death, resuscitated cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, or urgent hospitalization for angina requiring coronary revascularization. The safety end point was time to the first report of gastrointestinal events. Patients' DNA was genotyped using the Illumina Global Screening array followed by imputation. We performed a genome-wide association study in colchicine-treated patients.ResultsNone of the genetic variants passed the genome-wide association study significance threshold for the primary cardiovascular end point conducted in 702 patients in the colchicine arm who were compliant to medication. The genome-wide association study for gastrointestinal events was conducted in all 767 patients in the colchicine arm and found 2 significant association signals, one with lead variant rs6916345 (hazard ratio, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.52-2.35], P=7.41×10-9) in a locus which colocalizes with Crohn disease, and one with lead variant rs74795203 (hazard ratio, 2.51 [95% CI, 1.82-3.47]; P=2.70×10-8), an intronic variant in gene SEPHS1. The interaction terms between the genetic variants and treatment with colchicine versus placebo were significant.ConclusionsWe found 2 genomic regions associated with gastrointestinal events in patients treated with colchicine. Those findings will benefit from replication to confirm that some patients may have genetic predispositions to lower tolerability of treatment with colchicine.

AimsThe COLchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT) demonstrated the benefits of targeting inflammation after myocardial infarction (MI). We aimed to determine whether time-to-treatment initiation (TTI) influences the beneficial impact of colchicine.Methods and resultsIn COLCOT, patients were randomly assigned to receive colchicine or placebo within 30 days post-MI. Time-to-treatment initiation was defined as the length of time between the index MI and the initiation of study medication. The primary efficacy endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, resuscitated cardiac arrest, MI, stroke, or urgent hospitalization for angina requiring coronary revascularization. The relationship between endpoints and various TTI (8 days) was examined using multivariable Cox regression models. Amongst the 4661 patients included in this analysis, there were 1193, 720, and 2748 patients, respectively, in the three TTI strata. After a median follow-up of 22.7 months, there was a significant reduction in the incidence of the primary endpoint for patients in whom colchicine was initiated < Day 3 compared with placebo [hazard ratios (HR) = 0.52, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.32-0.84], in contrast to patients in whom colchicine was initiated between Days 4 and 7 (HR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.53-1.75) or > Day 8 (HR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.61-1.11). The beneficial effects of early initiation of colchicine were also demonstrated for urgent hospitalization for angina requiring revascularization (HR = 0.35), all coronary revascularization (HR = 0.63), and the composite of cardiovascular death, resuscitated cardiac arrest, MI, or stroke (HR = 0.55, all P

Context: The field of athletic training promotes cultural competence education to prevent negative consequences in health care that can result from a lack of cultural awareness. While prior studies have assessed cultural competence among faculty, students, and athletic trainers, no study has specifically focused on preceptors. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess cultural competence among a subsection of athletic training preceptors. Design and Setting: Cross-sectional online survey. Patients or Other Participants: Active preceptors from Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) accredited programs in good standing from two districts of the National Athletic Trainer's Association. Measurements: The Cultural Competency Assessment (CCA) consists of 27 Likert-type response items split into the Culture Awareness and Sensitivity (CAS) subscale and the Cultural Competence Behaviors (CCB) subscale. Higher scores indicate higher cultural competence. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Sixty-five preceptors of the estimated 260 were included in the analysis. The combined average score on the CCA was 89.72 ± 11.46 out of 135 (67.9%). A paired-samples t- test revealed that preceptors scored significantly better in the CAS compared to the CCB [t(64) = 12.47, P < 0.001], with averages of 37.27 ± 3.47 out of 55 (67.77%) and 52.44 ± 10.08 out of 80 (65.5%), respectively. Conclusions: This study provides data on athletic training preceptor's awareness and behaviors relative to cultural competence. Results demonstrate a need to further develop cultural competence among preceptors. The role of a preceptor has been shown to have a great influence on student development and retention in the profession. Preceptors should be considered as another source of knowledge of cultural competence.

A common concern of faculty members is student evaluations of teaching scores. Many factors influence student evaluations of teaching including how the course is designed. This study investigated student evaluations of teaching across three pedagogical techniques: the traditional lecture (where lectures were not recorded), recorded lectures, and a flipped classroom model. A between-subject design was used over three semesters. Student evaluations of teaching showed that students rated the instructor significantly higher in a flipped classroom setting. Students also reported liking the course more using the flipped pedagogical technique. Since the flipped format improved both teaching evaluations and student perceptions of the class, this could be useful for instructors when they are deciding how to set up the format of their class.

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of 5% sodium chloride ophthalmic ointment (5% NaCl) on thickness and morphology of the normal canine cornea using ultrasonic pachymetry (USP), in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT).MethodsFive healthy laboratory Beagles received ophthalmic examinations including USP, IVCM, and FD-OCT prior to and at fixed intervals following treatment. The right and left eyes were treated with 5% NaCl and artificial tears ophthalmic ointment (AT), respectively, every 2 hours for 4 treatments/d (days 2-9), and then hourly for 7 treatments/d (day 10). Treatment groups were statistically compared using mixed-effects linear regression.ResultsTreatment with 5% NaCl resulted in a 12 μm decrease in corneal thickness from baseline (P  .05).ConclusionsShort-term topical treatment with 5% NaCl decreased corneal thickness in normal dogs with no observable changes in corneal morphology or signs of ocular toxicity.

OBJECTIVE: Intensive glycemic control reduced coronary artery disease (CAD) events among the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study participants with the haptoglobin (Hp)2-2 phenotype but not in participants without the Hp2-2 phenotype. It is unknown whether and how these results translate across different demographic/clinical characteristics and treatment strategies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Haptoglobin phenotype was measured in available samples from the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) biomarker case-cohort study. Weighted multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between intensive glycemic control (HbA1c target of ≤6.5%) versus standard therapy (based on local guidelines) and major CAD events among participants with (n = 1,327) and without (n = 2,077) the Hp2-2 phenotype separately and within prespecified stratifications by sex, race, previous cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes duration, and HDL-cholesterol. RESULTS: While the hazard ratios (HRs) were in the hypothesized differing directions, compared with standard therapy, intensive glycemic control was not significantly associated with risk of CAD events among participants without (1.04, 95% CI 0.82–1.32) or with (0.84, 0.63–1.14, P interaction = 0.27) the Hp2-2 phenotype overall. Intensive therapy was associated with lower CAD risk among participants with the Hp2-2 phenotype who had no previous CVD (0.47, 0.29–0.76, P interaction = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that intensive glycemic control contributes to the prevention of major CAD events among ADVANCE participants with the Hp2-2 phenotype and no previous CVD and are in alignment with our hypothesis that intensive glycemic control may be beneficial in a subset of people with the Hp2-2 phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]