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Submitted by Andrei Sancassani (a.sancassani@unesp.br) on 2022-03-02T17:03:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Versão_Final.pdf: 1206167 bytes, checksum: f3f03615a71ee0f565d8f9a7adfa32f6 (MD5) Rejected by Adriana Ap. Puerta Buzzá (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br), reason: Prezado Andrei, O documento enviado para a coleção Campus Unesp Rio Claro foi recusado pelo(s) seguinte(s) motivo(s): 1) Folha de rosto: faltam os nomes do orientador e coorientador. 2) CAPES: A Portaria nº 206, de 04/09/2018 Dispõe sobre obrigatoriedade de citação da CAPES nos agradecimentos da seguinte forma: Art. 3º Deverão ser usadas as seguintes expressões, no idioma do trabalho (Não alterar, acrescentar ou excluir qualquer informação. A frase deve ser colocada idêntica ao que consta na Portaria): "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001". Maiores informações: https://ib.rc.unesp.br/#!/biblioteca/aprenda-com-a-biblioteca/repositorio---teses-e-dissertacoes/ http://ib.rc.unesp.br/Home/Biblioteca37/repositorio_fluxograma_unesp_rioclaro.jpg Em caso de dúvidas entre em contato pelo e-mail: stati.rc@unesp.br Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações destacadas. Agradecemos a compreensão. Atenciosamente, Biblioteca Campus Rio Claro Repositório Institucional UNESP https://repositorio.unesp.br on 2022-03-02T17:28:50Z (GMT) Submitted by Andrei Sancassani (a.sancassani@unesp.br) on 2022-03-03T12:08:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Versão_Final.pdf: 1206392 bytes, checksum: 541d0151281f186f426a189080501a00 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Ap. Puerta Buzzá (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2022-03-03T19:40:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sancassani_a_dr_rcla.pdf: 1206392 bytes, checksum: 541d0151281f186f426a189080501a00 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-03-03T19:40:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sancassani_a_dr_rcla.pdf: 1206392 bytes, checksum: 541d0151281f186f426a189080501a00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-02-22 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O treino resistido (TR) com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo (TRLow_RFS) tem demonstrado efetividade similar aos protocolos de treino com alta intensidade de carga (TRHigh_Conv), quanto às alterações da massa e força muscular. Entretanto, o gasto energético (GE) e a contribuição de cada metabolismo para GE não apresentam estudos conclusivos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar GE e a contribuição energética durante a execução de TRLow_RFS e TRHigh_Conv. Avaliou-se sete homens treinados (26±4 anos, 85,3±17,2 kg, 178,6±7,9 cm e 16,9±4,9% de gordura corporal) quanto à força pelo teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (V̇O2max) pelo teste incremental máximo em esteira. Os participantes executaram os seguintes protocolos de treino: (i) TRLow_RFS (30%1RM) e (ii) TRHigh_Conv (70%1RM). O protocolo TRLow_RFS constituiu-se em três séries, 15 repetições, 30 segundos de recuperação entre as séries e três minutos entre os diferentes exercícios. O TRHigh_Conv foi composto de três séries, 12 repetições,60 segundos de recuperação entre as séries e dois minutos entre os exercícios. Os exercícios executados em cada protocolo foram os mesmos, ou seja: supino reto (SR), remada horizontal (RH), tríceps na polia (TP), rosca direta (RD), cadeira extensora (CE), mesa flexora (MF), leg-press 45º (LP45) e panturrilha no leg press 45º (PLP). O GE foi estimado por três modelos diferentes, pelas respostas do consumo de oxigênio durante e após o exercício (EqO2ON e EqO2EPOC, respiração-a-respiração por uma unidade CPET portátil), bem como pelo delta de resposta do lactato sanguíneo nos exercícios (EqO2[La-]). Para comparar as diferenças de GE entre os protocolos de treino e os modelos de estimativa empregou-se ANOVA two-way (post-hoc de Tukey), com nível de significância ajustado em p≤0,05. Os resultados demonstraram que TRHigh_Conv e TRLow_RFS apresentaram valores para GE no modelo EqO2ON+EqO2EPOCTotal+EqO2[La-] (36,1±7,0 e 37,3±9,3 L ou 158,7±62,4 e 182,9±45,5 kcal) maiores quando comparados ao GE no modelo EqO2ON+EqO2[La-]+ EqO2EPOCFast (24,3±5,6 e 27,8±6,6 L ou 108,6±44,3 e 141,0±34,5 kcal, p = 0,05). Todavia, os valores de GE estimados para TRHigh_Conv e TRLow_RFS pelo modelo EqO2ON+EqO2EPOCTotal (30,4±6,1 e 27,8±7,0 L ou 150,1±34,7 e 135,2±34,2 kcal) diferiu-se apenas do protocolo TRLow_RFS no modelo EqO2ON+EqO2EPOCTotal+EqO2[La-] (p = 0,05) e dos protocolos TRHigh_Conv e TRLow_RFS no modelo EqO2ON+EqO2[La-]+EqO2EPOCFast (p = 0,05 e 0,05). A resposta do lactato sanguíneo foi menor após o treino TRHigh_Conv (6,2±1,5 mmol×L-1) se comparado ao TRLow_RFS (8,9±2,2 mmol×L-1, p = 0,02) Portanto, a contribuição anaeróbia (i.e., EqO2[La-]+EqO2EPOCFast) foi maior no protocolo TRLow_RFS se comparado ao TRHigh_Conv (15,7±2,8 vs.13,2±2,4 L, p < 0,01). Porém, a resposta do oxigênio na recuperação (i.e., EqO2EPOCTotal) foi maior no protocolo TRHigh_Conv se comparado ao TRLow_RFS (20,1±4,7 vs. 15,9±4,2 L, p = 0,02). Conclui-se que a estimativa de GE no treino resistido é dependente do modelo matemático de estimativa, sendo o maior valor obtido para o modelo que considera uma maior quantidade de parâmetros fisiológicos para a estimativa de GE. No entanto, o protocolo TRHigh_Conv proporciona um valor mais elevado de GE ocasionado pela maior quantidade de oxigênio usado no processo de recuperação após o exercício, apesar da maior atividade glicolítica anaeróbia observado para o TRLow_RFS. Resistance training (RT) with blood flow restriction (RTLow_BFR) has shown similar effectiveness to training protocols with high intensity load (RTHigh_Conv), regarding changes in muscle mass and strength. However, energy expenditure (EE) and the contribution of each metabolism to EE do not present conclusive studies. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine EE and energetics during the execution of RTLow_BFR and RTHigh_Conv. Seven trained men (26±4 years, 85.3±17.2 kg, 178.6±7.9 cm and 16.9±4.9% body fat) were evaluated for strength by the one-repetition test maximal (1RM), cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2max) by maximal incremental treadmill test. Participants performed the following training protocols: (i) RTLow_BFR (30%1RM) and (ii) RTHigh_Conv (70%1RM). The RTLow_BFR protocol consisted of three sets, 15 repetitions, 30 seconds of recovery between sets and three minutes between different exercises. The RTHigh_Conv consisted of three sets, 12 repetitions, 60 seconds of recovery between sets and two minutes between exercises. The exercises performed in each protocol were the same, that is: bench press (BP), horizontal row (HR), triceps on the pulley (TP), byceps curl (BC), leg extension (LE), leg flexion (LF), leg-press 45º (LP45) and calf on leg press 45º (CLP). The EE was estimated by three different models, by the oxygen uptake responses during and after exercise (EqO2ON and EqO2EPOC, breath-by-breath by a portable CPET unit), as well as by the blood lactate delta response after training (EqO2[La-]). To compare the differences in EE between the training protocols and the estimation models, two-way ANOVA (Tukey's post-hoc) was used, with a significance level set at p≤0.05. The results showed that RTHigh_Conv and RTLow_BFR presented values for EE in the EqO2ON+EqO2EPOCTotal+EqO2[La-] model (36.1±7.0 and 37.3±9.3 L or 158.7±62.4 and 182.9±45.5 kcal) higher when compared to EE in the EqO2ON+EqO2[La-]+EqO2EPOCFast model (24.3±5.6 and 27.8±6.6 L or 108.6±44.3 and 141.0±34.5 kcal, p = 0.05). However, the EE values estimated for RTHigh_Conv and RTLow_BFR by the EqO2ON+EqO2EPOCTotal model (30.4±6.1 and 27.8±7.0 L or 150.1±34.7 and 135.2±34.2 kcal) differed only from the RTLow_BFR protocol in the EqO2ON+EqO2EPOCTotal+EqO2[La-] protocol (p = 0.05) and from the RTHigh_Conv and RTLow_BFR protocols in the EqO2ON+EqO2[La-]+EqO2EPOCFast model (p = 0.05 and 0.05). Blood lactate response was lower after training RTHigh_Conv (6.2±1.5 mmol×L-1) compared to RTLow_BFR (8.9±2.2 mmol×L-1, p = 0.02) Therefore, the anaerobic contribution (i.e, EqO2[La-]+EqO2EPOCFast) was higher in the RTLow_BFR protocol compared to the RTHigh_Conv (15.7±2.8 vs.13.2±2.4 L, p < 0.01). However, the oxygen response on recovery (i.e., EqO2EPOCTotal) was higher in the RTHigh_Conv protocol compared to the RTLow_BFR (20.1±4.7 vs. 15.9±4.2 L, p = 0.02). It is concluded that the estimation of EE in resistance training is dependent on the mathematical model of estimation, being the highest value obtained for the model that considers a greater number of physiological parameters for the estimation of EE. However, the RTHigh_Conv protocol provides a higher EE value caused by the greater amount of oxygen used in the recovery process after exercise, despite the higher anaerobic glycolytic activity observed for the RTLow_BFR. CAPES: 001.

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:06:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-18 Background and Study Aim: There is no reasonable enough scientific knowledge about the aerobic energy expenditure from practicing kendo techniques. Therefore, this study aim is an aerobic energy expenditure (Ė) during the practice of kendo techniques. We verify the hypothesis that Ė, metabolic rate (as metabolic equivalent unit, MET) and the rate of carbohydrate oxidation are proportional in magnitude to the amount of regional and whole-body fat-free mass (FFM) of the kendo practitioners. Material & Methods: Ten male participants (29.0 ±7.6 years, 82.0 ±14.2 kg, 174.4 ±7.5 cm) underwent body composition evaluation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), progressive tests to determine O2max, and performance of kendo protocol, with 11 warm-up and 31 kendo techniques (waza). During the protocol, gas exchange were measured using K4b2 (COSMED®). Based on O2 and CO2 data, the Ė was calculated using (Ė = 3.941•O2 + 1.106•CO2) and converted to MET, assuming the constant (= 4.184 kJ•kg-1•h-1). Pearson coefficient (r) tested the correlations between regional and whole-body composition data with the values obtained for Ė during warm-up and waza. A significance level of p≤0.05 was considered. Results: The peak aerobic rate during warm-up and waza reached 7.5 ±1.4 (METs) and 8.0 ±1.9 (METs), respectively. The FFM of the trunk, lower and upper limbs correlated with total Ė (76.3 ±13.2 kcal) during warm-up, with (r) ranging from 0.72 to 0.92, as well as with total Ė (218.5 ±34.8 kcal) for the execution of entire protocol (r = 0.67 to 0.75). Conclusion: The practice of kendō is classified as vigorous exercise requiring high cost of aerobic energy, which is higher in practitioner with larger regional FFM. São Paulo State University Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Exercise Physiology of the Biomedical Engineering Program Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering (COPPE) Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Medicine School of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) São Paulo State University

Submitted by Andrei Sancassani null (andreisanca@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-09T12:37:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-4.pdf: 1004721 bytes, checksum: 5e21e3f1719813a43afcc58ade609212 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-12T13:01:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sancassani_a_me_rcla.pdf: 1004721 bytes, checksum: 5e21e3f1719813a43afcc58ade609212 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T13:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sancassani_a_me_rcla.pdf: 1004721 bytes, checksum: 5e21e3f1719813a43afcc58ade609212 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-06 Enquanto luta, o Kendō apresenta movimentos dinâmicos e estáticos, com manejo da espada em diferentes planos e amplitudes articulares, além do deslocamento vertical e horizontal do corpo. Este estudo teve por objetivo quantificar o custo energético (Ė) durante a prática do Kendō, bem como analisar a aptidão aeróbia de seus praticantes (consumo máximo de oxigênio (V̇O2max), limiar de permuta gasosa (LPG) e ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR)) e propor um protocolo progressivo máximo com técnicas do Kendō para a avaliação específica da aptidão aeróbia. Dez participantes homens (29,0 ± 7,6 anos, 82,0 ± 14,2 kg, 174,4 ± 7,5 cm) foram submetidos à (1) avaliação da composição corporal pelo DXA, (2) teste progressivo em esteira para avaliação cardiorrespiratória, (3) protocolo de desempenho: 11 exercícios de aquecimento e 31 de waza, aplicando técnicas de Kendō e (4) protocolo específico para o Kendō. Parâmetros ventilatórios foram amostrados respiração-a-respiração, usando uma unidade portátil (K4b2, COSMED®). O Ė (kcal×min-1) foi obtido pela equação: Ė = 3,941 × V̇O2 + 1,106 × V̇CO2. Para cada fase do protocolo (aquecimento e waza) foram considerados: ĖPico (ĖPicoAquec e ĖPicoWaza, em kcal×min-1), ĖMédia (ĖMédiaAquec e ĖMédiaWaza, em kcal×min-1) e ĖTotal (ĖTotalAquec, ĖTotalWaza e ĖTotalProt, em kcal). A transformação em equivalente metabólico (MET) foi realizada com o emprego da constante 4.184 (kJ×kg-1×h-1) a partir do V̇O2 de repouso (avaliado na posição sentada durante 10 minutos). A quantidade (gramas) e taxa (gramas∙min-1) de oxidação de carboidratos (CHO) e gorduras (FAT) foi determinada por: CHO = 4,585 V̇CO2 – 3,226 V̇O2 e FAT = 1,695 V̇O2 – 1,701 V̇CO2. O coeficiente de Pearson analisou as correlações entre as variáveis do custo energético e da composição regional e corporal. Em todas as análises adotou-se  ≤ 0,05. Os valores de ĖTotal foram: 76,2 ± 13,2 kcal (ĖTotalAquec) e 142,2 ± 26,5 kcal (ĖTotalWaza). Os valores de pico foram: 13,5 ± 2,7 kcal×min-1 (ĖPicoAquec) e 14,3 ± 2,9 kcal×min-1 (ĖPicoWaza). Em METs, os valores alcançaram picos de 6,9 ± 1,4 e 7,7 ± 1,8 kJ×kg-1×h-1 durante a execução do aquecimento e waza, respectivamente. As quantidades de CHO e FAT utilizadas foram 21,5  7,4 gramas e 2,0  1,1 gramas (aquecimento) e 52,0  6,4 gramas e 0,1  0,2 gramas (waza). A massa total e área regional e corporal não diferem quanto à influência sobre as variáveis de Ė e oxidação de substratos, porém a massa isenta de gordura regional (MIG) é mais influente sobre as variáveis de Ė, quando comparada à MIG corporal. Assim, a demanda energética durante a execução das técnicas do Kendō está associada à área e à quantidade de tecido regional metabolicamente ativo. As fighting, the Kendō is a combination of dynamic and static movements handling the sword in different plans and range of motion, as well as vertical and horizontal body displacement. This study aimed to quantify the energy cost during the practice of Kendō, and also analyze the aerobic level of the practitioners (maximal oxygen consumption (V̇ O2max), gas exchange threshold (GET) and respiratory compensation point (RCP)), and finally propose a progressive protocol from Kendō techniques to the specific assessment of aerobic condition. Ten male participants (29.0 ± 7.6 years, 82.0 ± 14.2 kg, 174.4 ± 7.5 cm) were underwent (1) assessing body composition by DXA, (2) progressive treadmill test for cardiac evaluation, (3) Performance protocol: 11 warm-up exercises and 31 waza, applying techniques Kendō, and (4) specific Kendō protocol. Ventilatory parameters were sampled breath-by-breath using a portable unit (K4b2 , Cosmed). The Ė (kcal×min-1 ) was obtained from: Ė = 3.941 × 1.106 × V̇ O2 + V̇ CO2. For each phase of the protocol (warm-up and waza) were considered: ĖPeak (ĖPeakWarm and ĖPeakWaza, in kcal×min-1 ), ĖMean (ĖMeanWarm and ĖMeanWaza, in kcal×min-1 ), and ĖTotal (ĖTotalWarm, ĖTotalWaza and ĖTotalProt, in kcal). The metabolic equivalent (MET) was obtained by the constant 4.184 (kJ× g-1 ×h-1 ) from the rest V̇ O2 (measured in sited position for 10 minutes). The amount (grams) and rate (grams×min-1 ) for carbohydrate (CHO) and fat (FAT) oxidation were measured from CHO = 4,585 V̇ CO2 – 3,226 V̇ O2 e FAT = 1,695 V̇ O2 – 1,701 V̇ CO2. The Pearson’s coefficient analyzed the correlation between the variables of energy cost and regional/whole body composition. The level of significance was set at  ≤ 0.05. The values for ĖTotal were: 76.2 ± 13.2 kcal (ĖTotalAquec) and 142.2 ± 26.5 kcal (ĖTotalWaza). The peak values were: 13.5 ± 2.7 kcal×min-1 (ĖPeakWarm) and 14.3 ± 2.9 kcal×min-1 (ĖPeakWaza). The MET values reached peaks at 6.9 ± 1.4 and 7.7 ± 1.8 kJ×kg-1 ×h-1 during the warm-up and waza, respectively. The amount of CHO and FAT oxidized were 21.5  7.4 grams and 2.0  1.1 grams (warm-up), and 52.0  6.4 grams and 0.1  0.2 grams (Waza). The regional and whole-body total mass and area had no different for the influence on the expenditure of Ė and substrate, although regional FFM exerted greater influence on Ė variables than whole-body FFM have presented. Thus, the energy demand during Kendō performance is related to the area and the amount of regional tissue metabolically active.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T17:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 The aim of the present study was to determine if VO2 Kinetics (VO2K) and specifically, the time constant (tau) from rest to maximal and supramaximal velocities is influenced by the swimming intensity. Thirteen well trained female swimmers performed a discontinuous incremental test for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) assessment and, two 100-m transitions for MAV (100(MAV)) and all out sprint (100mT). In the 100-m tests, maximal rise of VO2 (VO2rise), oxygen deficit at the onset of exercise (O-2InitialDef) and VO2K were determined. All tests were conducted using a breath-by-breath apparatus (K4b(2), Cosmed, Italy) connected to a swimming snorkel (new-AquaTrainer (R), Cosmed, Italy) for pulmonary gas sampling and an underwater visual pacer for velocity control. VO2peak at the incremental test was significantly higher than the VO2rise of both 100-m tests. Swimmers presented a significantly faster VO2K response (lower tau) at the 100(MT) (similar to 12s Vs similar to 26s) which lead to a significantly lower O-2initiaiDef compared to the 100mAv. VO2rise and tau were correlated between tests (r=0.71, p

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-03T13:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-06Bitstream added on 2014-12-03T13:23:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000335507100001.pdf: 479497 bytes, checksum: b86f62c4fbab01c38e2016855c0de6ea (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP (FUNDUNESP) Background & Study Aim: The metabolic rate demanded during the practice of kendo techniques has not been reported, despite of it importance to physical training program. This study aimed to characterize exercise intensity during kendo practice based on pulmonary gas exchange profiles.Material & Methods: Nine skilled male athletes (29.7 +/- 7.8 years old, 174.9 +/- 9.1cm, 82.1 +/- 14.9kg body weight) underwent the following protocols: (1) body composition via DXA, (2) progressive treadmill test to assess (V) over dotO(2)max, gas exchange threshold (GET) and respiratory compensation point (RCP), and (3) 11 types of warm-ups using kendo techniques and 31 types of kendo waza. The techniques were performed twice, with a 24h break in between. The (V) over dotO(2) value was obtained using K4b2 (COSMED (R)) technology, and heart rate (HR) was recorded by 420sd (Polar (R)) frequencimeter.Results: The (V) over dotO(2) profile reached 84.7 +/- 13.5% (V) over dotO(2)max and 85.3 +/- 17.2% (V) over dotO(2)max at the end of warm-up and waza protocols, respectively. (V) over dotCO(2) showed the same profile: 83.5 +/- 9.40% and 81.1 +/- 13.7% (V) over dotCO(2)max for warm-up and waza. However, HR (97.8 +/- 3.3% and 103.4 +/- 3.6% HRmax) and (V) over dot(E) (90.1 +/- 15.6 and 107.8 +/- 13.2% (V) over dot(E)max) elicited values that were trunked to maximum rates at the end of warm-up and waza. The RER values at the end of warm-up (1.19 +/- 0.15) and waza (1.16 +/- 0.05) were greater than 1.1. All variables did not differ from their respective maximum rate values at the end of warm-up and waza (p

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T17:20:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 The aim of this study was to analyse the physiological responses of swimmers while performing different swimming distances at the maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) in order to understand the swimmers physiological impact along different levels of effort. Eight well trained swimmers performed a discontinuous incremental test for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and MAV assessment. Also, 3 different sets at the MAV, a time-limit session until exhaustion (TLim-MAV) and two distance trials of 100-m (100(mav)) and 200-m (200(MAV)) long, were performed. At the MAV tests, maximal rise of VO2 (VO2rise), oxygen initial deficit (O-2lnitialDef) and VO2 kinetics (VO2K) were determined. All tests were conducted using a breath-by-breath apparatus (K4b(2), Cosmed, Italy) connected to a swimming snorkel (new-AquaTrainer (R), Cosmed, Italy) for pulmonary gas sampling and an underwater visual pacer for velocity control. VO2peak at the incremental test was significantly higher than the VO2rise of 100mAv and 200(MAV) but not from the TLim-MAV, which presented the highest VO2rise among the MAV tests. At the TLim-MAV swimmers were able to hold the intensity for 235.7 +/- 34.1s performing 306.3 +/- 46.4m. The main finding of our work is that independently of the continuous rise of the VO2 along different swimming distances at the MAV, it does not affect the VO2K response, which remained remarkably similar. The reference values of VO2rise for each swimming distance obtained in this study, as well as the similar to 236 seconds of swimmers capacity to hold the MAV, could be take into account by coaches for their daily training routines planning. Univ Lisbon, CIPER, Fac Human Kinet, Lisbon, Portugal Polytech Inst Setubal, Sch Educ, Setubal, Portugal Sao Paulo State Univ, UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal Sao Paulo State Univ, UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil