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Two experimental studies were carried out to investigate whether adding multimedia features in a concept mapping task would improve the quality of the map built by students and promote more effective learning with expository hypertexts. Ninety-Nine undergraduates built a concept map to learn about a topic (water cycle or nitrogen cycle) either with a text-based or with a multimedia presentation of concepts (i.e. concepts were presented as textual labels illustrated with relevant pictures). Multimedia presentation of concepts was expected to foster the construction of a more elaborate concept map, to increase information processing and to improve learning outcome. Results of the two experiments were consistent by showing that multimedia presentation led learners to spend more time building the concept map and to build more coherent maps (i.e. text-based inter-connected concepts). In addition, experiment 2 showed that the multimedia presentation of concepts in concept mapping could also foster deeper exploration of the hypertext. However, learning outcomes were not affected by the learning conditions.

This study investigates how a search interface that displays users' ultimate query (i.e. users' current search goal) can cope with the age-related decrease of fluid abilities and support older users' search behaviours. 30 young and 18 older adults completed 9 search problems with a regular web browser or with the experimental search interface. Results showed that older adults spent longer time on the search engine result pages, they needed more time to reformulate, and they had more difficulties exploring the search paths elaborated. Age-differences also appeared as soon as the beginning of the search. The support tool helped older users reformulate their queries more rapidly and elaborate more flexible search strategies at the beginning of the activity. Indeed, older adults who interacted with the support tool switched to the processing of a new search path more rapidly instead of exploiting their initial query (i.e. they visited fewer websites for the initial query produced and reformulated a query instead of keeping on conducting a deeper investigation of the search results provided in the search engine result page). Implications of these findings for the design of effective support tools for older users are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study examines the relationship between remnant cholesterol, glucose metrics, and chronic complications of type 1 diabetes in users of glucose monitoring systems., Material and Methods: Clinical variables and glucose metrics were collected from individuals using glucose sensors. Statistical models were employed to investigate the association of remnant cholesterol with glucose metrics, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic nephropathy., Results: A total of 383 individuals, aged 48.3 ± 16.2 years, with 54.1% women, and a remnant cholesterol level of 16 ± 10 mg/dL, were included. The results demonstrated that remnant cholesterol was associated with less time within the target range (p = 0.015) and more time above the target range (p = 0.003). Diabetic nephropathy was the only complication associated with remnant cholesterol levels exceeding 30 mg/dL, OR 8.93, 95% CI (2.99-26.62), p < 0.001., Conclusion: Remnant cholesterol is independently associated with hyperglycemia and diabetic nephropathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

To evaluate the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI, NNRTI), protease inhibitors (PI), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) in Spain during the period 2019-2021, as well as to evaluate transmitted clinically relevant resistance (TCRR) to antiretroviral drugs. Reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (Pro), and Integrase (IN) sequences from 1824 PLWH (people living with HIV) were studied. To evaluate TDR we investigated the prevalence of surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRM). To evaluate TCRR (any resistance level ≥ 3), and for HIV subtyping we used the Stanford v.9.4.1 HIVDB Algorithm and an in-depth phylogenetic analysis. The prevalence of NRTI SDRMs was 3.8% (95% CI, 2.8%-4.6%), 6.1% (95% CI, 5.0%-7.3%) for NNRTI, 0.9% (95% CI, 0.5%-1.4%) for PI, and 0.2% (95% CI, 0.0%-0.9%) for INSTI. The prevalence of TCRR to NRTI was 2.1% (95% CI, 1.5%-2.9%), 11.8% for NNRTI, (95% CI, 10.3%-13.5%), 0.2% (95% CI, 0.1%-0.6%) for PI, and 2.5% (95% CI, 1.5%-4.1%) for INSTI. Most of the patients were infected by subtype B (79.8%), while the majority of non-Bs were CRF02&#95;AG (n = 109, 6%). The prevalence of INSTI and PI resistance in Spain during the period 2019-2021 is low, while NRTI resistance is moderate, and NNRTI resistance is the highest. Our results support the use of integrase inhibitors as first-line treatment in Spain. Our findings highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance of TDR to antiretroviral drugs in PLWH particularly with regard to first-line antiretroviral therapy., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

This study was designed to analyze the relationship between breast-feeding and mental development at 24 months of age, independently of the influence of other factors. A total of 238 babies born between October 1995 and February 1998 were enrolled in an observational prospective cohort study. Cognitive development was assessed using the Bayley Infant Development Scale. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that infants breast-fed for longer than 4 months scored 4.3 points higher on the mental development scale than those breast-fed for less time. No differences were found in psychomotor development as a function of feeding regimen or duration. The positive linear correlation observed between parental IQ and mental development scores at 24 months was also statistically significant (mother: r = 0.39; p < 0.001; father: r = 0.43; p < 0.001). It may be concluded that breast-feeding for longer than 4 months has a positive effect on the child's mental development at 24 months of age. Parental intelligence also appears to influence cognitive development.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of breast-feeding on cognitive and motor development. A prospective cohort study was carried out enrolling 249 babies from 2 rural and urban areas. Cognitive development was assessed at the age of 18 months. Results show that adjusted scores on the mental development index were 4.6 points higher in babies breast-fed for longer than 4 months than in those breast-fed for less time. No differences in psychomotor development were found as a function of type of feeding. A statistically-significant linear correlation was observed between the duration of breast-feeding and scores for Bayley's mental development index. These data suggest that breast-feeding for longer than 4 months has a positive effect on the baby's mental development measured at 18 months of age. Parental intelligence quotient also seems to have an influence on cognitive development.

Objectives: To find the characteristics of breast-feeding (BF) in our community in terms of the number of women who started it, its prevalence, average duration, reasons for stopping, and related social and family factors., Design: A descriptive, longitudinal study., Setting: Health District of Piedrabuena, Ciudad Real., Participants: All the 170 children born between January 1993 and March 1995, excluding newly-born low-weight babies or ill ones., Measurements and Main Results: On the first visit (15 days after birth) the mother was asked what kind of feeding she gave and, if relevant, the reason for giving up breast-feeding. Age of the mother, whether she smoked, number of children, educational level and job were obtained from medical records or direct questions. New feeding controls were made at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 months of life. Giving up BF meant the end of the period of study., Conclusions: 1) Rate for starting BF and its average duration was below the recommended, but above the rates found in similar studies. 2) There was a tendency to give up BF after three months. 3) Hypogalactia was the main reason for not starting and giving up BF. 4) The negative influence of tobacco on the duration of the BF.