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Parkinson's disease (PD) is not a single entity but rather a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder.The present study aims to conduct a critical systematic review of the literature to describe the main pharmacological strategies to treat cognitive dysfunction and major depressive disorder in PD patients. We performed a search of articles cited in PubMed from 2004 to 2014 using the following MeSH terms (Medical subject headings) "Parkinson disease"; "Delirium," "Dementia," "Amnestic," "Cognitive disorders," and "Parkinson disease"; "depression," "major depressive disorder," "drug therapy."We found a total of 71 studies related to pharmacological treatment in cognitive dysfunction and 279 studies for pharmacological treatment in major depressive disorder. After fulfillment of all the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 articles remained for cognitive dysfunction and 11 for major depressive disorder, which are presented and discussed in this study. Further research into non-motor symptoms of PD may provide insights into mechanisms of neurodegeneration, and provide better quality of life by using rational drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) is a widely used instrument in the subjective assessment of sleepiness. Although there are several translations into Spanish, their equivalence to the original version is questionable., Objective: To assess the reliability and validity of a true translation into Spanish of the ESS in Mexican population., Method: The ESS was translated into Spanish with the use of standard translation methodology: forward translation, back translation and bilingual committee consensus. It was administered to six groups of subjects of the following categories: narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), major depression with OSAS risk, major depression without OSAS risk, good sleepers and insomniac patients without OSAS risk. Internal consistency and factorial structure of the ESS was estimated. In addition, a comparison between groups of the ESS scores was conducted., Results: The ESS showed to be composed by only one factor and it also showed a high reliability coefficient (0.89). Likewise patients with narcolepsy or OSAS had the highest scores while good sleepers obtained the lowest scores., Conclusion: The true translation into Spanish of the ESS showed similar psychometric properties to the original version and, superior to previous Spanish adaptations. Therefore, the ESS is a reliable instrument for the assessment of sleepiness in our population.