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Background and aims Crohn’s disease [CD] can develop penetrating complications at any time during the disease course. Enterocutaneous fistulae [ECF] are disease-related complications with an important impact on quality of life. Our aim was to describe the outcomes of this complication, including its medical and/or surgical management and their temporal trends. The primary endpoint was fistula closure, defined as the absence of drainage, with no new abscess or surgery, over the preceding 6 months. Methods Clinical information from all adult patients with CD and at least one ECF—excluding perianal fistulae—were identified from the prospectively-maintained ENEIDA registry. All additional information regarding treatment for this complication was retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 301 ECF in 286 patients [January 1970-September 2020] were analysed out of 30 088 records. These lesions were mostly located in the ileum [67%] and they had a median of one external opening [range 1-10]. After a median follow-up of 146 months (interquartile range [IQR], 69-233), 69% of patients underwent surgery. Fistula closure was achieved in 84%, mostly after surgery, and fistula recurrence was uncommon [13%]. Spontaneous and low-output fistulae were associated with higher closure rates (hazard ratio [HR] 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.93, p = 0.001, and HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.07-2.06, p = 0.03, respectively); this was obtained more frequently with medical therapy since biologics have been available. Conclusions ECF complicating CD are rare but entail a high burden of medical and surgical resources. Closure rates are high, usually after surgery, and fistula recurrence is uncommon. A significant proportion of patients receiving medical therapy can achieve fistula closure.

COVID-19; Immunosuppression; Inflammatory bowel disease COVID-19; Immunosupressió; Malaltia inflamatòria intestinal COVID-19; Inmunosupresión; Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (1) Scant information is available concerning the characteristics that may favour the acquisition of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess these differences between infected and noninfected patients with IBD. (2) This nationwide case−control study evaluated patients with inflammatory bowel disease with COVID-19 (cases) and without COVID-19 (controls) during the period March−July 2020 included in the ENEIDA of GETECCU. (3) A total of 496 cases and 964 controls from 73 Spanish centres were included. No differences were found in the basal characteristics between cases and controls. Cases had higher comorbidity Charlson scores (24% vs. 19%; p = 0.02) and occupational risk (28% vs. 10.5%; p < 0.0001) more frequently than did controls. Lockdown was the only protective measure against COVID-19 (50% vs. 70%; p < 0.0001). No differences were found in the use of systemic steroids, immunosuppressants or biologics between cases and controls. Cases were more often treated with 5-aminosalicylates (42% vs. 34%; p = 0.003). Having a moderate Charlson score (OR: 2.7; 95%CI: 1.3−5.9), occupational risk (OR: 2.9; 95%CI: 1.8−4.4) and the use of 5-aminosalicylates (OR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.2−2.5) were factors for COVID-19. The strict lockdown was the only protective factor (OR: 0.1; 95%CI: 0.09−0.2). (4) Comorbidities and occupational exposure are the most relevant factors for COVID-19 in patients with IBD. The risk of COVID-19 seems not to be increased by immunosuppressants or biologics, with a potential effect of 5-aminosalicylates, which should be investigated further and interpreted with caution.

We would like to congratulate Drs. Espinel and Pinedo for their excellent results in single-ballon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP recently published in REED(1).We also want to share our experience. Between 2015 and 2021 we have performed 31 procedures in 26 patients. Half of the procedures (45.16%) were performed in patients with Roux-en-Y hepatic jejunostomy. Eight of these (22.80%) had prior primary bile duct surgery and six (19.35%) had prior Whipple surgery. The other half of the procedures (54.8%) presented native papilla: 10 (32.25%) subtotal gastrectomy and seven (22.58%) gastric bypass surgery.

We would like to congratulate Drs. Espinel and Pinedo for their excellent results in single-ballon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP recently published in REED(1).We also want to share our experience. Between 2015 and 2021 we have performed 31 procedures in 26 patients. Half of the procedures (45.16%) were performed in patients with Roux-en-Y hepatic jejunostomy. Eight of these (22.80%) had prior primary bile duct surgery and six (19.35%) had prior Whipple surgery. The other half of the procedures (54.8%) presented native papilla: 10 (32.25%) subtotal gastrectomy and seven (22.58%) gastric bypass surgery. The main indication was choledocholithiasis in 21 procedures (67.74%), followed by benign biliary stricture (22.58%), bile leak (6.45%) and one (3.22%) biliary loop obstruction. We reached the papilla or bilioenteric anastomosis in 19 procedures (61.29%) and in 69.23% of the patients, respectively. It was possible to cannulate the bile duct and perform cholangiography in 17 procedures (54.83%), and 17 patients (65.38%). Finally, we achieved ERCP therapeutic success in 15 procedures (48.38%) and 15 patients (57.69%). In our center, we present lower success rate of therapeutic ERCP (29.4%) in patients with native papilla, compared to the one observed in hepatic-jejunostomies (71.43%), which is statistically significant (p = 0.04). Our results are similar to those previously published in the literature (2). It is essential to highlight that once we were able to reach the papilla or biliary anastomosis, we could cannulate 100% of the hepatic-jejunostomy compared to 55.56% of the native papilla patients. In our opinion, although the number of cases presented by Espinel and Pinedo is small, the cap is probably helpful to improve cannulation rates in patients with native papilla.