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The interest in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) has increased significantly in recent years, driven by the growing demand for natural products. MAPs are a valuable source of secondary metabolites, which renders them useful to a number of industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food. The Lamiaceae family includes economically important MAPs that produce valuable secondary metabolites such as essential oils (EOs) and phenolic compounds (PCs). The quantity and quality of these secondary metabolites are affected by abiotic stress factors. In a climate change scenario, the Lamiaceae is one of the most affected families, especially due to its wide distribution in the Mediterranean region. In the present study, the most common climate-related environmental stress factors, namely, drought, salinity, temperature, light, and heavy metals, were reviewed and discussed in order to assess their impact on the chemical profiles of EOs and PCs, as well as on the biological properties (antioxidant, antibacterial, antimelanogenic, pest-repellent, and UV-protective) of Lamiaceae species. It can be posited that these stresses typically act as a catalyst for the secondary metabolism of these plants, resulting in increased production of EO compounds (e.g., 1,8-cineole, linalool, camphor, borneol, and limonene) and PCs (e.g., rosmarinic, caffeic, and salvianolic acids) and subsequent enhancement of their biological activities. In view of the industrial applications of these bioactive compounds, it is of interest to explore the changes in secondary metabolism induced by environmental factors as it is possible to increase the accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites.

Apresentamos, neste artigo, o Contexto de Investigação Higiene Oral, no qual abordamos as unidades temáticas: Álgebra, Números e Probabilidade e Estatística, a partir da rotina diária dos alunos. Como objetivo geral, delimitamos investigar possibilidades de promover o ensino de matemática como uma prática natural e espontânea, que possam estimular o desenvolvimento pessoal e coletivo, visando à realização do indivíduo e da comunidade como um todo. Para isso, realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa e instituímos quatro etapas: Estudo bibliográfico; Construção de tarefas/materiais pedagógicos; Produção de dados/Desenvolvimento das tarefas e Análise dos dados. Ainda, as tarefas realizadas baseadas na Atividade de Vida Autônoma — AVA permitiram a todos os alunos uma efetiva participação pelo fato de fazerem parte de seu dia a dia, independentemente do seu grau de dificuldade.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of nutrient starvation on the growth, biochemical, metabolomic, and biological traits of Lavandula viridis L’Hér and Thymus lotocephalus G. López and R. Morales in vitro cultures. In both species, a reduction in shoot growth and in the production of chlorophyll and carotenoids was observed in cultures grown under nutrient-deficient media (especially Fe and N) compared to those grown under control conditions. The highest levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation, two indicators of oxidative stress, were observed in L. viridis cultures grown under N deficiency and in T. lotocephalus under P and Fe limitation. The results demonstrated that nutrient deficiency led to a 72% and 62% increase in the quantified phenolic compounds in L. viridis and T. lotocephalus, respectively. The highest concentrations of the major compound in both species—rosmarinic acid—were observed in cultures grown under Mg-deficient (60.7 ± 1.0 mg/gDW) and Fe-deficient (50.0 ± 0.4 mg/gDW) conditions in L. viridis and T. lotocephalus, respectively. Furthermore, nutrient starvation enhanced the capacity of green extracts to inhibit three enzymes (tyrosinase, elastase, and hyaluronidase) associated with anti-aging and their antioxidant properties.

The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical profile of extracts from different fruit parts of the perennial arborescent cactus Opuntia leucotricha by applying ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) and to evaluate their biological properties (antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory capacities). Extracts were obtained from the fruit pulp (without or with seeds), seeds, and peel by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using the conventional solvent methanol 50% and two Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) (glycerol:urea, 1:1 and citric acid:sorbitol, 1:2). A total of 33 compounds were identified, including phenolics, fatty acids, and others. Phenolic acids were the most abundant class of phenolics identified in all fruit parts, with the highest concentration observed in the methanol extracts from peel (593.02 µg/gDW), followed by seed-containing pulp (69.03 µg/gDW), pulp (57.83 µg/gDW), and seeds (39.97 µg/gDW). The second most effective extractant was NADES 1 (glycerol:urea, 1:1), which was also successful in extracting compounds with antioxidant capacity. Overall, the extracts demonstrated considerable enzyme inhibitory activities, with the greatest effects observed against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The results indicate that O. leucotricha fruits could be a promising source of bioactive compounds, and NADES a viable alternative to organic solvents for their industrial exploitation.

Climate change is affecting all regions of the world, and the Mediterranean region is one of the most affected. Plants accumulate secondary metabolites as an adaptive response to stress circumstances. The present study investigated the effect of different abiotic factor conditions (drought, moderate heat, severe heat, salinity, and UV-B radiation) on the essential oil (EO) yield, composition (volatile profile), and biological activity (enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity) of Lavandula viridis L’Hér. In general, the environmental conditions increased the extraction yield of EO. Eighty-two compounds were identified in the EO and environmental factors induced some quantitative changes in EO composition. Severe heat and salinity conditions increased the concentration of the two most abundant compounds, 1,8-cineole and camphor. Severe heat also increased the potential of EO to inhibit the enzymes butyrylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. Drought, salinity, and UV-B radiation promoted the ability of EO to inhibit acetylcholinesterase. In addition, heat and drought enhanced the antioxidant activity of EO. These results are relevant for exploring the potential of this EO for industrial applications, although future studies combining the factors studied are important to understand the influence of synergistic effects on the composition and bioactivity of the plant products obtained.

Os conteúdos de Probabilidade e Estatística, intitulados “Tratamento da Informação”, aparecem pela primeira vez no Brasil em 1997 com a publicação dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais. Em 2017, foram reafirmados como Unidade Temática “Probabilidade e Estatística” na edição da Base Nacional Comum Curricular – BNCC. Esses documentos apontam que todos os cidadãos precisam desenvolver habilidades para coletar, organizar, representar, interpretar e analisar dados, bem como entender que nem todos os fenômenos são determinísticos e que pode haver eventos certos, impossíveis, improváveis ​​e prováveis, ​​a fim de usar esses conceitos em diferentes contextos diários, na tomada de decisões e em situações de incerteza. Assim, o objetivo desta contribuição é apresentar, por meio de documentos, a trajetória histórica que situa a questão curricular em relação ao ensino de Estatística e Probabilidade no Brasil, da BNCC no que diz respeito aos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental (1º ao 5º ano - crianças entre 6 e 10 anos) e depois, seguindo o documento referente a esses conteúdos, trilhando caminhos ("por quê", "o quê" e "como"), podemos dinamizar o currículo prescrito.

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar como um grupo de crianças de uma turma de 2ª ano (7 e 8 anos) se apropriam das noções de acaso, ideia de aleatório e espaço amostral em situações de jogo. As crianças participantes estudam na Rede Pública Municipal de Uberlândia - Minas Gerais – Brasil. A investigação foi de cunho qualitativo e buscou referencial teórico na Educação Estatística, nos estudos sobre Probabilidade e no papel dos jogos educacionais. A produção dos dados foi realizada por meio do jogo “Lançando a moeda”, e por meio de observação participante. Inferimos que as crianças adquiriram as habilidades de: apresentar os possíveis resultados de um experimento aleatório com moedas; perceber que o resultado do lançamento da moeda depende do acaso; e compreender que nem todos os fenômenos são determinísticos.

Cinnamon from the bark of Cinnamomum species is one of the most important spices used worldwide in food and as a traditional medicine for centuries. It has substantial benefits for human health including its protective role on cardiovascular diseases. This review provides an overview of the cardiovascular protective effects of cinnamon and its major bioactive constituents. Reviewed literature showed sufficient evidence that cinnamon can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac ischemia, cardiac hypertrophy, and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, cinnamon exhibited beneficial effects on cardiovascular-related comorbidities like diabetes, and other metabolic disorders, and showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Cinnamon contains several bioactive compounds such as phenolics and volatile compounds. Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid are among the main cinnamon compounds with protective effects on cardiovascular diseases through different molecular mechanisms. Although the protective effects of cinnamon and its main compounds have been extensively reported, more preclinical and clinical studies are still required before its use as a biopharmaceutical agent.

In vitro culture is an important biotechnological tool in plant research and an appropriate culture media is a key for a successful plant development under in vitro conditions. The use of natural compounds to improve culture media has been growing and biopolymers are interesting alternatives to synthetic compounds due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, renewability, and availability. In the present study, different culture media containing one biopolymer (chitosan, gum arabic) or a biopolymer derivative [hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)], at 100 or 1000 mg L−1, were tested regarding their influence on the growth and physiological responses of Thymus lotocephalus in vitro culture. Cellulose-based biopolymers (HEC and CMC) and gum arabic were used for the first time in plant culture media. The results showed that CMC at 100 mg L−1 significantly improved shoot elongation while chitosan, at the highest concentration, was detrimental to T. lotocephalus. Concerning only the evaluated physiological parameters, all tested biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives are safe to plants as there was no evidence of stress-induced changes on T. lotocephalus. The rheological and microstructural features of the culture media were assessed to understand how the biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives added to the culture medium could influence shoot growth. As expected, all media presented a gel-like behaviour with minor differences in the complex viscosity at the beginning of the culture period. Most media showed increased viscosity overtime. The surface area increased with the addition of biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives to the culture media and the average pore size was considerably lower for CMC at 100 mg L−1. The smaller pores of this medium might be related to a more efficient nutrients and water uptake by T. lotocephalus shoots, leading to a significant improvement in shoot elongation. In short, this study demonstrated that the different types of biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives added to culture medium can modify their microstructure and at the right concentrations, are harmless to T. lotocephalus shoots growing in vitro, and that CMC improves shoot length.

Today’s global food system aggravates climate change while failing in meeting SDG2 and more. Yet, some sustainable food cultures, such as the Mediterranean Diet (MD), are simultaneously safe, healthy, and rooted in biodiversity. Their wide range of fruits, herbs, and vegetables convey many bioactive compounds, often associated with colour, texture, and aroma. Phenolic compounds are largely responsible for such features of MD’s foods. These plant secondary metabolites all share in vitro bioactivities (e.g., antioxidants), and some are evidenced in vivo (e.g., plant sterols lower cholesterol levels in blood). The present work examines the role of polyphenols in the MD, with respect to human and planetary health. Since the commercial interest in polyphenols is increasing, a strategy for the sustainable exploitation of Mediterranean plants is essential in preserving species at risk while valuing local cultivars (e.g., through the geographical indication mechanism). Finally, the linkage of food habits with cultural landscapes, a cornerstone of the MD, should enable awareness-raising about seasonality, endemism, and other natural constraints to ensure the sustainable exploitation of Mediterranean plants.

In this study, in vitro cultures and micropropagated plants of two Mediterranean aromatic plants, Lavandula viridis L’Hér and Thymus lotocephalus López and Morales, were exposed to different temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 °C). The effect of temperature on the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation, and osmoprotectants (proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins), as well as on the phenolic profile by HPLC-HRMS and intermediates of the secondary metabolism (phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and shikimic acid content), was investigated. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts was also analyzed. Overall, considering the lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content, the extreme temperatures (15 and 30 °C) caused the greatest damage to both species, but the osmoprotectant response was different depending on the species and plant material. In both species, phenolic compounds and related antioxidant activity increased with the rise in temperature in the micropropagated plants, while the opposite occurred in in vitro cultures. L. viridis cultures showed the highest biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid (92.6 g/kgDW) at 15 °C and seem to be a good alternative to produce this valuable compound. We conclude that contrasting temperatures greatly influence both species’ primary and secondary metabolism, but the response is different depending on the plant micropropagation stage.

The impact of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) on morphological, physiological, (bio)chemical, and biological characteristics of Thymus lotocephalus López and Morales shoot cultures have been investigated, as well as the potential of iron oxide nanoparticles, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as alleviating drought stress agents. Results showed that PEG caused oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, raising H2O2 levels and reducing shoots’ growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, and phenolic compounds production, especially phenolic acids, including the major compound rosmarinic acid. Moreover, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra analysis revealed that PEG treatment caused changes in shoots’ composition, enhancing terpenoids biosynthesis. PEG also decreased the biological activities (antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and photoprotective) of the eco-friendly extracts obtained with a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent. MeJA was the most efficient agent in protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by drought, by improving the biosynthesis of phenolics, like methyl 6-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and salvianolic acids, as well as improving the extracts’ antioxidant activity. Altogether, the obtained results demonstrated a negative impact of PEG on T. lotocephalus shoots and an effective role of MeJA as a mitigating agent of drought stress. Additionally, extracts showed a good potential to be used in the cosmetics industry as skincare products.

Wine color and limpidity are important aspects of consumer preferences. The alteration of these parameters can damage wine’s appearance but also its mouthfeel characteristics due to its relationship with attributes such as bitterness and astringency. Fining is a practice usually used in enology to modulate undesirable wine organoleptic attributes. However, there are several factors that influence this technique. In this study, the influence of wine pH and ethanol content on grape seed protein fining efficacy has been assessed. Wine clarification, total phenolic and flavanol contents, antioxidant activity, and chromatic parameters have been investigated before and after fining process. The most noticeable clarifying effects were observed for the experimental wines with a lower pH and ethanol content. Control of these factors will make it possible to modulate the main organoleptic properties of the wine, also avoiding the addition of large amounts of fining agents and thus providing greater versatility to wineries during winemaking. Furthermore, our findings indicated that grape seed protein is a potential alternative to other plant-based fining proteins commonly used in winemaking. Its effects on clarification and color quality have been found to be comparable to those of potato protein and significantly better than those of pea protein.

No Brasil, desde a publicação dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, os conteúdos de Estatística e Probabilidade fazem parte dos currículos e foram reafirmados na Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Neste artigo, apresentamos um breve percurso histórico sobre a questão curricular de inserção dessa temática no currículo brasileiro. Apresentamos o lugar da Educação Estatística nesse contexto, discutimos a Unidade Temática Probabilidade e Estatística, bem como seus objetos de conhecimento para os anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental (1.º ao 5.º ano), apresentando alguns caminhos que permitam colocar a BNCC em "ação" por meio de situações que exemplificam as questões.

Alterações nos padrões alimentares desde a infância são importantes para prevenir doenças e melhorar a qualidade de vida quando adulto ou idoso. Uma solução para alcançar este objetivo é a implantação de atividades de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional (EAN) em escolas. A prática da EAN deve fazer uso de abordagens e recursos educacionais problematizadores e ativos que favoreçam o diálogo e as metodologias ativas são importantes meios para a formação crítica e reflexiva dos estudantes por meio de processos de ensino-aprendizagem construtivistas. Desta forma objetivou-se analisar as diferentes metodologias que foram empregadas em estudos nacionais para verificar a efetividade do ensino em nutrição tendo como base metodologias ativas de ensino e aprendizagem e verificar se os resultados obtidos em ensino em nutrição alcançam os escolares no Brasil. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão sistemática onde foi realizada busca para trabalhos científicos publicados entre 2016 a 2017. A pesquisa resultou em 15 artigos pré-selecionados onde nove artigos foram incluídos por atender os critérios da análise. Conclui-se que as metodologias ativas aliadas a EAN são efetivas na adesão do educando, que profissionais da nutrição não demonstram conhecimento deste método de ensino e que o alcance da EAN é baixo nos estados Brasileiros. ABSTRACT Active teaching and learning methodologies in food and nutrition education for children: a national view Changes in the food pattern from the childhood are important to prevent diseases and to improve the quality of life when adult or elderly. A solution to reach this objective is the introduction of activities of Food and Nutritional Education (FNE) in schools. The practice of the FNE should do use of approaches and education resources problematizers and assets that favor the dialog and the active methodologies are important ways for the critical and reflexive formation of the students through teaching-learning constructive processes. In this way the objective was to analyze the different methodologies that were used in national studies to check the effectiveness of the teaching in nutrition based on active teaching-learning methodologies and verify if the results obtained in teaching in nutrition reaches the schoolchildren in brazil. The used methodology went to systematic revision where search was carried out for scientific works published between 2016 to 2017. The research resulted in 15 preselected articles where nine articles were included because of attending the criteria of the analysis. It is concluded that the active methodologies allied to FNE are effective in the adherence of the student, which professionals of the nutrition do not demonstrate knowledge of this method of teaching and that the reach of the FNE is low in the Brazilian states.

Nanoparticles (NPs) recently emerged as new chemical elicitors acting as signaling agents affecting several processes in plant metabolism. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of the addition of copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) NPs (Lavandula viridis L’Hér and Thymus lotocephalus G. López and R. Morales (Lamiaceae), as well as on phenolic profile and bioactivity (antioxidant and enzyme inhibition capacities). Although some decreases in shoot number and length were observed in response to NPs, biomass production was not affected or was improved in both species. Most NPs treatments decreased total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and increased malondialdehyde levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, in both species. HPLC-HR-MS analysis led to the identification of thirteen and twelve phenolic compounds, respectively, in L. viridis and T. lotocephalus extracts, being rosmarinic acid the major compound found in all the extracts. ZnO and Fe3O4 NPs induced an increase in total phenolic and rosmarinic acid contents in T. lotocephalus extracts. Additionally, some NPs treatments also increased antioxidant activity in extracts from this species and the opposite was observed for L. viridis. The capacity of the extracts to inhibit tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes was not considerably affected. Overall, NPs had a significant impact on different parameters of L. viridis and T. lotocephalus in vitro shoot cultures, although the results varied with the species and NPs type.

The present study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of different natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) on the extraction of phenolic compounds from Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica (Chaytor) Franco, on the antioxidant activity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase (Tyr) inhibitory capacities. Ten different NADES were used in this research and compared with conventional solvents. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for 60 min proved to be the best extraction condition, and proline:lactic acid (1:1) and choline chloride:urea (1:2) extracts showed the highest total phenolic contents (56.00 ± 0.77 mgGAE/gdw) and antioxidant activity [64.35 ± 1.74 mgTE/gdw and 72.13 ± 0.97 mgTE/gdw in 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods, respectively]. These extracts also exhibited enzymes inhibitory capacity particularly against Tyr and AChE. Even so, organic acid-based NADES showed to be the best extractants producing extracts with considerable ability to inhibit enzymes. Twenty-four phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-HRMS, being rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid and salvianolic acid B the major compounds. The results confirmed that the combination of UAE and NADES provide an excellent alternative to organic solvents for sustainable and green extraction, and have huge potential for use in industrial applications involving the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants.

Valerianaceae, the sub-family of Caprifoliaceae, contains more than 300 species of annual and perennial herbs, worldwide distributed. Several species are used for their biological properties while some are used as food. Species from the genus Valeriana have been used for their antispasmodic, relaxing, and sedative properties, which have been mainly attributed to the presence of valepotriates, borneol derivatives, and isovalerenic acid. Among this genus, the most common and employed species is Valerianaofficinalis. Although valerian has been traditionally used as a mild sedative, research results are still controversial regarding the role of the different active compounds, the herbal preparations, and the dosage used. The present review is designed to summarize and critically describe the current knowledge on the different plant species belonging to Valerianaceae, their phytochemicals, their uses in the treatment of different diseases with particular emphasis on the effects on the central nervous system. The available information on this sub-family was collected from scientific databases up until year 2020. The following electronic databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, Sci Finder, Web of Science, Science Direct, NCBI, and Google Scholar. The search terms used for this review included Valerianaceae, Valeriana, Centranthus, Fedia, Patrinia, Nardostachys, Plectritis, and Valerianella, phytochemical composition, in vivo studies, Central Nervous System, neuroprotective, antidepressant, antinociceptive, anxiolytic, anxiety, preclinical and clinical studies.

Extraction solvent is a very important factor in the recovery of antioxidants from natural matrices. In this study, the effect of three solvents (ethanol, ethanol/water and water) on the phenolic composition, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities and electrochemical behaviour of four winemaking byproducts (seeds, skins, stems, and pomace) was evaluated. Phenolic composition was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), antioxidant activity by the capacity to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals, anti-cholinesterase activity by the Ellman’s method, and electrochemical behaviour by cyclic voltammetry. Eight phenolic compounds were quantified with higher content in water/ethanol extracts (e.g., epicatechin in pomace: 17 mg/100 g vs. 7 and 6 mg/100 g in ethanol and water extracts, respectively), although there were some exceptions (e.g., gallic acid in seeds was most abundant in water extracts). Moreover, the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity were found in ethanol/water extracts (between 2 and 30-fold the values of the other extracts). Overall, the most active extracts in inhibiting both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes were ethanol/water and ethanol extracts from seeds (between 31.11 and 53.90%). The electrochemical behaviour allowed for differentiating the extracts depending on the solvent and the byproduct. Our findings indicate that winemaking byproducts represent a source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities and suggest that cyclic voltammetry is a promising technique to evaluate the phenolic extraction process from these byproducts.

Endemic plant species are usually more vulnerable to anthropogenic threats and natural changes and, therefore, hold a higher extinction risk. The preservation of these species is a major concern on a worldwide context and in situ protection alone will not guarantee their conservation. Ex situ conservation measures must be undertaken to support the conservation of these species, and seed banking is the more efficient and cost-effective method. However, when seed banking is not an option, alternative approaches should be considered. Biotechnological tools provide new and complementary options for plant conservation including short-, medium-, and long-term strategies, and their application for plant species conservation has increased considerably in the last years. This review provides information about the status of the use biotechnology-based techniques for the conservation of endemic plant species. Particular attention is given to cryopreservation, since is the only long-term ex situ conservation strategy that can complement and support the other conservation measures. The cryopreservation of plant genetic resources is, however, more focused on crop or economically important species and few studies are available for endemic plant species. The plant material used, the cryopreservation methods employed, and the assessment of cryogenic effects are reviewed. The reasons to explain the difficulties in cryopreserving these species are discussed and new strategies are proposed to facilitate and increase the interest on this matter. We expect that further studies on the conservation of endemic plant species will increase in a near future, thus contributing to maintain these valuable genetic resources.

Apresentamos parte de nossa pesquisa de Doutorado, desenvolvida junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Matemática/UNESP- Campus Rio Claro. Procuramos compreender de que forma a Educação Estatística pode contribuir para que as crianças do 1º ano do ciclo de alfabetização desenvolvam o Sentido de Número. Realizamos uma investigação de cunho qualitativo na modalidade estudo de caso e buscamos referencial teórico na Educação Estatística, nos estudos sobre Sentido de Número e Investigação Matemática. A coleta de dados foi realizada, por meio de um conjunto de tarefas aos quais denominamos Contextos de investigação. Realizamos observação participante pois coube à pesquisadora a aplicação das tarefas. Em nossa análise, inferimos que as crianças adquiriram habilidades para usar números e métodos quantitativos, se envolveram com conceitos de números, operações com números, e aplicações de números e operações. Na inter-relação número segundo o contexto da estatística e número segundo o contexto da matemática as tarefas ficaram impregnadas de Sentido de número. Constatamos que as tarefas do contexto da Estatística que permitam a criança coletar, tabular, analisar dados e comunicar suas ideias favorecem a exploração de números e suas relações e são elementos essenciais para o desenvolvimento do Sentido de Número das crianças.

Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio realizado en el ámbito del Doctorado en Educación en la Sociedad Multicultural, cuyo objetivo general fue conocer las percepciones de los docentes de Educación Especial, en ejercicio de funciones educativas en la región de Algarve, acerca de la utilización de la CIF-IA en evaluación especializada de alumnos con NEE. El plan de estudio fue descriptivo y los datos fueron obtenidos a través de un cuestionario de preguntas cerradas y tratados con recurso a la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Los resultados muestran que los docentes se sienten preparados para aplicar la CIF-IA y que consideran provechosa su utilización.

Objective: to evaluate the frequency and factors associated with vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation. Method: risk factors were evaluated in 99 patients under 18 years of age with chronic liver disease who underwent deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) between March of 1995 and November of 2009 at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. The variables analyzed included donor and recipient age, gender, and weight; indication for transplant; PELD/MELD scores; technical aspects; postoperative vascular complications; and survival. Results: vascular complications occurred in 19 patients (19%). Arterial events were most common, occurred earlier in the postoperative period, and were associated with high graft loss and mortality rates. In the multivariate analysis, the following factors were identified: portal vein diameter ≤ 3 mm, donor‐to‐recipient body weight ratio (DRWR), prolonged ischemic time, and use of arterial grafts. Conclusion: the choice of treatment depends on the timing of diagnosis; however, in this study, surgical revision or correction produced worse outcomes than percutaneous angioplasty. The reduction of risk factors and early detection of vascular complications are key elements to a successful transplantation. Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência e os fatores associados a complicações vasculares após transplante hepático pediátrico. Método: Os fatores de risco foram avaliados em 99 pacientes com mais de 18 anos de idade com doença hepática crônica submetidos a transplante hepático cadavérico (THC) entre março de 1995 e novembro de 2009 no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil. As variáveis analisadas incluíram: idade, sexo e peso dos doadores e receptores; indicação de transplante; escores PELD/MELD; aspectos técnicos; complicações vasculares pós‐operatórias; e sobrevida. Resultados: Ocorreram complicações vasculares em 19 pacientes (19%). Os eventos arteriais foram mais comuns, tendo ocorrido precocemente no pós‐operatório, e foram associados a altas taxas de perda do enxerto e mortalidade. Em uma análise multivariada, foram identificados os seguintes fatores: diâmetro da veia porta ≤ 3 mm, proporção de peso do doador/receptor (DRWR), tempo de isquemia prolongado e uso de enxertos arteriais. Conclusão: A escolha do tratamento depende do momento do diagnóstico; contudo, nessa série, a cirurgia de revisão, ou correção cirúrgica, produziu resultados piores que a angioplastia percutânea. A redução dos fatores de risco e a detecção precoce de complicações vasculares são fundamentais para um transplante bem‐sucedido. Keywords: Thrombosis, Hepatic artery, Portal vein, Morbidity, Mortality, Palavras‐chave: Trombose, Artéria hepática, Veia porta, Morbidez, Mortalidade

Carob liqueur is a traditional Mediterranean alcoholic beverage obtained via a wide range of production techniques contributing to the different organoleptic attributes of the final product. The aim of this research was to evaluate the stability of the chemical composition and biological capacities (antioxidant and enzyme inhibition) under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of liqueurs prepared by flavouring the fig spirit with carob pulp by maceration, distillation, percolation, or aqueous and hydro-alcoholic infusions. For this purpose, the phenolic and furanic compositions, the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, antioxidant capacity (AC), and enzyme inhibitory potential against acethylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes were evaluated. The content of gallic acid decreased after gastrointestinal digestion, while TPC, TFC, and AC significantly increased after each digestion phase. Overall, no significantly different enzyme inhibitions (p < 0.05) were observed among digested liqueurs, with moderate inhibition against acethylcholinesterase and tyrosinase (enzymes related with neurodegenerative diseases), and potent and low inhibitory capacities for α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively (ideal conditions employed in antidiabetic therapy). The study indicates that hydro-alcoholic infusion and maceration were the most appropriate methods to obtain liqueurs with higher values of the aforementioned parameters and safe levels of toxic furanics.

Neste artigo, apresentamos o desenvolvimento de um ciclo de investigação, que é parte integrante de nossa pesquisa de Doutorado, em andamento no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática/UNESP- Campus Rio Claro. A fundamentação teórica vem da contribuição de Brocardo et al. (2008), Delgado (2013), Mcintosh, Reys e Reys (1992), Spinillo (2006, 2014), Ponte, Brocardo e Oliveira (2006), Campos et al. (2011), dentre outros. A pesquisa é realizada com alunos de uma turma de 1º ano do ciclo de alfabetização de uma escola da rede pública municipal de Uberlândia – Minas Gerais – Brasil. Elegemos para nortear a pesquisa a seguinte pergunta: É possível, por meio de tarefas do contexto de ensino de Estatística, as crianças do ciclo de alfabetização desenvolverem o sentido de número? Como o foco da investigação é o desenvolvimento da ideia ou sentido de número, foram cumpridas pelas crianças diferentes tarefas na perspectiva da Educação Estatística. Para esse artigo, relatamos o desenvolvimento de um Ciclo de Investigação, o "Festival de tampinhas". De nossas análises parciais, inferimos que as tarefas, por nós elaboradas e aplicadas, contribuíram sobremaneira para a construção do sentido de número pelas crianças. In this article, we present the development of a investigation cycle, which is part of our Doctoral research in progress at the Graduate Studies Program in Mathematics / UNESP Campus Rio Claro. The theoretical foundation of it is the contribution of Brocardo et al. (2008), Delgado (2013), Mcintosh, Reys e Reys (1992), Spinilo (2006, 2014), Ponte, Brocardo and Oliveira (2006), Campos et al. (2011), among others. The research was conducted with students of the 1st year class of literacy 2 EM TEIA – Revista de Educação Matemática e Tecnológica Iberoamericana - vol. 7 - número 1 - 2016 cycle of a Municipal public school in Uberlândia - Minas Gerais - Brazil. We elected, to guide the investigation, the following question: Is it possible, regarding children from the literacy cycle, through Statistics teaching context of tasks, that they develop a number sense? As the focus of research is the development of an idea or Number sense, different tasks in the perspective of Education Statistics were exercised by children. For this article, we report the development of one of the research cycle, the "Bottle Caps Festival". From our partial analysis, we infered that the tasks designed and implemented by us, have greatly contributed to the construction of the sense of number by the children.

Entre julho e agosto de 2007, os principais meios de comunicação de Porto Alegre foram observados por uma equipe de professores e alunos da Faculdade de Biblioteconomia e Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) para identificar que cidade eles ajudam a construir no imaginário do cidadão. Esta pesquisa faz parte de uma mais ampla para conhecer os imaginários urbanos da América Latina, com extensão a algumas urbes européias. Seguindo a metodologia de Silva, a pesquisa foi divida em três eixos que se entrecruzam: dados oficiais e históricos sobre o município, enquete para verificar as percepções dos cidadãos sobre a cidade e análise das representações construídas pelos diferentes meios de comunicação, este último é foco deste texto.

Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 1 (SERPINA1) deficiency is one of the main genetic causes related to liver disease in children. In SERPINA1 deficiency the most frequent SERPINA1 alleles found are the PI*S and PI*Z alleles. We used the polymerase chain reaction and the amplification created restriction site (ACRS) technique to investigate the prevalence of the PI*S and PI*Z alleles in a group of Brazilian children (n = 200) with liver disease and established the general frequency of the PI*S allele in our population. We found a significant association of the PI*Z allele and liver disease, but no such relationship was found for the PI*S allele. Our results show that SERPINA1 deficiency due to the PI*Z allele, even when heterozygous, is a frequent cause of liver disease in our group of Brazilian children but that the PI*S allele does not confer an increased risk of hepatic disorders in our group of Brazilian children.