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Objective: Both the United Nations and the World Health Organization have identified antimicrobial resistance as a significant threat to global health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified five pediatric respiratory conditions as requiring particular scrutiny in terms of antibiotic stewardship. This study sought to identify strategies used by experienced naturopathic practitioners to treat acute respiratory infections in children. The authors theorize that naturopathic strategies safely fill the gap between watchful waiting and antibiotic prescription, thus reducing the use of antibiotics. Methods: Naturopathic practitioners in Canada, the United States, and Australia with a minimum of 5 years of experience in clinical naturopathic care of children were recruited for a modified Delphi study. A 14-person panel of practitioners was selected to complete a series of four iterative surveys assessing agreement to statements in five domains of knowledge/attitudes, assessment/diagnosis, management, monitoring, and education. Items were deemed to have reached consensus if they reached a predetermined threshold of 70% agreement, or failed to reach a threshold of 40% agreement. Items between these boundaries were modified and retested until either consensus was reached or the four surveys had been completed. Results: Results yielded a large degree of agreement on core naturopathic approaches to the management of acute pediatric respiratory infections, especially lifestyle strategies, including adequate rest and dietary recommendations. The use of vitamins C and D was strongly supported, as were herbs, particularly echinacea and elderberry. Some hydrotherapy and topical applications specific to the individual focus on infection also reached consensus. Results suggested that most respondents, even if they have the authority to prescribe antibiotics, rarely deem it necessary to do so. Conclusion: Findings of this study provide (1) clarity on the role of naturopathic doctors in the management of pediatric health concerns and the stewardship of antibiotics; and (2) initial guidance to less experienced naturopathic practitioners. The findings also identify key priorities for research into the safety and effectiveness of naturopathic interventions to reduce the unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The construction sector is responsible for significant CO2 emissions, especially due to the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). One option to decrease CO2 emissions is to print mortar made from an alternative binder. A precursor was used consisting of mainly non-ferrous metallurgy Fe-rich slag and a minor amount of OPC (

In this article, I analyse and discuss the demands of the Court of Justice of the EU to the transposition into domestic law of the grounds for optional non-execution in Articles 4 and 4a of Council Framework Decision 2002/584 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (2002/584/JHA). In the Danish Extradition Act, three of the grounds for optional non-execution have been transposed as mandatory, i.e., if the conditions as described in these provisions apply, execution of the European arrest warrant must be refused. Based on the case-law of the Court of Justice of the EU, I argue that this transposition runs counter to the purpose of 2002/584/JHA, since it denies the national judicial authorities a margin of discretion when deciding on whether or not to surrender a requested person, the only possible exception being the transposition of the rule of dual criminality, which is framed differently from the other grounds for non-execution in Article 4.

Background Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is one of the most prevalent types of infection among children and a common reason for hospital admission. Although parents frequently consult complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners to assist with the management of childhood ARTI, little is known about the treatments that CAM practitioners recommend and why. The aim of this research was to understand what CAM practitioners typically prescribe for the management of childhood ARTI and how practitioners formulate decisions regarding the management of this condition. Method The research was guided by a qualitative descriptive framework. CAM practitioners across Greater Melbourne (Victoria, Australia) who had treated children aged 0-12 years with ARTI in the past 12 months were eligible to participate. Data were captured using semi-structured interviews, which were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Multiple strategies to improve trustworthiness were implemented (e.g., triangulation of data). Data were analysed using inductive content analysis. Results Twenty-four CAM practitioners from ten different disciplines participated in the interviews. Most participants were female (75%), and more than half (54%) were practicing naturopaths. The treatments most commonly recommended were lifestyle modification (95%), nutrition/diet-based treatments (91%), and vitamin/mineral supplementation (87%). Practitioners' decision-making process was underpinned by four key concepts namely: the approach to management, individualisation, do no harm, and collaborative practice. Individualisation and the safety of the child are cornerstones of treatment in the practitioner's decision-making process. Conclusion This research sheds light on commonly used CAM interventions, many of which build on easily accessible and readily available treatments (such as soups) and are aligned with mainstream recommendations (such as rest). Practitioners' decision-making process too aligns well with mainstream health care where the focus is on safety and informed by a biopsychosocial-cultural approach.

Background The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasing globally, in both adults and children. A common condition where CAM is used in children is acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI). However, limited information exists regarding specific CAM modalities used in children, and the factors that influence a parent's decision to use CAM for ARTI in children. This research aimed to address this knowledge gap. Method This research used a qualitative descriptive approach. Parents residing in Greater Melbourne, Australia, who had children aged from 0-12 years, and had used CAM for treating ARTI in their children in the last 12 months, were eligible to participate. Parents' perspectives were captured using individual semi-structured interviews, which were then transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using content analysis. Results Twenty-four families were interviewed. Several strategies to improve trustworthiness were implemented. Three themes underpinning the parents' decision to use CAM emerged from the data: safety, internal drivers and external drivers. Parents used a breadth of different treatments, predominantly food as medicine, followed by aromatherapy and other CAM remedies typically found in the kitchen, to manage ARTI in their children. Parents often used both CAM practitioners and mainstream medicine to manage ARTI in their children. While mainstream medicine was typically used to rule out any sinister pathology, CAM was often used as a frontline treatment option, with food as medicine (e.g. soups) dominating. This was due in part to concerns regarding the negative aspects of pharmaceutical use. Parents utilised a diverse range of information sources to inform their decision-making, including friends, families and the internet; traditional sources of research evidence were generally not used. Conclusion Child safety was a major factor influencing a primary carer's decision to utilise CAM for ARTI. The safety and effectiveness of remedies utilised by parents now warrants further investigation.

HLA studies have been used to determine the admixture of different populations within the Iberian Peninsula including neighbouring regions with shared origins, such as Portugal and Castile and Leon. These studies certainly can be used to study human migration that could establish populations currently settled according to genetic distant analysis based on the HLA diversity and language variety., This work was supported by the “Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Leon” (GRS 2080/A/19, 2019) and (GRS COVID 70/A/20, 2020).

Background: Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is a prevalent condition associated with serious health and economic implications. A range of strategies is used to manage ARTI in children, including complementary and alternative medicines (CAM). There has been little investigation into this area, and this study aims to address this knowledge gap. Methods: Primary carers of children aged from 0 to 12 years that utilised CAM for ARTI were invited to participate in the online survey in 2019. Survey data were analysed descriptively. Results: The 246 surveyed parents specified the types of CAM frequently used to manage ARTI in their children were home-remedies. Reasons parents reported using CAM were personal-beliefs and positive past-experience with CAM practitioners. Information sources that parents consulted when decision-making were education, naturopaths, and journals. Conclusion: Parents utilised diverse interventions, with home-remedies dominating the choice. Parents were most likely well-informed. Notably, parents indicated a preference for an integrative healthcare approach. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

My aim in this paper is to provide evidence from diachronic linguistics for the view that some predictable units are entrenched in grammar and consequently in human cognition in a way that makes them functionally and structurally equal to nonpredictable grammatical units, suggesting that these predictable units should be considered grammatical constructions on a par with the nonpredictable constructions. Frequency has usually been seen as the only possible argument speaking in favor of viewing some formally and semantically fully predictable units as grammatical constructions. However this paper presents evidence from historical linguistics, and more specifically diachronic arguments of a syntactic nature, to support the argument of frequency. I demonstrate that contrary to other Medieval Greek future periphrases, the Early Medieval Greek form [méllo (‘I am about to’) INFINITIVE (INF)] was both semantically and formally predictable. Despite this difference, [méllo INF], like the other future periphrases, seems to be highly entrenched in the cognition (and grammar) of Early Medieval Greek language users, and consequently a grammatical construction. The syntactic evidence speaking in favor of [méllo INF] as a grammatical construction consists in the following features: 1) [méllo INF] is more resistant to restructuring than many other verbal periphrases with an INF; and 2) in LBG [méllo INF] seems to have grammaticalized — as one of its uses — a specialized function embedded in subjunctives, in which méllo was semantically empty. Both these developments indicate that despite being both formally and semantically predictable, [méllo INF] was highly entrenched in EBG grammar.

Introduction: As many as one in two children across the globe use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to manage a health condition. Despite the high prevalence of use, there is still limited information on the types of CAM used in children, particularly for the management of one of the most common childhood health complaints - acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI). This systematic review was undertaken to address this knowledge gap. Methods: Eligible studies reporting the use of CAM in children with ARTI were identified using a targeted search of seven electronic databases and the grey literature. Data were extracted using a customised data extraction form and appraised using the McMaster critical review forms for quantitative and qualitative studies. Findings were synthesised in narrative form. Results: The search identified 2261 papers, of which 22 studies were eligible for inclusion. The 22 studies reported the use of 118 distinct CAM interventions for the management of ARTI in children. Most (53%, n = 63) of these interventions represented biologically-based therapies, followed by whole medical systems/alternative medical systems (46%, n = 55). No studies reported the use of energy therapies, or manipulative and body-based methods, or mind-body therapies. Conclusion: A diverse range of CAM interventions are used in the management of ARTI in children. These interventions largely represent CAM use in the southern region of Asia - India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Further research is needed to better understand the types of CAM used among children with ARTI in western countries. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Optimizing material properties to ensure a minimal risk of service failure has become one of the major goals in construction industry. In situations where maintenance and material replacement is difficult, expensive and requires specialized skills, durability can be extremely important. The preparation process and the curing stage create internal voids in concrete, which can generate microcracks that will propagate during the structure’s life service. When the cracks reach the surface, the rebar will be exposed to water ingress and deterioration. This leads to a potential risk of structural collapse, compromising concrete’s durability.\ud \ud Cement based materials exhibit a natural capability to self-heal because of their long-term hydration process, resulting in some early age cracks to be spontaneously closed. This intrinsic self-healing ability can be boosted by using additives that react and bond chemically with the cement components. The use of fly ash, blast furnace or combinations of expansive agents proved to be effective in achieving long-term hydration. The combination of cement with additives with pozzolanic activity can boost the self-healing by closing microscopic cracks, preventing propagation and subsequent failure.\ud \ud This work investigates the self-healing ability of engineered cement composites using specific additives with high pozzolanic activity, the paper focus on the influence of these additives in their final mechanical properties. Self-healing efficiency was evaluated by assessing the mechanical strength of damaged and healed samples. It has been demonstrated the benefit of using pozzolanic additives to extend cement and concrete durability via crack closure.

Medieval Greek had three future periphrases making use of a finite verb and an infinitive: μέλλω + INF, ἔχω + INF, θέλω + INF. Given the parallel nature of the periphrases as well as the fact that the infinitive existed in both a perfective and an imperfective version, it might be expected that these future-referring forms developed aspectual distinctions in similar ways. However based on papyrological evidence from AD I and AD VI this article shows that this was not the case. Rather, each future periphrasis seems to follow its own path towards the aspectual distinction which is a hallmark of the Modern Greek verbal system: μέλλω + INF has a much higher ratio of imperfective infinitives than the two other periphrases especially in AD I, ἔχω + INF starts out using only the perfective infinitive when referring to the future, and θέλω + INF distinguishes for aspect before it gains future meaning. The difference in aspectual usage is explained both by the semantics of the respective auxiliaries and by different oppositional relations (modal and temporal) that the periphrases enter into.

The relationship between social connection and health is widely recognised. However, there is a paucity of literature regarding the impact of district nursing care on social connection for people with a chronic illness such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Using a mixed-method approach, an exploration of the perceptions of older people living in the community with T2DM regarding their health and social connections was carried out. Findings revealed a strong relationship between the clients and the district nurse. The district nurse is an important aspect of clients’ social connection. For some clients where their social connection is limited, the district nurse is a central element. When the district nurse is the major social connection, problems can arise for the client, especially when they are being discharged or changes are made to their care.

Following growing awareness concerning indoor air quality and energy efficiency, two different solutions became prominent in this research field: latent heat storage capabilities (for energy savings) and photocatalytic mortars (for elimination of air pollutants and self-cleaning). Indoor air quality in buildings is now going far beyond the simple indoor temperature regulation. Aspects like contamination of the indoor air by pollutants, are gaining importance and being included into building regulations. These functionalities, heat storage and self-cleaning, have been always considered separately, so the products available so far only include one. With the increasing demand for new and more innovative materials, future research will tend to include several functionalities in one single product.\ud \ud Within this work a new multifunctional mortar combining energy storage, self-cleaning and air depolluting capabilities has been developed. The paper discusses the manipulation of mortars microstructure, by studying the microstructural modifications with different amounts of PCM (phase change material) and nanoparticles of titanium dioxide. Using the correct combination of both additives, the mechanical strength will not be compromised. The paper demonstrates that it is possible to develop new advanced mortars for building applications, more complex and with multiple functions, opening a new field of opportunities for the construction sector.

Secure attachment of infants to their caregiver is important when promoting the emotional wellbeing and mental health of infants. Maternal and child health (MCH) nurses are well positioned to observe the quality of interactions between infants and caregivers and to assess and intervene. However, as yet there are no approved methods to assess the emotional and mental health of infants in community settings. A qualitative descriptive study of 12 MCH nurses in Victoria, Australia, using semi-structured interviews, was thematically analysed. The data revealed that nurses used many skills to identify and manage attachment difficulties. Key among these were observations of interactions, collaboration with caregivers and reflective practice. Assessments and interventions are also influenced by nurses' emotions, attitudes and workplace factors. An unexpected finding was that attachment markers can be likened to an 'iceberg': warning indicators at the tip can be easily observed by the nurse, while the less obvious underlying factors need to be explored in order to support attachment and improve infant mental health outcomes. Education for nurses should include concepts of attachment and link behaviours with emotional wellbeing.

FLAVIO JOSE DE LIMA SILVA Laboratorio de Sistematica e Ecologia Animal, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Antonio de Campos, s/n, CEP: 59600-970, Mossoro, Brazil and Projeto Cetaceos da Costa Branca—UERN, Avenida Antonio de Campos, s/n, CEP: 59600-970, Mossoro, Brazil and Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Psicobiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Biociencias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil E-mail: flavio@golfinhorotador.org.br

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a team-building intervention on group cohesion, nurse satisfaction, and turnover rates.Creating an environment that supports and retains nurses represents a formidable challenge for nursing leaders. Research related to strategies that positively impact the culture in which nurses practice, thus potentially improving nurse satisfaction and reducing turnover, is critically needed.Registered nurses (RNs) employed on inpatient units in a 247-bed, private acute care Magnet teaching hospital participated in this quasi experimental preintervention and postintervention design. The RN-RN interaction subscale from the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators Adapted Index of Work Satisfaction, the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators Adapted Index of Job Enjoyment, the Group Cohesion Scale, and a facilitator-developed measure were completed preimplementation and postimplementation of unit-tailored intervention strategies, which took place over a 12-month period. Turnover rates were collected 6 month preintervention and postintervention.Improvement in group cohesion, RN-RN interaction, job enjoyment, and turnover was demonstrated.Targeted, unit-based strategies can be an effective means of reducing turnover rates and improving group cohesion and nurse satisfaction.

Preparation process and the life service solicitations can cause damage on concrete’s internal structure, creating cracks that tend to propagate and increase with time. This poses a potential risk of failure as water penetrates, corroding the rebar what considerably reduces concrete’s life span. It is know that cement can exhibit up to a certain extent a natural ability to self-heal, a consequence of the long-term hydration phenomenon. Hence, some initial cracks can be spontaneously closed if the right conditions are met (humidity). This, however, will not be enough to repair most of the major cracks that are formed internally over a long period of use, so strategies need to be developed to achieve an efficient level of self-healing. Search for a more sustainable and durable concrete, less prone to cracking, lead to a new concept – self-healing. This concept, inspired by the natural ability of plants and human skin to spontaneously heal, inspired researchers to search for a method of conferring concrete with the ability to repair internal damage. The biological approach presents itself as a suitable alternative to achieve healing in concrete. In this work, bacteria were immobilized in expanded clay before being added to concrete. In order to incorporate the expanded clay, some of the aggregate was replaced within the concrete. This works presents the results obtained for the final mechanical strength and self-healing efficiency of concrete containing encapsulated bacteria.

This study will examine the prefixed derivates from the verb of motion (VoM) ходить and analyse their translations to German by focusing on the problem of determining the correct meaning of individual forms and possible irregularities in the translation. The study shows that prefixed verbs that are otherwise identical can be homonyms with meanings that are independent from each other. This is because of the different grammatical and lexical processes that have accordingly led to an ambiguous form. The goal of this thesis is to begin by illustrating the problem of homonymy of forms caused by aspect and aktionsart. After having done so, the issue will be considered in light of the problems that can arise in the comprehension and translation of homonymous forms by analysing actual text material from Russian text corpora. I will endeavour to locate regularities in their translation and thereby examine the demands on theory and corpora. The analysis will also investigate how effectively the theoretical background of Isačenko’s theory on aspect and aktionsart can be applied to corpus linguistics.