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목적: 본 연구에서는 일상에서 소프트콘택트렌즈(이하 소프트렌즈) 관리를 위해 사용될 수 있는 용액에 대한 실태를 조사하고, 이들 용액에 의한 파라미터 변화에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 실태조사는 총 357명을 대상으로 설문하여 진행하였다. 렌즈재질, 습윤제 함유 여부, 착색 여부가 다른 6종의 소프트렌즈를 총 5종의 용액에 24시간 동안 노출시킨 후, 각 렌즈의 굴절력, 직경, 곡률반경, 함수율, 두께를 측정함으로써 파라미터 변화를 알아보았다. 또한 이러한 변화가 식품의약품안전처 기준규격의 허용오차 범위를 벗어나는지와 통계적인 유의성이 있는가를 추가적으로 평가하였다. 결과: 설문조사 결과 응답자 중 108명(34%)이 다목적관리용액(이하 다목적용액) 외의 용액에 소프트렌즈를 보관해 본 경험이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 다목적용액 외의 용액에 소프트렌즈를 보관해 본 경험이 있는 인원의 78%(84명)가 부작용을 경험한 것으로 나타났다. 용액에 노출시킨 소프트렌즈의 파타미터는 재질, 착색, 또는 습윤제 함유에 따라 상이하게 변화하여 일관된 양상을 나타내지 않았다. 즉, 수돗물과 인공눈물에 노출된 소프트렌즈는 파라미터에 따라서 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 나타났으며, 기준규격의 허용오차 범위를 벗어나는 경우가 있었으나 2종의 다목적용액과 생리식염수에 노출된 소프트렌즈의 파라미터 변화는 크지 않았다. 한편 노출된 용액에 따른 소프트렌즈의 파라미터 변화는 렌즈재질의 종류에 따른 정도의 차이는 있었으나 동일재질 내에서 착색 여부에 따른 차이는 크지 않아 유사한 변화양상을 나타내었다. 결론: 본 연구 결과, 소프트렌즈가 여러 용액에 노출되었을 때, 렌즈 변화에 영향을 끼친다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 변화된 소프트렌즈 착용에 의한 부작용을 막기 위해 렌즈보관 시 적절한 용액 사용에 대한 교육이 착용자에게 제공되어야 할 것이다.

The bird-strike is the main reason that could lead to the severe damages to the aircraft and the cost. In addition, aviation certification authorities have to prove the integrity of bird strike. The verification method for bird-strike is not by the test to evaluate at the early design phase but, by the analytical method. In this paper, birds were idealized as fluid to evaluate the analytical assessment and the SPH method and effect analysis research were applied using commercial analyzing instrument, Abaqus. The SPH method has an advantage of reducing element deformation and analyzing time much more than the previous ALE or Lagrangian methods. In order to verify the bird-strike analysis, the structures with rigid body structures having infinite stiffness were analyzed and the effectiveness of bird-strike applied the SPH method confirmed by comparison of the analysis value with experiment value. In addition, as for the airworthiness requirements on modified aircraft, the maximum speed of aircraft was 8000 lbs., assuming the flight path was the same as birds, and conducted analysis of the bird-strike on the radome and the structure supporting the radome based on the additional installation of satellite antenna on the existing aircraft in order to verify the design ensuring the continuous safe flight and landing of the aircraft once striking with 4 lbs. of birds, as a result, it was confirmed that the structural stability of antenna structures and radome after modification was secured based on the analysis result of SPH method on the bird-strike. This analysis on the bird-strike can present the optimum design for the radome prior to the mock-up test and it allows to reduce the cost and time of the development.

This study theoretically describes VCCT (virtual crack closure technique) as well as the dimensional reduction and recovery relations of cross-sectional blades, composed of composite materials, lik...

Background: Patients with lumbosacral radicular pain may complain of persisting pain after monopolar pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment. Objective: We evaluated the effect of bipolar PRF stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in patients with chronic lumbosacral radicular pain who were unresponsive to both monopolar PRF stimulation of the DRG and transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI). Study Design: This is a prospective observational study. Setting: The outpatient clinic of a single academic medical center in Korea. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data from 102 patients who had received monopolar PRF to the DRG for management of lumbosacral radiculopathy. Of these, 32 patients had persistent radicular pain that was scored at least 5 on a numeric rating scale (NRS). Twenty-three of them were included in this study and underwent bipolar PRF of the DRG. The outcomes after the procedure were evaluated using the NRS for radicular pain before treatment and 1, 2, and 3 months after treatment. Successful pain relief was defined as ≥ 50% reduction in the NRS score compared with the score prior to treatment. Furthermore, at 3 months after treatment, patient satisfaction levels were examined. Patients reporting very good (score = 7) or good results (score = 6) were considered to be satisfied with the procedure. Results: The NRS scores changed significantly over time. At 1, 2, and 3 months after bipolar PRF, the NRS scores were significantly reduced compared with the scores before the treatment. Twelve (52.2%) of the 23 patients reported successful pain relief and were satisfied with treatment results 3 months after bipolar PRF. No serious adverse effects were recorded. Limitations: A small number of patients were recruited and we did not perform long-term follow-up. Conclusion: We believe the use of bipolar PRF of the DRG can be an effective and safe interventional technique for chronic refractory lumbosacral radiculopathy. It appears to be a potential option that can be tried before proceeding to spinal surgery. Key words: Bipolar, pulsed radiofrequency, lumbosacral radicular pain, chronic pain, dorsal root ganglion, spinal stenosis, herniated disc

A prospective observational study.The aim of this study was to show the effect of intra-articular (IA) thoracic facet joint (TFJ) steroid injection for the management of TFJ pain, and to compare it with the effect of therapeutic thoracic medial branch block (MBB) with a local anesthetic and steroid.Several studies have shown the effects of thoracic MBB with local anesthetics with or without steroids and radiofrequency neurotomy in managing TFJ pain, but thus far, the effectiveness of IA TFJ steroid injection has not been studied.Forty patients with TFJ pain were recruited and randomly assigned to one of two groups, the IA steroid injection and the MBB group, each with 20 patients. For IA TFJ steroid injection and therapeutic MBB, we injected 0.5 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine, mixed with 10 mg (0.25 mL) of dexamethasone. We assessed the severity of TFJ pain using a numeric rating scale (NRS) before treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment.Compared to the pretreatment NRS scores, the NRS scores at 1, 3, and 6 months after each treatment showed a significant decrease in patients in both the groups. Intergroup changes in the NRS scores were not significantly different over time. Six months after the treatment, 65% of the patients in the IA steroid injection group reported successful pain relief (pain relief ≥50%), and 40% of the patients in the MBB group showed successful pain relief.In the present study, both IA TFJ steroid injection and therapeutic MBB significantly relieved TFJ pain. Their effects persisted for at least 6 months after the procedure. Thus, we think that both IA TFJ steroid injection and therapeutic thoracic MBB are useful treatment options for managing TFJ pain.2.

Autologous T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T cells) have shown impressive outcomes in hematologic malignancies. However, safety concerns derived from the inability to control CAR-T cells in vivo remain a significant challenge to expand the application of CAR-T cell therapy. Switchable CAR-T cells can allow for turning on and off the activation and cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells in vivo, potentially increasing the safety of next-generation CART products. To this goal, CAR constructs targeting non-tumor antigens, e.g., haptens and peptide tags, can be designed and combined with tumor-targeting units that are fused to the hapten or peptide tag. In this study, we developed a novel switchable CAR-T system using cotinine as the hapten and an anti-cotinine CAR-T cell product. Of note, cotinine is physiologically absent in human and pharmacologically inert. A mouse antibody to cotinine was developed and successfully humanized. The anti-cotinine CAR confirmed to be displayed on T-cell surface. We first tested this approach to target epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in ovarian cancer. To target HER2, we developed an affibody-based antigen binding domain characterized by high stability, broad spectrum of specificity, and feasibility of large scale chemical synthesis. In in vitro cytotoxicity and cytokine release assays, the activity of CAR-T cells was controlled by cotinine-tagged anti-HER2 affibody in a HER2-specific and dose-dependent manner. We synthesized the cotinine-tagged HER2 affibodies using single isoform cotinine and selected the optimal cotinine-tagged anti-HER2 affibody at the cotinine-based switchable CAR-T system. In an orthotopic ovarian cancer model using NSG mice engrafted with SKOV3, tumor regression was observed only when CAR-T cells were administered in combination with the cotinine-tagged HER2 affibody. In subsequent studies, we demonstrated that the cotinine-based switchable CAR-T system can be applied to other tumor targets such as mesothelin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Additional studies are ongoing to determine the kinetics of the on and off CAR-T activation of this system and define the optimal dosing strategy to ensure anti-tumor effect or to interrupt toxicity. In conclusion, we have developed a novel switchable cotinine-based CAR-T system to control CAR-T function in vivo and that could be broadly applicable to wide variety of tumors. Disclosures Kim: AbClon Inc.: Current Employment. Lee: AbClon Inc.: Current Employment. Ruella: viTToria biotherapeutics: Research Funding; Tmunity: Patents & Royalties; AbClon: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS, BAYER, GSK: Consultancy; Novartis: Patents & Royalties. Chung: AbClon Inc.: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.

This paper proposes a background subtraction method with shadow removal for moving object detection. The proposed method is based on existing ViBe algorithm and shadow is removed for the foreground detected by ViBe. Shadow removal uses luminance, color hue, and texture model.

Autologous T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T cells) have shown impressive outcomes in hematologic malignancies. However, safety concerns derived from the inability to control CAR-T cells in vivo remain a significant challenge to expand the application of CAR-T cell therapy. Switchable CAR-T cells can allow for turning on and off the activation and cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells in vivo, potentially increasing the safety of next-generation CART products. To this goal, CAR constructs targeting non-tumor antigens, e.g., haptens and peptide tags, can be designed and combined with tumor-targeting units that are fused to the hapten or peptide tag. In this study, we developed a novel switchable CAR-T system using cotinine as the hapten and an anti-cotinine CART cell product. Of note, cotinine is physiologically absent in human and pharmacologically inert. A mouse antibody to cotinine was developed and successfully humanized. The anti-cotinine CAR confirmed to be displayed on T-cell surface. We first tested this approach to target epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in ovarian cancer. To target HER2, we developed an affibody-based antigen binding domain characterized by high stability, broad spectrum of specificity, and feasibility of large scale chemical synthesis. In in vitro cytotoxicity and cytokine release assays, the activity of CAR-T cells was controlled by cotinine-tagged anti-HER2 affibody in a HER2-specific and dose-dependent manner. In an orthotopic ovarian cancer model using NSG mice engrafted with SKOV3, tumor regression was observed only when CAR-T cells were administered in combination with the cotinine-tagged HER2 affibody. In subsequent studies, we demonstrated that the cotinine-based switchable CAR-T system can be applied to other tumor targets such as mesothelin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Additional studies are ongoing to determine the kinetics of the on and off CART activation of this system and define the optimal dosing strategy to ensure anti-tumor effect or to interrupt toxicity. In conclusion, we have developed a novel switchable cotinine-based CART system to control CART function in vivo and that could be broadly applicable to wide variety of tumors. Citation Format: Ki-Hyun Kim, Soohwan Kim, Ji-Hyeon Choi, Sung-Min Kim, Gae-Baik Kim, Jong-Ho Lee, Hyun-Jong Lee, Sang-Ho Ahn, Guewha Lee, LeiGuang Cui, Seong Yeol Kim, Min Yoon, Ki Hyun Kim, Soohyun Kim, Juwon Lee, Youngjin Han, Youngha Lee, In-Sik Hwang, Bong-Kook Ko, Jong-Seo Lee, Yong Sang Song, Marco Ruella, Junho Chung. A novel cotinine-based system for switchable chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB149.

BACKGROUND: Trunk muscle exercises are widely performed, and many studies have been performed to examine their effects on low back pains. However, the effect of trunk muscles activations during walking with pelvic floor muscle contraction (PFMC) and abdominal hollowing (AH) has not been clarified. OBJECT: To investigate whether walking with PFMC and AH is more effective for promoting local trunk muscle activation than walking without PFMC and AH. METHODS: Twenty healthy men (28.9 ± 3.14 years, 177.2 ± 4.25 cm, 72.1 ± 6.39 kg, body mass index 22.78 ± 2.38 kg/m 2 ) were participated in this study. Surface electrodes were attached over the multifidus (MF), lumbar erector spinae (LES), thoracic erector spinae (TES), transverse abdominus-internal oblique abdominals (TrA-IO), external oblique abdominals (EO), and rectus abdominus (RA). The amplitudes of electromyographic signals were measured during a normal walking with and without PFMC and AH. RESULT: PFMC and AH while walking was found to result in significant bilateral increases in the normalized maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of MFs and TrA-IOs ( p< 0.05). Ratios of local muscle activity to global muscle activities were increased while performing PFMC and AH during normal walking. Bilateral TrA-IO/EO activity ratios were significantly increased by PFMC and AH ( p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Performance of the PFMC and AH during walking resulted in significantly more recruitment of local trunk muscles. This study suggests that PFMC and AH during normal daily walking improves activation of muscles responsible for spinal dynamic stabilization and might be useful if integrated into low back disability and pain physical rehabilitation efforts.

Background: Herniated lumbar discs can induce sciatica by mechanical compression and/ or chemical irritation. It was recently reported that neuroglial cellular activity after pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) application to a single dorsal root ganglion (DRG) attenuated neuroglial activity at the corresponding spinal dorsal horn. Recently, caudal epidural PRF has been used to manage neuropathic pain, but evidence of molecular changes after the administration of caudal epidural PRF to attenuate neuropathic pain is lacking, and it has not been determined whether caudal epidural PRF affects neuroglial activity at different spinal levels. Objectives: Using immunohistochemical methods in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation, the authors investigated the effects of caudal epidural PRF administration on pain-related behavior, on the activations of microglia and astrocytes in spinal cord, and on the expressions of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1) in the DRG at the L3, L4, L5, L6, and S1 levels. Study Design: Controlled animal trial. Setting: University hospital laboratory. Methods: Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a sham-operated group (n = 10) or a nucleus pulposus (NP)-exposed group (n = 35). Rats in the NP-exposed group were further subdivided into a NP-exposed with sham stimulation group (the NP-nonPRF group; n = 13) or a NP exposed with caudal epidural PRF stimulation group (the NP-PRF group; n = 22). Pulsed radiofrequency was administered on postoperative day 10 (POD 10) by placing an electrode in the caudal epidural space through the sacral hiatus and administering 5 Hz of PRF current for 600 seconds (maximum tip temperature 42°C). Rats were tested for mechanical allodynia on POD 10 and on days 7 and 14 after caudal epidural PRF administration (post-PRF). At 14 days post-PRF, sections of the spinal cord from L3, L4, L5, L6, and S1 were immunostained for ionized calciumbinding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and DRGs from the same levels were immunostained for CGRP and TRPV1. Results: Mechanical withdrawal thresholds increased at 7 days post-PRF (P = 0.04), and the immunohistochemical expression of Iba1 in the L5 spinal dorsal horn and of CGRP in the L5 DRG were quantitatively reduced (P < 0.001) at 14 days post-PRF. Furthermore, the upregulations of Iba1 at L3, L4, L6, and S1 dorsal horns and CGRP at L6 DRG were also attenuated by caudal epidural PRF (P < 0.001). Limitation: We examined molecular changes only in ipsilateral lumbar regions and at 14 days post-PRF. Conclusion: Caudal epidural PRF reduced mechanical allodynia and downregulated microglia activity and CGRP expression at the lumbar disc herniated level and in adjacent lumbar spinal levels in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. Key words: Caudal, pulsed radiofrequency, multisegmental, lumbar disc herniation, microglia, calcitonin gene-related peptide

STUDY DESIGN Delphi. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to obtain an expert consensus on which history factors are most important in the clinical diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA LSS is a poorly defined clinical syndrome. Criteria for defining LSS are needed and should be informed by the experience of expert clinicians. METHODS Phase 1 (Delphi Items): 20 members of the International Taskforce on the Diagnosis and Management of LSS confirmed a list of 14 history items. An online survey was developed that permits specialists to express the logical order in which they consider the items, and the level of certainty ascertained from the questions. Phase 2 (Delphi Study) Round 1: Survey distributed to members of the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine. Round 2: Meeting of 9 members of Taskforce where consensus was reached on a final list of 10 items. Round 3: Final survey was distributed internationally. Phase 3: Final Taskforce consensus meeting. RESULTS A total of 279 clinicians from 29 different countries, with a mean of 19 (±SD: 12) years in practice participated. The six top items were "leg or buttock pain while walking," "flex forward to relieve symptoms," "feel relief when using a shopping cart or bicycle," "motor or sensory disturbance while walking," "normal and symmetric foot pulses," "lower extremity weakness," and "low back pain." Significant change in certainty ceased after six questions at 80% (P