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It is known that a dog possesses much better sense of smell than a human. It has been reported that a dog has advantages (compared to a human) in the number of olfactory receptor (OR) genes, proteins and cells, and also nasal structure. However, a definitive reason for superior sensitivity of the canine olfactory system remains controversial. In this study, we compared sensitivity of human and canine olfactory receptors relative to the same condition. Human OR (hOR2W1) and canine OR (cfOR0312), previously identified to recognize hexanal, were inserted to the pcDNA3 vector. This vector was transfected to HEK293 cells. Hexanal-discriminating ability of ORs was confirmed using Fura-2 AM, a dye which illuminates when binding to calcium ions flowing into cells once olfactory signaling occurs. Consequently, cfOR0312 was more sensitive to hexanal than hOR2W1. Comparison of OR sensitivity would be one of the major factors in clarifying difference of sensitivity between human and canine olfactory systems.

Infectious clones of Korean turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates KIH1 and HJY1 share 88.1% genomic nucleotides and 96.4% polyprotein amino acid identity, and they induce systemic necrosis or mild mosaic, respectively, in Nicotiana benthamiana. Chimeric constructs between these isolates exchanged the 5′, central, and 3′ domains of KIH1 (K) and HJY1 (H), where the order of the letters indicates the origin of these domains. KIH1 and chimeras KHH and KKH induced systemic necrosis, whereas HJY1 and chimeras HHK, HKK, and HKH induced mild symptoms, indicating the determinant of necrosis to be within the 5′ 3.9 kb of KIH1; amino acid identities of the included P1, Helper component protease, P3, 6K1, and cylindrical inclusion N-terminal domain were 90.06, 98.91, 93.80, 100, and 100%, respectively. Expression of P1 or P3 from a potato virus X vector yielded symptom differences only between P3 of KIH1 and HJY1, implicating a role for P3 in necrosis in N. benthamiana. Chimera KKH infected Brassica rapa var. pekinensis ‘Norang’, which was resistant to both KIH1 and HJY1, indicating that two separate TuMV determinants are required to overcome the resistance. Ability of diverse TuMV isolates, chimeras, and recombinants to overcome resistance in breeding lines may allow identification of novel resistance genes.

Ion exchange technology is the most effective and economical to remove heat stable salts (HSS) in CO 2 absorption processes. However, the disadvantage of high waste generation remains an unsolved problem. This study attempted to reduce the amount of waste generated during the Zr(OH) 5 − regeneration process through resource recovery by using ZrCl 4 coagulant, then recycling the recovered Zr(OH) 4 precipitate to produce Zr(OH) 5 − regenerant. The experimental results showed a waste coagulant efficiency of about 75%. The coagulation mechanism was suggested based on the conductivity and zeta potential analysis. The recovered Zr(OH) 4 had no differences in terms of chemical composition and regeneration efficiency, when compared with virgin material. These results indicate that the recovery and recycling of Zr(OH) 4 from the waste stream using ZrCl 4 as a coagulant reduced a large amount of the waste generated from the ion exchange process.

Infectious clones of Korean turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates KIH1 and HJY1 share 88.1% genomic nucleotides and 96.4% polyprotein amino acid identity, and they induce systemic necrosis or mild mosaic, respectively, in

In the CO2 absorption process, heat stable salts (HSS) have been reported to be a major cause of operational problems, such as excessive foaming, corrosion, amine loss, and capacity reduction. Ion exchange technology has been the most effective and economical way for the removal of HSS. However, the disadvantage of this technology is its low regeneration efficiency. This study attempted to improve the low regeneration efficiency of anion exchange resin loaded with HSS by using a novel zirconium pentahydroxide (ZrOH5−) displacement technique. The experimental results showed, in the batch system, that the most effective potential metal-hydroxide regenerant, Zr(OH)5−, exhibited an efficiency that is 15.2% higher than for conventional NaOH, and in the continuous system, Zr(OH)5− had an efficiency that is 28.0–17.8% higher for 1.5–5 bed volume (BV). The differences of the BV corresponded to the breakthrough point for the initial breakthrough and after the 1st and 2nd regenerations were only 1.5–3.9%, which means that there was no significant deterioration of the resin’s performance by Zr(OH)5− regeneration. The mechanism of the general ion exchange steps as well as the regeneration by Zr(OH)5− was determined by performing an FT-IR analysis. These results indicate that the novel Zr(OH)5− displacement technique improves the low regeneration efficiency of the ion exchange process.

This paper proposes a novel film mode detection method to improve the accuracy of frame rate up-conversion (FRUC). The existing methods need to calculate the field differences which are not necessary for FRUC. Furthermore, they prone to miss a non-film mode because they focus on detecting representative film modes, e.g., 3:2/2:2 pull-down. To avoid calculating field differences in film mode detection, the proposed method utilizes motion vectors which are already obtained from the FRUC. Furthermore, to improve the accuracy of detecting a non-film mode, the proposed method defines several features which use the variation of motion vectors for each frame. Then, it compares with the patterns of film modes. The proposed method can detect a non-film mode with 89.15% detection accuracy and increases the accuracy up to 10.93% for film modes compared to benchmark methods.

This work presents a virtual multi-screen control system using head-mounted display (HMD) and its gesture interface. To create virtual space, a front camera which is attached on the HMD takes frames into the system. Then, several outer USB cameras takes each frame on each screen which is located in the virtual space. Gestures are recognized by the infrared (IR) sensor and the structure of hand is obtained by the IR information. Finally, a virtual space is rendered based on the field of view obtained through the sensor built in the HMD. To control the screens as a user interaction, the system adopts the several gestures as a control system.

This study was performed to prevent the health damage of environmental contaminants in Industrial Complex Area. And, this study aimed to identify the concentration levels and distribution characteristics of environmental contaminants and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at soil in Industrial Complex Area and control area. The concentration of the soil pollution standard such as the heavy metals in the soil, VOCs, PAHs, and PCB were measured and analyzed using the soil specimens in the Industrial Complex Area and control area. Soil specimens from the Industrial Complex Area (the direct exposure area) and the control area were surveyed. Songdo-dong, Haedo-dong and Jechul-dong, which are in the direct exposure area and near the emission source, showed relatively high concentrations of contaminant materials when compared with Jangki-myeon

Aqueous 1,8-diamino-p-menthane (KIER-C3) and commercially available amine solutions were tested for CO2 absorption. A 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) solution with an addition of KIER-C3 showed 9.3% and 31.6% higher absorption rate for CO2 than the AMP solution with an addition of monoethanolamine (MEA) and ammonia (NH3), respectively. The reaction rate constant for CO2 absorption by the AMP/KIER-C3 solution was determined by the following equation: k2,AMP/C3 = 7.702 x 10(6) exp (-2248.03/T). A CO2 loading ratio of the AMP/KIER-C3 solution was also 2 and 3.4-times higher than that of the AMP/NH3 solution and the AMP/MEA solution, respectively. Based on the experimental results, KIER-C3 may be used as an excellent additive to increase CO2 absorption capability of AMP.

This paper presents the friction and anti-wear characteristics of nano-oil with a mixture of a refrigerant oil and carbon nano-particles in the thrust slide-bearing of scroll compressors. Frictional loss in the thrust slide-bearing occupies a large part of total mechanical loss in scroll compressors. The characteristics of friction and anti-wear using nano-oil is evaluated using the thrust bearing experimental apparatus for measuring friction surface temperature and the coefficient of friction at the thrust slide-bearing as a function of normal loads up to 4,000 N and rotating speed up to 3,200 rpm. It is found that the coefficient of friction increases with decreasing rotating speed and normal force. The friction coefficient of carbon nano-oil is 0.023, while that of pure oil is 0.03 under the conditions of refrigerant gas R-22 at the pressure of 5 bars. It is believed that carbon nano-particles can be coated on the friction surfaces and the interaction of nano-particles between surfaces can be improved the lubrication in the friction surfaces. Carbon nano-oil enhances the characteristics of the anti-wear and friction at the thrust slide-bearing of scroll compressors.

This article presents a sensing capability of an electromagnetic induction (EMI) system that is incorporated in a vibration control system based on an MR fluid damper. The EMI system, consisting of permanent magnets and coils, converts reciprocal motions (kinetic energy) of the MR damper into electrical energy (electromotive force or emf). The EMI system was previously studied as an alternative power source for the MR damper control system, eliminating the need of external power sources, such as a battery. The primary goal of the current study, however, is to study a sensing capability of the EMI with an aim to eliminate a conventional velocity sensor being used to implement control policies for MR damper based vibration control systems. According to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the emf signal, produced from the EMI, is an alternating voltage signal, and it is proportional to the velocity of the motion. As such, the induced voltage (emf) signal of the EMI can sufficiently provide necessary measurement information (i.e., relative velocity across the damper) to some of the well-known control methods designed for MR damper systems (such as skyhook and maximum energy dissipation algorithm). This is because such control methods only require the sign change of the velocity signal (or phase of the velocity), rather than the exact magnitude and phase of the velocity signal. In order to evaluate the proposed concept of the EMI sensor, an EMI system was constructed. The EMI was designed to be augmented to a large-scale MR damper system (MR-EMI). The MR-EMI system was then mounted on a hydraulic servo controlled shaking table. Both harmonic and scaled historic earthquake inputs were used in a series of shaking table tests. The emf signals generated by the EMI were compared with the velocity signals (derivative of the reference input displacements). The results show that the induced emf voltage signal coincided with the phase of the velocity signal, indicating that the EMI can act as a relative velocity sensor for common control methods for MR damper systems.

This paper experimentally investigates the feasibility of an adaptive passive control system, which consists of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper and an electromagnetic induction (EMI) part, for suppressing vibration of building structures subjected to ground accelerations. In the adaptive passive control system, the EMI part composed of a permanent magnet and a coil convert the kinetic energy of the relative motion between a building and a damper into the electric energy, which is used for a change in damping characteristics of the MR fluid damper. Since the EMI part can be used as a controller, which determines the command voltage input according to structural responses as well as a power source, the adaptive passive system can be much more compact, convenient, and economic than a conventional active/semiactive system that needs a power supply, a controller, and sensors. To experimentally verify the feasibility of the adaptive passive control system, a shaking table test of a small-scale building model employing the MR fluid damper with the EMI part is conducted. The performance of the adaptive passive control system is compared with that of passively operated MR fluid damper-based semiactive control systems.

In this paper, the design and performance verification of a magnetorheological (i.e. MR) damper-based smart passive control system employing an electromagnetic induction (i.e. EMI) system has been investigated for the benchmark highway bridge model subjected to various historic earthquakes. The smart passive control system is based on an MR damper-based control system without feedback control and power supply parts. Instead, these parts are replaced by an EMI system consisting of a permanent magnet and a coil, which produces electrical energy (i.e. induced current) proportional to the rate of the change of the movement of an MR damper according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This smart passive control system is implemented to verify the effectiveness for seismic protection of benchmark problem for the seismically excited highway bridge. The numerical simulation results show that the smart passive control system has the slightly better performance to the passive-optimal control system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

To enhance the absorption rate for CO2 and SO2, aqueous ammonia (NH3) solution was added to an aque- ous 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) solution. The simultaneous absorption rates of AMP and a blend of AMP+ NH3 for CO2 and SO2 were measured by using a stirred-cell reactor at 303 K. The process operating parameters of in- terest in this study were the solvent and concentration, and the partial pressures of CO2 and SO2. As a result, the addition of NH3 solution into aqueous AMP solution increased the reaction rate constants of CO2 and SO2 by 144 and 109%, respectively, compared to that of AMP solution alone. The simultaneous absorption rate of CO2/SO2 on the addition of 1 wt% NH3 into 10 wt% AMP at a pA1 of 15 kPa and pA2 of 1 kPa was 5.50×10 −6 kmol m −2 s −1 , with an increase of 15.5% compared to 10 wt% AMP alone. Consequently, the addition of NH3 solution into an aqueous AMP solution would be expected to be an excellent absorbent for the simultaneous removal of CO2/SO2 from the composition of flue gas emitted from thermoelectric power plants.

This paper presents the friction and antiwear characteristics of nano-oil composed of refrigerant oil and fullerene nanoparticles in the sliding thrust bearing of scroll compressors. The nano-oil was evaluated using a sliding thrust bearing tester. The friction coefficient of fullerene nano-oil at the lower normal loads ( ∼1200 N), indicating that the nanoparticles in the base oil have little effect on the enhancement of lubrication between the friction surfaces. The friction coefficient of nano-oil at various speeds of the orbiting plate in the sliding thrust bearing was found to be less than that of pure oil over the entire orbiting speed ranges between 300 and 3000 rpm. This is presumably because fullerene nanoparticles, which were inserted between the friction surfaces, improved the lubricating performance by increasing the lubricant oil viscosity and simultaneously preventing direct metal surface contacts.

This paper numerically investigates the applicability of the magnetorheological (MR) damper-based smart passive control system with the electromagnetic induction (EMI) part to the seismic protection of base-isolated building structures with nonlinear isolation systems such as friction pendulum bearings and lead–rubber bearings. The EMI part consists of a permanent magnet and a solenoid coil, which produces the electric energy (i.e. induced current) according to Faraday's law of EMI. The produced electric energy is applied to the MR damper to change the damping characteristics by itself without any controller as well as sensors for reducing structural responses. To verify the efficacy of the smart passive control system to a nonlinear base-isolated building, a series of numerical simulations are carried out by considering the phase II benchmark nonlinear base-isolated structure control problem. It is demonstrated from the numerical simulation results that the smart passive control system has the comparable or superior control performance to the conventional MR damper-based semiactive control system. Therefore, the smart passive control system could be considered as one of the promising control devices for seismic protection of seismically excited nonlinear base-isolated structures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this study, a semiactive modal neuro-control scheme which combines the modal neuro-control algorithm with a semiactive MR damper is proposed, and its effectiveness is experimentally verified through a series of shaking table tests. A modal neuro-control scheme uses modal coordinates as inputs of neuro-controller. Hence, it is more convenient to design the controller compared with conventional neuro-control schemes. A Kalman filter is introduced to estimate modal states from measurements. Moreover, the clipped algorithm is adopted to provide an appropriate command voltage to an MR damper. For shaking table tests, a scaled three-story shear building model is considered. Two types of semiactive modal neuro-controllers are trained with a reproduced El Centro earthquake for their own purposes. The performance of the proposed semiactive modal neuro-control scheme is compared with that of the passive-optimal case. In the experiments, the proposed semiactive modal neuro-controllers show better performance than the passive-optimal case, especially in adaptability over various excitations and reducing inter-story drifts as well as accelerations. Moreover, the proposed scheme can be designed for specific purpose which fulfills the designer's requirement (e.g., focusing on reducing inter-story drifts). Therefore, the proposed semiactive modal neuro-controller can be effectively used in reducing seismic responses of large engineering structures.

The feasibility of a newly developed smart passive control system equipped electromagnetic induction device is experimentally investigated. An electromagnetic induction device consists of a permanent magnet and a solenoid, which produces electrical energy (i.e. induced current) according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The produced energy is applied to the magnetorheological (i.e. MR) damper to change the damping characteristics by itself without any controller or corresponding sensors for reducing structural responses. Recently, the smart passive control system was conceptually and numerically introduced without consideration of its practical applicability. This paper describes the design of an electromagnetic inductive device which is composed of a permanent magnet and a solenoid, and experiments with the MR damper-based smart passive control system on a shaking table which produces various sinusoidal and random excitations. The experimental results demonstrate that it is feasible to apply the smart passive control system equipped electromagnetic induction device for changing the damping characteristics of an MR damper.

In this article, the tribological properties of fullerene nanoparticles-added mineral oil were investigated as a function of volume concentration of fullerene nanoparticle additives (e.g., 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 vol.%). The lubrication tests were performed at the disk-on-disk type tester under the various normal forces and fullerene volume concentrations. Tribological properties were evaluated by measuring the friction surface temperature and friction coefficient, and then interpreted in terms of Stribeck curves. At the same time the friction surfaces tested were evaluated by observing their SEM images, surface roughness, and AFM images. The results showed that the nano-oil containing the higher volume concentration of fullerene nanoparticles resulted in the lower friction coefficient and less wear in the fixed plate, indicating that the increase of fullerene nanoparticle additives improved the lubrication properties of regular mineral oil.

The effectiveness of the newly developed smart passive control system employing a magnetorheological (MR) damper and an electromagnetic induction (EMI) part for seismic protection of base isolated structures is numerically investigated. An EMI part in the system consists of a permanent magnet and a coil, which changes the kinetic energy of the deformation of an MR damper into the electric energy (i.e. the induced current) according to the Faraday`s law of electromagnetic induction. In the smart passive control system, the damping characteristics of an MR damper are varied with the current input generated from an EMI part. Hence, it does not need any control system consisting of sensors, a controller and an external power source. This makes the system much simpler as well as more economic. To verify the efficacy of the smart passive control system, a series of numerical simulations are carried out by considering the benchmark base isolated structure control problems. The numerical simulation results show that the smart passive control system has the comparable control performance to the conventional MR damper-based semiactive control system. Therefore, the smart passive control system could be considered as one of the promising control devices for seismic protection of seismically excited base isolated structures.

Magnetorheological (i.e., MR) dampers are one of the most prospective semiactive control devices for civil engineering applications to earthquake hazard mitigation, because they have many advantages such as small power requirement, reliability, and low price to manufacture. A smart passive system based on an MR damper system without including a power supply, controller, and sensors consists of an MR damper and an electromagnetic induction (i.e., EMI) system that uses a permanent magnet and a coil. The electromotive force induced by movement of a structure can control MR damper effectively without any external power supply and control algorithm. This smart passive control system is implemented to verify the effectiveness for seismic protection of benchmark structural control problem for the seismically excited highway bridge, which is based on the newly constructed 91/5 highway over-crossing in Southern California. The results of the numerical simulations show that the presented control system can be beneficial in reducing seismic responses of benchmark bridge structure.

This paper presents a novel electromagnetic induction (EMI) system integrated in magnetorheological (MR) dampers: The added EMI system converts reciprocal motions of MR damper into electiral energy (electromotive force or emf) according to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Maximum energy dissipation algorithm (MEDA) is employed to regulate the MR dampers because it strives to simplify a complex design process by employing the Lyapunov’s direct approach. The emf signal, produced from the EMI, provides the necessary measurement information (i.e., realtive velocity across the damper) for the MEDA controller. Thus, the EMI acts as a sensor in the proposed MR-EMI system. In order to evaluate the performance and robustness of the MR-EMI sensor system with the MEDA control, this study performed an extensive simulation study using the first generation benchmark cable-stayed bridge. Moreover, it compared the performance and the robustness of proposed system with those of Clipped-Optimal Control (COC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), which were previously studied for the benchmark cable-stayed bridge. The results show that the MR-EMI system reduced the vibrations of the bridge structure more than those of COC and SMC and show more robust performance than that of SMC. These results suggest that EMIs can be used cost-effective sensing devices for MR damper control systems without compromising the performance of them.

A simple modified energy dissipation algorithm is presented for seismic response reduction. The magnetorheological (MR) damper, an efficient semiactive device is controlled using a maximum energy dissipation algorithm (MEDA), as well as a newly proposed modified variable energy dissipation algorithm (VEDA) that supplies continuously varying command voltages. For MEDA, the command voltage is either zero or the maximum value. In some situations when the dominant frequencies of the system under control are low, large changes in the forces applied to the structure may result in high local acceleration values. The VEDA is proposed as a modification to the original MEDA to reduce this effect. Also the applicability of the VEDA-based semiactive control system using MR dampers is investigated through numerical simulation of a three-story shear building.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the precipitating factors that can evoke a thyroid storm. Thyroid storm may cause cerebral ischemia in Moyamoya disease, which can coexist in patients with Graves’ disease. A 16-year-old girl complaining of dizziness and palpitations visited the emergency department and was diagnosed with DKA combined with hyperthyroidism. A thyroid storm occurred 6 h after the start of DKA management. Her Burch and Wartofsky score was 65 points. Right hemiplegia developed during the thyroid storm, and brain magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion-weighted images revealed multiple acute infarcts in both hemispheres. MR angiography showed stenosis of both distal internal carotid arteries and both M1 portions of the middle cerebral arteries, consistent with Moyamoya disease. After acute management for the thyroid storm with methimazole, Lugol solution and hydrocortisone, the patient’s neurological symptoms completely resolved within 1 month, and free T4 level normalized within 2 months. Thyroid storm may trigger cerebral ischemia in Moyamoya disease and lead to rapid progression of cerebrovascular occlusive disease. As a simultaneous occurrence of DKA, thyroid storm and cerebrovascular accident in Moyamoya disease highly elevates morbidity and mortality, prompt recognition and management are critical to save the patient’s life.

This technical note presents a method of checking the number of complex eigenvalues in some interested regions or the multiplicity of some complex eigenvalues for nonproportionally damped system. A Schur-Cohn matrix is constructed from the coeffi- cients of the characteristic polynomial for the damped system, and LDL T factorized using some standard numerical algorithms. By observing signs of the diagonal elements of the above diagonal matrix D, we can determine the number of complex eigenvalues in some interested regions or the multiplicity of some complex eigenvalues, which is very similar to the well-known Sturm sequence property for undamped systems. To verify the applicability of the proposed method, two numerical examples are considered.

An active modal-fuzzy control method using hydraulic actuators is presented for seismic response reduction. In the proposed control system, a new fuzzy controller designed in the modal space produces the desired active control force. This type controller has all advantages of the fuzzy control algorithm and modal approach. Since it is very difficult to select input variables used in fuzzy controller among numerous state variables in the active fuzzy control system, the presented algorithm adopts the modal control algorithm to be able to consider information of all state variables in civil structures that are usually dominated by first few modes. In other words, all information of the whole structure can be considered in the control algorithm evaluated to reduce seismic responses and it can be efficient for civil structures especially. In addition, the presented algorithm is expected to magnify utility and performance caused by efficiency that the fuzzy algorithm can handle complex model more easily. An active modal-fuzzy control scheme is applied together with a Kalman filter and a low-pass filter to be applicable to real civil structures. A Kalman filter is considered to estimate modal states and a low-pass filter was used to eliminate spillover problem. The results of the numerical simulations for a wide amplitude range of loading conditions and for historic earthquake show that the proposed active modal-fuzzy control system can be beneficial in reducing seismic responses of civil structures.

Natural frequencies and mode shapes of structures are determined from eigenvalue analysis. This paper proposes a subspace iteration method with an accelerated Lanczos starting subspace for the efficient eigenvalue analysis of structures. The proposed method uses accelerated Lanczos vectors as starting vectors in order to reduce the number of subspace iterations. Accelerated Lanczos starting vectors are generated by employing the repeated forward reduction and back substitution. The proposed method has less computing time than the subspace iteration method with a conventional Lanczos starting subspace when the number of required eigenpairs is relatively small. The efficiency of the proposed method is verified through numerical examples.

Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are one of the most promising control devices for civil engineering applications to earthquake hazard mitigation, because they have many advantages such as small power requirement, reliability, and low price to manufacture. To reduce the responses of the controlled structure by using MR dampers, a control system including a power supply, controller, and sensors is needed. However, when a lot of MR dampers are applied to large-scale civil structures, such as cable-stayed bridges and high-rise buildings, the control system becomes complex. Thus, it is not easy to install and to maintain the MR damper-based control system. In this paper, to resolve the above difficulties, a smart passive system is proposed, which is based on an MR damper system. The smart passive system consists of an MR damper and an electromagnetic induction (EMI) system that uses a permanent magnet and a coil. According to the Faraday law of induction, the EMI system that is attached to the MR damper produces electric energy. The produced energy is applied to the MR damper to vary the damping characteristics of the damper. Thus, the smart passive system does not require any power at all. Furthermore, the output of electric energy is proportional to input loads such as earthquakes, which means the smart passive system has adaptability by itself without any controller or corresponding sensors. Therefore, it is easy to build up and maintain the proposed smart passive system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed smart passive system, the performance is compared with that of the normal MR damper-based control system. The numerical results show that the smart passive system has comparable performance to the normal MR damper-based control system.

Magnetorheological(MR) dampers are one of the most promising semi active control devices, because they have advantages such as small power requirement, reliability, and low price to manufacture. To reduce the responses of structures with MR dampers, a control system including power supply, controller, and sensors is required. However, when a mount of MR dampers are used to a large?scale civil structure such as cable stayed bridges, the control system becomes complex. Therefore, it is not easy to install and maintain the MR damper based control system. To resolve above difficulties, This paper proposes a smart passive system that consists of a MR damper and an electromagnetic induction(EMI) system. According to the Faraday’s law of induction, EMI system that is attached to the MR damper produces electric energy. The produced energy is supplied to the MR damper. Thus, the MR damper with EMI system does not require any power at all. Furthermore, the induced electric energy is proportional to external loads like earthquakes, which means the MR damper with EMI system is adaptable to external loads without any controller and corresponding sensors. Therefore, it is easy to build up and maintain the proposed smart passive system.

This paper proposes an implementation of modal control for seismically excited structures using magnetorheological (MR) dampers. Many control algorithms such as clipped-optimal control, decentralized bang-bang control, and the control algorithms based on Lyapunov stability theory have been adopted for semiactive systems including MR dampers. In spite of good features, some algorithms have drawbacks such as poor performance or difficulties in designing the weighting matrix of the controller. However, modal control reshapes the motion of a structure by merely controlling a few selected vibration modes. Hence a modal control scheme is more convenient to design the controller than other control algorithms. Although modal control has been investigated for several decades, its potential for semiactive control, especially for the MR damper, has not been exploited. Thus, in order to study the effectiveness for a MR damper system, a modal control scheme is implemented to seismically excited structures. A Kalman filter is included in a control scheme to estimate modal states from measurements by sensors. Three cases of the structural measurement are considered by a Kalman filter to verify the effect of each measurement; displacement, velocity, and acceleration, respectively. Moreover, a low-pass filter is applied to eliminate the spillover problem. In a numerical example, a six-story building model with the MR dampers on the bottom two floors is used to verify the proposed modal control scheme. The El Centro earthquake is used to excite the system, and the reduction in the drifts, accelerations, and relative displacements throughout the structure is examined. The performance of the proposed modal control scheme is compared with that of other control algorithms previously studied. The numerical results indicate that the motion of the structure is effectively suppressed by merely controlling a few lowest modes, although resulting responses varied greatly depending on the choice of measurements available and weightings.

A semi-active fuzzy control strategy for seismic response reduction using a magnetorheological (MR) damper is presented. When a control method based on fuzzy set theory for a structure with a MR damper is used for vibration reduction of a structure, it has an inherent robustness, and easiness to treat the uncertainties of input data from the ground motion and structural vibration sensors, and the ability to handle the non-linear behavior of the structure because there is no longer the need for an exact mathematical model of the structure. For a clipped-optimal control algorithm, the command voltage of a MR damper is set at either zero or the maximum level. However, a semi-active fuzzy control system has benefit to produce the required voltage to be input to the damper so that a desirable damper force can be produced and thus decrease the control force to reduce the structural response. Moreover, the proposed control strategy is fail-safe in that the bounded-input, bounded-output stability of the controlled structure is guaranteed. The results of the numerical simulations show that the proposed semi-active control system consisting of a fuzzy controller and a MR damper can be beneficial in reducing seismic responses of structures.

A simplified method for the computation of first-, second- and higher-order derivatives of eigenvalues and eigenvectors associated with repeated eigenvalues is presented. Adjacent eigenvectors and orthonormal conditions are used to compose an algebraic equation. The algebraic equation which is developed can be used to compute derivatives of eigenvalues and eigenvectors simultaneously. Since the coefficient matrix in the proposed algebraic equation is non-singular, symmetric and based on N-space, it is numerically stable and very efficient compared to previous methods. To verify the efficiency of the proposed method, the finite element model of the cantilever beam and a mechanical system in the case of a non-proportionally damped system are considered.

Purpose: Ultrarush immunotherapy (ultra-RIT) is more convenient and higher compliant than conventional immunotherapy, but it has rarely used in clinical practice due to severe systemic reactions. This study aimed to determine the safety of ultra-RIT in children and adolescents. Methods: We investigated 19 patients who received ultra-RIT with the same schedule between January 2011 and May 2016. They were sensitized to house dust mites (HDMs) and/or pollen and had their symptoms associated with positive allergens. Over a 1-day hospitalization period, all patients received ultra-RIT subcutaneously 3 times, increasing at hourly intervals. Systemic reactions were classified according to the World Allergy Organization grade system. Results: Systemic reactions occurred in 14 patients (73.7%). The mean time to adverse reactions after the last injection was 36 min utes, and the majority of systemic reactions were pruritus and urticaria. In addition, the injection of HDM alone or HDM plus pollen caused more than grade 2 systemic reactions in about 50% each of the patients. Conclusion: Since ultra-RIT caused a higher incidence of systemic reactions in children and adolescents, it should be carried out cautiously in the hospitalization rather than the office. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2017;5:336-343)

A group of dye-containing hybrid color PR was developed and it showed higher brightness and contrast ratio than conventional pigment-typed color PR. Reliability in terms of thermal, light, and chemical resistances of the hybrid color PR was comparable to that of pigment-typed color PR. And, patterning property was also as feasible as that of pigment-type color PR.

This study was undertaken to determine molecular types and genetic similarity among V. vulnificus isolates by RAPD analysis. We compared these results with serotypes of V. vulnificus. Ninety-seven V. vulnificus strains including 69 strains from Chonnam University Hospital (CUH; Kwangju, Korea), 13 from Wonkwang University Hospital (WUH; Iksan, Korea), 13 from the Japanese National Institute of Health (JNIH) and two reference strains (ATCC 33815 and ATCC 27562) were analyzed. Four molecular types comprising all the strains were obtained by RAPD analysis. Type I was the most common (60/95) and included 58 strains from CUH. Type I showed a further subdivision into seven subtypes. Type II (23/95) composed of 11 strains from CUH, nine from WUH, three from JNIH and two reference strains. Six type III strains comprised four WUH strains and two JNIH strains. All six strains of type IV were from JNIH. The range of genetic similarity values among V. vulnificus isolates was 0.24 to 1.00. The serotypes of 95 strains were 04 (84.2%), 014 (3.2%), 01 (2.1%), 013 (2.1%), and R (2.1%). The most common 04 serotype strains were distributed among types I (60 strains), II (23 strains), III and IV (six strains). Although the V. vulnificus isolates showed a wide range of genetic similarity values, RAPD analysis could separate V. vulnificus strains into four molecular types, and the isolates from the same hospitals tended to belong to the same molecular type. There was no specific correlation between molecular types and serotypes of V. vulnificus.

Yin Deficiency (YD) is a pathophysiologic pattern that manifests with emaciation, dry mouth, tidal fever, Five Center Heat, night sweats, and malar flushing. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a new YD metric, the Yin Deficiency Scale (YDS), to define an optimum cutoff point for the YDS, and to examine the relationships between YD and Cold-Heat patterns.A total of 169 outpatients and 83 college students were asked to complete the YDS. The college students were also asked to complete the Yin Deficiency Questionnaire (YDQ) and Cold-Heat Questionnaire (CHQ). Twelve clinicians determined whether or not the 169 outpatients had YD. YDS and YDQ data were used to estimate the internal consistency, construct validity, and concurrent validity of the YDS. CHQ data were used to examine the relationships between YDS and CHQ subscale scores. Total YDS scores and the clinicians' diagnoses of the outpatients were used to define an optimum cutoff score for the YDS.The 27-item YDS had satisfactory internal consistency (α=0.885) and concurrent validity, with correlations between the YDS and YDQ subscale scores. A total of eight factors were extracted in the test of construct validity, using principal component analysis, and the overall variance explained by all factors was 63.1%. Among the eight factors, cough, fever, and skin-related factors were associated only with Heat pattern, whereas pain, urine, and fatigue-related factors were associated with both Cold and Heat patterns. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of the YDS were 73.7%, 84.8%, and 0.875, respectively. The optimum cutoff score was defined as 10 points.The results of this study suggest that the YDS is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating YD.

The smart passive system consisting of a magnetorheological (MR) damper and an electromagnetic induction (EMI) part has been recently proposed. An EMI part can generate the input current for an MR damper from vibration of a structure according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The control performance of the smart passive system has been demonstrated mainly by numerical simulations. It was verified from the numerical results that the system could be effective to reduce the structural responses in the cases of civil engineering structures such as buildings and bridges. On the other hand, the experimental validation of the system is not sufficiently conducted yet. In this paper, the feasibility of the smart passive system to real-scale structures is investigated. To do this, the large-scale smart passive system is designed, manufactured, and tested. The system consists of the large-capacity MR damper, which has a maximum force level of approximately ±10,000N, a maximum stroke level of ±35mm and the maximum current level of 3 A, and the large-scale EMI part, which is designed to generate sufficient induced current for the damper. The applicability of the smart passive system to large real-scale structures is examined through a series of shaking table tests. The magnitudes of the induced current of the EMI part with various sinusoidal excitation inputs are measured. According to the test results, the large-scale EMI part shows the possibility that it could generate the sufficient current or power for changing the damping characteristics of the large-capacity MR damper.

This paper describes the design of an electromagnetic induction (EMI) system and its application to powering a low force profile Magneto-Rheological (MR) damper. The EMI system is capable of converting vibration energy into useful electric energy for use in actuating the MR damper as the sole power source. An EMI prototype, consisting of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet, was designed and constructed. The EMI prototype was then attached to an existing MR damper, making an MR-EMI system. Using this system, an experimental study was performed to evaluate the dynamic performance of the MR-EMI system in a laboratory environment.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the relationship of occupational class and educational background with proportional mortality ratios in Korea. METHODS: Mortality was investigated using the entire registered death data from 1993 to 2004, obtained from the Korean National Statistics Office. Proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) for specific diseases were calculated according to the occupational class and educational background of men aged 20-64. RESULTS: Manual workers were found to have higher PMRs for liver disease and traffic accidents, as did the lower educated group. Especially, this study showed trends of an increasing of the wide gap between lower and higher socioeconomic stati for liver disease, traffic accidents, diabetes mellitus and cerebral vascular disease. The mortality for cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, traffic accident and liver disease showed increasing trends according to the calendar year for the lower than the higher social class. CONCLUSIONS: The specific conditions that had higher PMRs in the Korean lower social class were liver disease and traffic accidents. Especially, there was an increasing trend for a widening of the gap between manual and non-manual groups in relation to mortality from liver disease, diabetes mellitus and traffic accidents. Language: ko

This paper presents a smart passive damping system (SPDS) fo r reducing stay cable vibrations. Stay cables, such as used in cable-stayed bridges, are prone to vi bration due to their low inherent dampi ng characteristics. Recently some studies have shown that semiactive control systems using Magnetorheological(MR) dampers can potentially achieve higher performance levels and adaptability with few of the detracti ons as compared their passive counterparts. However, most semi-active and active control systems that use MR dampers require additional power supplies, controllers, and sensors, adding complexity into the system. The complexity may not be desirable to effectively control many large civil structures. This paper proposes a novel SPDS with MR damp ers. The smart passive device includes an electromagnetic induction (EMI) system to power the MR damper and adjust itself to external loadings. Thus, SPDS dose not require any control system. The numerical study consid ered 12.56m stay cable to evaluate th e dynamic performance of the SPDS for mitigating the vibration of stay cables. Moreover, the perfor mances of the smart passive damping system are compared with those of an equivalent linear visc ous damper and an MR damper operated in a pssive-mode. Results showed SPDS has competitive performance with others despite of its simplicity Keywords : MR dampers, smart passive system, electromagnetic induction, cable

This paper investigates the feasibility and efficacy of an MR damper-based control system introducing an electromagnetic induction (EMI) part, for suppressing vibration of building structures subjected to seismic loadings. In the proposed control system, the EMI part composed of a permanent magnet and a coil converts the kinetic energy of the relative motion between a building and a damper into the electric energy, which is used for a change in damping characteristics of the MR damper. Since the EMI part can be used as a controller, which determines the command voltage input according to structural responses, as well as a power source, the proposed control system can be much more compact, convenient, and economic than a conventional active/semiactive system that needs a power supply, a controller and sensors. To verify the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed control system, a shaking table test of a small-scale building model employing the MR damper with the EMI part is conducted. The performance of the proposed control system is compared with that of conventional semiactive control systems using an MR damper.

Angioleiomyoma is a solid benign tumor, which is often painful. It can be found in the dermis, subcutaneous fat and fascia. Peak incidence is during the fourth to sixth decades of life. Angioleiomyoma in the hand can be treated with simple excision, and is relatively rare in the hand. So far, there has been no report of angioleiomyoma in the hand in South Korea. The authors experienced two cases of angioleiomyoma in the hand; one in the second web space and the other in the fifth metacarpal region. Both patients were treated by simple excision. There was no evidence of recurrence at one-year follow up.