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We investigated the effects of container type (oak, glass, and stainless vessels), maturation period, and application of two different fruit materials (Actinidia arguta (ChungSan, Korean name), and Vitis coignetiae (Black Sun, Korean name) cultivated in Gangwon, Korea) on the flavor characteristics of brandies. After 17 months of aging, significant changes in the flavor ingredients occurred only in the brandies matured in oak containers. Particularly, the level of isoamyl alcohol, an important flavor component, increased, indicating 1,294.3 mg/L and 4,125.4 mg/L in Actinidia arguta brandy respectively, and 898.3 mg/L and 1,605.6 mg/L in Vitis coignetiae brandy respectively. In contrast, the levels of acetaldehyde and methanol, which are volatile components decreased significantly after seven months of aging. In addition, changes in the brandy flavor based on the maturation period were confirmed by measuring the proportion of fatty acid ethyl esters. In general, the proportion of fatty acid ethyl esters increased as the maturation period decreased. Therefore, we found that the brandy matured in oak containers for all maturation periods was the most preferable based on the sensory evaluation, which might be correlated with a balance between the desirable and undesirable components with aging.

We previously reported that Acer tegmentosum extract, which is traditionally used to treat liver disease in Korea, may help reduce fat accumulation, improve liver metabolism, and suppress inflammation in alcoholic liver disease. The active ingredient was found to be 6-O-galloylsalidroside, which was isolated from the methanol extract of A. tegmentosum. We hypothesized that 6-O-galloylsalidroside extracted from A. tegmentosum may help protect from liver damage and attenuate hepatic fat accumulation associated with chronic alcohol consumption. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether 6-O-galloylsalidroside can regulate alcoholic fatty liver and liver injury in mice. For this purpose, mice were fed with Lieber-DeCarli 5% ethanol diet for 11 days to induce steatosis and liver injury. Oral 6-O-galloylsalidroside was administered once a day for 11 days. Intrahepatic lipid accumulation caused by alcohol consumption was measured using in vivo 1H magnetic resonance imaging. Hepatic steatosis was observed histologically in tissue samples stained with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as Oil Red O. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured, as well as the triglyceride content in liver homogenates. On magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 6-O-galloylsalidroside appeared to alleviate alcohol-induced steatosis, which was reflected in decreased hepatic and serum triglyceride levels despite ethanol feeding. Furthermore, 6-O-galloylsalidroside treatment was associated with decreased RNA expression of Cd36, which plays an important role in the development of alcoholic steatosis through the hepatic de novo lipogenesis pathway. Furthermore, treatment with 6-O-galloylsalidroside inhibited the expression of cytochrome P4502E1 and attenuated hepatocellular damage, reflected in reduced ALT and AST levels. These findings suggest that 6-O-galloylsalidroside extracted from A. tegmentosum might serve as a bioactive agent for treating alcoholic fatty liver and liver damage.

Objectives: To see the trunk muscle activation during squat exercise in accordance with the inversion angle. Methods/Statistical Analysis: After previous research, we recruited healthy adult of 12 males and 12 females (The mean age 20.7±1.66, a total of 24 adults) who agreed to participate in this study. This study measured External Oblique abdominis (EO), Transverse Abdominis (TrA), Eractor Spinae (ES), Multifidus (MF) muscle activation during the squat exercise according to four inversion angles (0°, 10°, 15°, 20°). In order to calculate the subject characteristics, the mean value and the standard deviation of all the variables of the subjects, descriptive statistics were employed. One-way repeated ANOVA was used to compare muscle activities of EO, TrA, ES and MF depending on the four inversion angles. Bonferroni’s correction was used as post-hoc comparison and statistical significance level was set at α = .05. Findings: In EO, there was significant difference on four inversion angles (p

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate eight pilates exercise effective in thickness of abdominal muscles and to suggest effective pilates exercise. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This study was conducted in a total 21 participants applied the eight pilates exercise and using sonography during pilates exercise. Firstly, at resting position using scanning Transverse Abdominis (TrA), Internal Oblique (IO) and External Oblique (EO) thickness in sonography. After measurement, using sonography scanned thickness of the TrA, IO and EO while maintaining the eight pilates exercise. While maintaining exercise, scanning again done if the body was shaken violently. The starting position of all the exercise insupine position were proceeding at supine abdominal strength. Three times scanning was done to calculate and average per data was analyzed. Two minute resting time was taken between the exercises to prevent muscle fatigue. Findings: We compared the thickness variation of TrA, IO and EO in resting position and the eight pilates exercise shown (p

Objectives: This study intends to provide basic materials for selecting an appropriate type of pillow that will maintain the cervical spine to be in a neutral position during sleeping time. Methods/Statistical analysis: Twenty-eight male and female adults agreed to participate in this study. 30 minutes to measure the amount of change in the coordinates. Towel were spread on a hard and flat floor and the pillows were horizontally placed parallel to the x-axis of the three-dimensional motion analyzer with one of their corners positioned at the origin of coordinates. The participants lied on their pillow with their head located right in the middle of their pillow and for those who lied on a Memory foam Pillow (MP) or a functional pillow, they located their neck on the neck-supporting part of their pillow. The participants were put to the test for 30 minutes for each type of pillow and during the experiment, they were prohibited from talking or moving. One way repeated ANOVA is used to compare the change in the coordinate in time of the three pillows. Findings: The descriptive statistics that show the location of the pillows and the participants’ heads. Except for Lt 2 and Lt 3, all the markers showed a significant difference (p