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Purpose With increasing use of PSMA PET/CT in the staging and restaging of prostate cancer (PCa), the identification of non-prostate cancer tumours (NPCaT) has become an increasing clinical dilemma. Atypical presentations of PSMA expression in prostate cancer and expression in NPCaT are not well established. Understanding the normal and abnormal distribution of PSMA expression is essential in preparing clinically relevant reports and in guiding multidisciplinary discussion and decisions. Methods Retrospective review of 1445 consecutive 18F-DCFPyL PSMA PET/CT studies by experienced radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians. Lesions indeterminate for PCa were identified. Correlation was made with patient records, biopsy results, and dedicated imaging. Lesions were then categorized into four groups: 1. Confirmed prostate cancer, metastases, 2. NPCaT 3. Benign, and 4. Indeterminate lesions. Results 68/1445 patients had lesions atypical for prostate cancer metastases. These comprised 8/68 (11.8%) atypical prostate cancer metastases, 17/68 (25.0%) NPCaT, 29/68 (42.6%) indeterminate, and 14/68 (20.6%) benign. In the context of the entire cohort, these are adjusted to 8/1445 (0.6%), 17/1445 (1.2%), 29/1445 (2.0%), and 14/1445 (1.0%) respectively. With the exception of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), NPCaT demonstrated no or low PSMA expression. A similar trend was also observed for indeterminate and benign lesions. Conversely, most atypical PCa metastases demonstrated intermediate or high PSMA expression. Conclusion 18F-DCFPyL PSMA PET/CT detection of NPCaT is low. Lesions demonstrating intermediate to high PSMA expression were exclusively prostate cancer metastases, aside from RCC, and lesions detected in organs with high background expression.

Generally, people migrate in search of employment or for better livelihood from one place to another place. They are the important segment of any country’s economy hence the migrant workers have a fair share in the process of development. According to their skill and working experience they are engaged various types of works. This paper tries to understand the engagement of the migrants in various types of works in the state of Chhattisgarh. The available secondary data of census 2011 is used to assess the employment engagement of these workers as per their age group. It is observed that a large percentage of migrants in Chhattisgarh are engaged as main workers and are in the age group of 35 to 39. Due to the enforcement of act of child prohibition in hazardous work, the engagement of children in the age group of 0 to14 is very less. The same kind of results have been observed in this paper. It is also observed that most of the migrants in the state of Chhattisgarh are not engaged in any kind of work, hence are classifies as non-workers. In the category of marginal workers, the highest percentage engagement is of those migrants who are in the age group of 20 to 24 age. This paper tries to fill the gap of studies conducted in the work engagement of migrants according to their age groups.&nbsp

Introduction: In Indian economy, the internal migrants are the major role player in the informal sector. During Covid-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown millions of internal migrants were severely affected. Migrants are more prone to social, economic, and psychological issues. It is quite relevant to know the impact of Covid-19 on the psychological health of migrants. The fear of starvation, fear of not being able to meet their family members, fear of getting infected, fear of death, loss of wages were the main psychological problems they faced. This paper focuses on the psychological assessment of impact of Covid-19 on migrants in the Jammu city and its peripheral areas, Union Territory Jammu & Kashmir, India. Methodology: Data is collected by personal interview method with the help of questionnaire. For analyzing the psychological impacts of Covid-19 on migrants, we used Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. 100 persons are surveyed during the study. Results: 69 percent respondent reflected that they had fear of death during pandemic period. Most of the respondent said that they were feeling nervous, helpless for not being able to attend the health needs of family even they were not able to concentrate properly and had little interest in doing things.Conclusion: the outcome of the study shows that more than half of the respondents are dealing with the psychological issues, thus along with looking at the physical needs there is need of taking care of mental health is also especially in the time of the pandemic.

Background: Newborn mortality is one of the most neglected health problems in the developing world, there are estimated 4 million neonatal deaths worldwide each year. Moreover, it is estimated to account for 40% of under five deaths and two-third of infant deaths.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study included 120 primipara mothers of newborn from 2 to 28Day of life admitted in postnatal ward in Siliguri District hospital during the year 2022 in the month of June. Data was collected using face to face interview method.Results: The study showed majority of the mothers were having good knowledge 85.83% regarding neonatal danger signs followed by Fair knowledge 9.16% and only 5% of mothers were having Poor knowledge.Conclusions: Good knowledge of the mothers indicates that mother can identify the danger signs and early treatment makes the good prognosis.

PurposeProstate cancer (PCa) imaging has been revolutionized by Positron emission tomography (PET) tracers targeted to prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Identification and characterization of non-PCa tumors has become an increasing clinical dilemma with growing use. The primary aim of this retrospective multicenter analysis was to determine atypical PSMA expression in PCa and expression in non-PCa tumors to aid providing clinically relevant reports and guiding multidisciplinary discussion.MethodsRetrospective multicenter study examining 1445 consecutive 18F-DCFPyL PSMA PET/CT between 2016-2020. Referrals were from public and private, secondary and tertiary referral centres serving New Zealand and Melbourne. Repeat studies were excluded. Lesions atypical for PCa were categorized into four groups: 1. Atypical PCa metastases 2. Non-PCa tumors 3. Benign and 4. Indeterminate.Results67 patients had lesions atypical for PCa metastases; 11.9% atypical prostate cancer metastases, 25.4% non-PCa tumors, 40.3% indeterminate, 10.4% benign. With the exception of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), the non-PCa tumors, indeterminate and benign lesions demonstrated low PSMA expression. Most atypical PCa metastases demonstrated significant expression. Limitations included retrospective design and lack of histopathological correlation/follow up in some.Conclusions: Non-PCa tumor detection is low. Lesions demonstrating significant PSMA expression were almost exclusively PCa metastases. Differentiation of atypical PCa metastases from second primary malignancies is vital to avoid unnecessary investigation, delayed therapy and additional costs.

With increasing use of PSMA PET/CT in the staging and restaging of prostate cancer (PCa), the identification of non-prostate cancer tumours (NPCaT) has become an increasing clinical dilemma. Atypical presentations of PSMA expression in prostate cancer and expression in NPCaT are not well established. Understanding the normal and abnormal distribution of PSMA expression is essential in preparing clinically relevant reports and in guiding multidisciplinary discussion and decisions.Retrospective review of 1445 consecutive68/1445 patients had lesions atypical for prostate cancer metastases. These comprised 8/68 (11.8%) atypical prostate cancer metastases, 17/68 (25.0%) NPCaT, 29/68 (42.6%) indeterminate, and 14/68 (20.6%) benign. In the context of the entire cohort, these are adjusted to 8/1445 (0.6%), 17/1445 (1.2%), 29/1445 (2.0%), and 14/1445 (1.0%) respectively. With the exception of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), NPCaT demonstrated no or low PSMA expression. A similar trend was also observed for indeterminate and benign lesions. Conversely, most atypical PCa metastases demonstrated intermediate or high PSMA expression.

Bone marrow suppression has a wide variety of causes. One of the overlooked causes is linezolid, a drug that is now being extensively used in the management of not only soft tissue infections but also hospital-acquired infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is widely being treated with linezolid. It becomes imperative that we comprehensively understand the hematological adverse effect profile of this drug. A reversible myelosuppression is seen with its extended use, though a number of risk factors like renal impairment are usually present. A prompt diagnosis can help us to timely discontinue the drug. We report one such case of an elderly patient with septic arthritis of the knee who developed pancytopenia after 32 days of linezolid therapy. Withdrawal of the drug led to a complete recovery of the blood counts in 21 days.

Scrub typhus is a mite-borne rickettsial infection that presents with fever and a diverse array of complications. Lately, many epidemics have been reported from the Indian subcontinent. Data from these outbreaks suggest that liver injury in scrub typhus is common and reversible. We are reporting the case of a 27-year-old pregnant female who presented with fever, encephalopathy, jaundice and seizure. She had acute liver failure and dead fetus on admission. Despite appropriate antibiotics and supportive treatment, she continued to deteriorate and developed multiorgan dysfunction, leading to her demise.

Introduction Scrub typhus is a resurging zoonotic infection prevalent in South Asia with many recent outbreaks in India. It can mimic other tropical infections and the disease spectrum ranges from subclinical illness to life-threatening disease with multiorgan dysfunction. This study was conducted to study the pattern of hepatic and renal injury. Methods A retrospective study was done on 176 patients diagnosed by detecting IgM antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) over a period of three years at a tertiary center in Chandigarh, India. They were treated with doxycycline (azithromycin if pregnant) and supportive therapies. The patterns of hepatic and renal functions, along with the need of renal replacement therapy, were recorded and evaluated. The values were expressed as mean ± SD, and p values were calculated to establish statistical significance. Results Most of the cases were from the state of Haryana (37.5%), followed by Punjab (33.5%), Himachal Pradesh (13.6%), Uttar Pradesh (10.2%) and Chandigarh (5%). 30% of the study population was engaged in agriculture. The mean age was 32.3 ± 13.5 years with range of 13-65 years. A peak in the incidence was observed during monsoon months. Approximately 13% of the patients died. Urea, creatinine, bilirubin and aspartate transaminase were found to be higher in mortality group with statistical significance (p < 0.05). Alanine transaminase was higher and albumin was lower in the mortality group but without statistical significance. 27.8% had acute kidney injury, 90.9% had liver dysfunction and one patient had acute liver failure. All the pregnant patients had fetal loss. Conclusion Renal and liver dysfunctions are common in scrub typhus, and their occurrence adversely affects the outcome.

Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus that spreads commonly by contamination of soil with bird and bat droppings. The infection remains latent in most patients until manifested by reduced immune status, for example, HIV/AIDS, corticosteroid/immunosuppressive therapy or in solid organ transplant recipients. Tuberculosis and histoplasmosis may cooccur rarely in HIV and the clinical resemblance of both diseases may hinder identification of patients’ harbouring dual infection, especially in regions non-endemic for histoplasmosis. We report a case of disseminated histoplasmosis with disseminated tuberculosis in an incidentally detected patient with HIV-positive who presented with reports of fever and skin rash for 10 days. The Mantoux positivity and CT of chest and abdomen revealing multiple necrotic lymph nodes coupled with bone marrow and skin biopsy divulging histoplasmosis and tuberculosis helped us clinch the concurrent infection.

“Namma Bengaluru-Swachha Bengaluru” motto is extended with the information technology. Information technology can't take out the trash or garbage, but it can make those processes much more efficient. Picking up garbage from the public areas such as on street corners, in parks or on campuses consumes more resources because workers have to drive their large vehicles to every garbage collection point to check if bin is full or not. The use of Smart Bin saves a lot of fuel and work hours. In this paper, an approach linking the Internet of Things to garbage collectors will be resulting in saving the fuel, work hours and money. In this approach, sensors are placed in the bins located at public areas, to sense the level of the garbage in the bin. When garbage reaches the threshold limit, the status of the bin is updated in the cloud, and this status can be accessed by the concerned authorities and an immediate measure can be taken for the cost-effective disposal. So, continuous monitoring of garbage bins will helps to keep environment clean and safe.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) shows promising applications have now gained significant importance in research as well as in practice, due to their autonomous and self-maintaining nature. From a security design perspective, MANETs have no clear line of defense, i.e. no built-in security. Thus, the wireless channel is accessible to both legitimate network users and malicious attackers. Security is one of the most important issues in current networks. The most common cases of attacks in mobile Ad hoc networks can be drop of routing packages and changes in the incoming packet which aims at disrupting the network routing and overall network reduce performance. We present a AOMDV-IDS protocol for detecting a avoiding the malicious node in MANET.

Euthanasia is not legal in India, over the course of different law commission reports, the scope and nature of euthanasia has been discussed, my paper seeks to analyse these reports and further, elaborate on the ethical aspect of it, with respect to what would have been, Jeremy Bentham the great author, writer, philosophers take on Euthanasia especially keeping in mind the hedonistic calculus provided forth by him. The paper has also elaborated on the Supreme Court Judgment of Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India and analysed it.