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The present informative article is intended to focus on the occupational diseases being faced by oil and gas company’s employees, its effects on their health, family life and some remedies have been discussed to overcome the problems related to their health. Occupational hazards are always been a prominent issue in industries especially hazardous industries like Petroleum Industry. In this review paper, we have tried to mention and identify most of the long term and short-term health risks associated with Petroleum Industry in India. Also, it covers Ergonomics/ mechanical hazards and Psychological Hazards in Oil & Gas Industry in India. This review article outlines the health hazards and risks present in petroleum industry and it mentions preventive measures to minimize the health risks by analyzing the root cause. We have tried to mention primary causes of Occupational Diseases associated with petroleum Industry and its prevention. The health hazards that are present in oil and gas industries are classified as long term and short term depending on primarily on the duration of Exposure. It was felt that there is a need to do work on safety of human capital resulting in the culmination of this review article paper.

Occupational Noise Induced Hearing Loss and Whole Body Vibrations are the common hazards in modern industries. Noise is the insidious of all industrial pollutants, involving every industry and causing severe hearing loss in every country in the world. It has been suggested that 12% or more of the global population is at risk of hearing loss from noise. A study published in American Journal of Industrial medicine showed in Oil and Gas extraction sector of the U.S 14% of the overall noise-exposed workers and 28% of the noise-exposed workers in the Natural Gas Liquid Extraction had hearing loss. Left untreated, hearing loss can lead to communication difficulty, social isolation, stress and fatigue. It is additionally associated with depression, cognitive decline, dementia, falls, and mortality. Workers with hearing loss face challenges to their personal safety, are at higher risk of injury. Vibration reported a significantly higher prevalence of tingling, numbness, paresthesia (18.2%); pain in finger, wrists, arms, etc. (31.7%); stiffness in hand (13.6%); and hyperhidrosis (48.5%) among drillers. Whole-body vibration and segmental vibration need to be studied separately because they are measured and evaluated using different standards. They also require different control measures and have differing effects on the human body. The clinical presentation of HAVS in India is not the classical VWF. Subclinical manifestations and dose- response relationships need to be worked out for HAV and WBV in Indian miners. The review paper intends to throw light on these silent killers in the form of occupational hazards leading to serious non-curable permanent health impediments/ disabilities in Oil & Gas industry.

Heavy metal pollution, in the aquatic ecosystem, has become an area of concern garnering increasing attention since the past few decades. These metals are introduced into the marine ecosystem mainly due to anthropogenic activities including offshore Oil and Gas exploration and production activities Though rich in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, crude oil also contains some trace element like vanadium, nickel, iron, aluminium, copper and some heavy metals like lead and cadmium. Poisonous or hazardous components of crude oil are mainly benzene and heavy metals which vary depending on the source of the crude oil. Elements like copper, mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc and chromium are very toxic. Except copper and zinc, others are nonessential and toxic. In fact, all metals are toxic at high concentrations. The heavy metal overload hasinhibitory effects on the development of aquatic organismssuch as phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish. The metallic compounds could disturb the oxygen level and mollusc’s development, byssus formation, as well as reproductive processes. Hence, monitoring the heavy metal concentrations in sea water over a period of time is of great help in checking the pollution level and identifying the trend, which in turn will be instrumental in formulating sustainable practices. The paper mainly focuses on the study of the concentration of non-essential heavy metals in sea water around the operational areas of ONGC in western offshore area. The distribution of heavy metals in the seawater of ONGC’s exploratory blocks in Krishna-Godavari Basin, Bay of Bengal was investigated. Fifty four sea water samples collected as per OSPAR guidelines from each blocks (Vasihta G1 PML-65, Yaman PML, Godavari PML-46, DWN M-3, KG OS DW III 62, and KG DWN 98/2-1) of Krishna-Godavari Basin, Bay of Bengal and processed samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for Pb, Cr, As, and Cd. Comparison of average results in studied 6 blocks with various seawater quality guidelines is discussed to assess the present contamination. It reveals that seawater in study area are not contaminated with respect to perceived heavy metals. Generated data will assist in future for proactive measures and minimize the impact of anthropogenic sources.

Background. This study was conducted to assess the variation in prescription practices for systemic antimicrobial agents used for prophylaxis among pediatric patients hospitalized in 41 countries worldwide. Methods. Using the standardized Antibiotic Resistance and Prescribing in European Children Point Prevalence Survey protocol, a cross-sectional point-prevalence survey was conducted at 226 pediatric hospitals in 41 countries from October 1 to November 30, 2012. Results. Overall, 17 693 pediatric patients were surveyed and 36.7% of them received antibiotics (n = 6499). Of 6818 inpatient children, 2242 (32.9%) received at least 1 antimicrobial for prophylactic use. Of 11 899 prescriptions for antimicrobials, 3400 (28.6%) were provided for prophylactic use. Prophylaxis for medical diseases was the indication in 73.4% of cases (2495 of 3400), whereas 26.6% of prescriptions were for surgical diseases (905 of 3400). In approximately half the cases (48.7% [1656 of 3400]), a combination of 2 or more antimicrobials was prescribed. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (BSAs), which included tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, and sulfonamides/trimethoprim, was high (51.8% [1761 of 3400]). Broad-spectrum antibiotic use for medical prophylaxis was more common in Asia (risk ratio [RR], 1.322; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.202-1.653) and more restricted in Australia (RR, 0.619; 95% CI, 0.521-0.736). Prescription of BSA for surgical prophylaxis also varied according to United Nations region. Finally, a high percentage of surgical patients (79.7% [721 of 905]) received their prophylaxis for longer than 1 day. Conclusions. A high proportion of hospitalized children received prophylactic BSAs. This represents a clear target for quality improvement. Collectively speaking, it is critical to reduce total prophylactic prescribing, BSA use, and prolonged prescription.

Acute appendicitis is one of the commonest surgical emergencies worldwide. There is considerable variation in prevalence of appendicoliths with appendicitis. Most of the patients with appendicoliths are asymptomatic and they are not pathognomic for acute appendicitis. However, appendicoliths show increased association with perforation and abscess formation. Appendicolith are quite common, being present in 3% of general population and in nearly 10% cases of appendicitis. However, giant appendicoliths measuring over 2 centimeters (cms) are extremely rare. Computed Tomography (CT) has increased their pre-operative diagnosis considerably. Use of spectral analysis can give us the details of composition of the stone pre-operatively. We present a young male diagnosed pre-operatively on Non-Contrast Computed Tomography (NCCT) to have a giant calcium struvite appendicolith. On laparoscopy he had a 3 cm stone and an incidental Meckel's diverticulum and underwent appendectomy. The case is presented for the unique size of the appendicolith alongwith review of literature.

To compare the transrectal (TR) spectral Doppler findings between benign prostatic hyperplasia group and prostate cancer group.All the patients were assessed for adequate preparation, and informed consent was obtained prior to the procedure. The control group (n = 33) comprised patients who were negative for malignancy on biopsy. The study group (n = 22) were positive for malignancy and were also divided into three groups on the basis of the Gleason score. Study parameters included mean values for resistive index (RI), pulsatality index (PI), systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D) and peak systolic velocity (PSV). These were separately measured for bilateral capsular and urethral branches and compared between groups. In patients with unilateral tumour, these were compared between the tumour and non-tumour sides. Finally, the parameters were compared with patient's age. Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the statistical significance.The mean values of RI, PI, S/D and PSV were found to be 0.84/1.03, 1.8/1.99, 3.93/4.45 and 15.52/16.15 cm s(-1), respectively, in the control and study groups which were not statistically significant. In patients with unilateral malignancy (n = 16), there was no significant difference from the non-tumour side. Doppler parameters showed statistically significant relationships with age. The mean of minimum RI was found to be 0.60 in patients less than 60 years of age and 0.76 in patients more than or equal to 60 years of age in the benign category (p-value = 0.014). The PI and S/D also showed significant difference in the benign category.TR spectral Doppler parameters did not reveal any significant difference in patients with or without prostatic malignancy, irrespective of the Gleason grade. Doppler parameters, however, showed significant correlation with age and were lower in younger patients.TR spectral Doppler is unlikely to emerge as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for prostate carcinoma.

A university is an institution of higher education and research which grant academic degree in a variety of subjects. University can be divided into two which are public university and private university. This research paper emphasizes the current scenario of public and private universities about the issue choosing the best of them. Now a day, after completion of senior secondary school one of the biggest problem faced by students is that where should they go private or public university. Because of this problem, we analyses current scenario of public and private universities. This analysis considers many current scenario and issues as Gross Enrollments Ratio (GER), Faculty Ratio, Number of universities, Enrollment in professional courses and differences of public universities and private universities in India. This paper descriptive in nature and utilize the data shared by MHRD Report, HEC and its Websites and compare the total scores for research to evaluate issues related to private and public universities.

Sensory Marketing is the marketing activities that focus on understanding perception of the consumer, the process starts from the stimuli that affect senses of the consumer to how the customer interprets, understand and respond those stimuli. Marketing techniques that aim to seduce the consumer by using his senses to influence his feelings and behaviour. These activities are used to create the marketing plan in order to design product and brand the communication’s way with the customers. Perceptions of the consumer is the customer interpret, understand and perceive everything that involves about the product. The process of perceptions is the way that customer acknowledge about the product, it can be functioned through five ways of the senses – sight, touch, smell, taste and hearing.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors or “GIST” are mesenchymal neoplasms expressing KIT(CD117) tyrosine kinase and showing the presence of activating mutations in KIT orPDGFRα(platelet-derived growth factor alpha). GIST of anal canal is an extremely rare tumor, accounting for only 3% of all anorectal mesenchymal tumors and 0.1–0.4% of all GIST. GIST with large tumor size and high mitotic activity are highly malignant, but the biological behavior of anorectal GIST is less clear. Abdominoperineal resection (APR) or conservative surgery is the best treatment option. Imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown promising results in its management. We present a case of anorectal GIST diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and colonoscopy with biopsy. The patient underwent abdominoperineal resection (APR) and was confirmed on histopathology to have anal canal GIST with tumor size more than 5 cm in maximum dimension and mitotic figures more than 5/50 high power field (HPF). The CD117—immunoreactive score—was 3+ in spindled cells. Therefore the patient was put on adjuvant imatinib mesylate 400 mg daily.

With the globalization where market channel structures and strategies are developing is bringing to a more complex concept of marketing channels, with disintermediation or reintermediation, multi-channeling and new roles/specializations that are emerging as new issues. Market competition becomes much larger role in anticipating long-term development of the organization, with a basis of strategic management, business process efficiency and organizational capital. This research study examines the impact, role and advantages of guerrilla marketing in the commercial transportation. It covers different aspects which are of at most importance for guerrilla marketing and commercial transportation as well. The study has also enlightened some innovative ideas of guerrilla marketing. The innovation processes in marketing channels have occurred with high intensity and speed, especially following the changes spurred by technology that allowed the adoption of more efficient organizational solutions where guerrilla marketing can also be one of the channels.

Adult intussusception is a rare entity accounting for only 5% of all intussusceptions and causes approximately 1% of all adult intestinal obstructions. Unlike paediatric intussusceptions which are usually idiopathic, there is usually a lead point pathology which might be malignant in up to 50% cases. We present an unusual case of adult intussusception which was not diagnosed on any investigation including computerized tomographic (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It was a case of ileo-ileo-cecal intussusception caused by a large lipoma38 mm×43 mm×61 mm. It was treated by emergency laparotomy for acute intestinal obstruction. A conservative resection with ileostomy was performed with good postoperative recovery.

Pediatric Spontaneous Bile duct perforation is a rare clinical condition with only around 150 cases reported worldwide. Early management gives excellent prognosis but the condition often presents a diagnostic dilemma. Hepato-biliary Technetium-99m-iminodiacetic acid scintiscan is the diagnostic investigation of choice but its availability in third world countries is limited. We present two cases of spontaneous biliary peritonitis in children, which were diagnosed without scintiscanning. The first case was a one-and -a half-year-old child, who was diagnosed with biliary peritonitis without pneumoperitoneum by a combination of Ultrasound (USG), Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The child underwent USG-guided drainage and subsequent cholecystectomy with hepatico-jejunostomy. The second child also had biliary peritonitis without pneumoperitoneum, which was initially suspected on USG. CECT revealed dilated gall bladder and fluid collection in sub-hepatic space and pelvis. Abdominal paracentesis revealed presence of bile. The child responded to conservative therapy. Both are doing well on two-year follow-up. In a patient with jaundice, biliary tract abnormalities and/or free fluid, either generalized or localized to peri-cholecystic/sub-hepatic space on USG/CT/MRI, in the absence of pneumoperitoneum, suggest a diagnosis of biliary perforation even in the absence of scintiscanning.

A mass formed around a cotton matrix left within the body is termed as textiloma or gossypiboma. It is a rare complication of surgery most commonly seen after abdominal operations. The time of presentation may range from early post-operative period to several decades later. A correct diagnosis can be made in only one-third of the cases. The most common differential diagnosis is a new-onset or recurrent tumor. This may lead to a lot of patient anxiety as well as several unnecessary attempts at biopsy or surgery. Gossypiboma may present as either of the following syndromes - pseudotumoral, occlusive, or septic entity and the risk of fistulization increases with time. We present two diverse cases, the first case being of a patient with gastro-cutaneous fistula due to retained sponge presenting within 2 months of open cholecystectomy, while the second case presented 13 years after a hysterectomy, with abdominal lump and obstruction caused by a retained sponge.

Klippel-Trenaunay (KT) syndrome is a congenital vascular disorder which is rare and affects one or both limbs. It has incidence of about 2-5 in 100,000. French physicians Klippel and Trenaunay first described this syndrome in the year 1900. They named the syndrome as "nevus vasculosus osteohypertrophicus". In 1907, Park Weber named the same condition hemangiectatic hypertrophy. The etiology is unknown. Though it is a sporadic condition, paradominant inheritance pattern has also been suggested. Patients generally present in the first decade of life. It affects males more than females. KT syndrome is a congenital circulatory disorder typically comprising of the triad cutaneous capillary angioma, bone and soft tissue hypertrophy and varicose veins. There are several theories about its pathogenesis. The management of this syndrome consists mainly of early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of complications. We report the case of a 30-year-old male patient with KT syndrome showing the classical triad.

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign solitary lesion. It usually occurs in the long bones but uncommonly in the calcaneum, mandible, femur and clavicle. Its frequency of occurrence in skull and mandible is 4%, clavicle and ribs is 5%, femur is 13% and foot is 3%. Only a few cases of ABC of these unusual sites have been reported till date. Here we report four cases of ABC at unusual sites namely the calcaneum, mandible, femur and clavicle diagnosed primarily on the basis of different imaging modalities and later confirmed on histopathology.