Search

In Mali, the Malarial-5 which is an improved traditional medicine (ITM) made partly with the leaves of Lippia chevalieri is used to treat symptoms of uncomplicated malaria. One of the issues related to the production of this ITM is the quality of the raw material. The present work aimed to control the quality of the leaves from cultivated plants of L. chevalieri. This study was carried out from 2015 to 2016 in Mali. The morphology of the stem, leaves and the flowers of the cultivated plants was determined through their description. In addition, organoleptic and microscopical features of the leaves’ powder were examined. The findings revealed the presence of some macroscopic elements, organoleptic features and microscopic characters needful for the botanical control of L. chevalieri. Key words: Lippia chevalieri Moldenke, botanical quality control, improved traditional medicine, Mali.

Les connaissances endogènes sur les plantes et recettes de plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle togolaise pour traiter les maladies hépatiques sont peu documentées. C’est dans ce contexte que la présente étude a été entreprise pour en répertorier ces savoirs et savoirs faire sur les plantes hépato-protectrices du Togo. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont été effectuées de juin 2011 à mai 2015 pour recenser auprès des populations du groupe ethnique ‘’Adja’’, riveraines au Parc National de Togodo-Sud, situé dans la Région Sanitaire Maritime du Togo, les plantes hépato-protectrices utilisées par les tradithérapeutes. L’Interview semi structurée a été la méthode de collecte de donnée. Les chefs traditionnels ont contribué à faciliter la mobilisation des tradithérapeutes et à l’obtention de leur consentement éclairé à participer à l’étude. Les données collectées ont été analysées par les logiciels SPPS 8.1 et R 2.0 pour en ressortir les caractéristiques ethnopharmacologiques.Auprès de 89 herboristes et tradithérapeutes (21 femmes et 68 hommes), 202 recettes hépato-protectrices ont été collectées. Ces recettes sont composées par 91 espèces appartenant à 40 familles dont les plus représentées sont les Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae et Rubiaceae. Sanseviera liberiaca, Cocos nucifera, Lipia multiflora, Euphorbia hirta, Gomphrena celosioides et Lannea kerstingii ont été les espèces les plus citées. Les recettes sont préparées essentiellement par décoction (49,03%) et macération (39,22%). Elles sont administrées par voie orale (79,41%), par voie cutanée (18,62%) et par gouttes oculaires (1,97%). Les hépatites (57%), l’ictère (35%), la constipation (5%), la fièvre typhoïde (2%) et l’oedème (1%), ont été les maladies du foie citées. La tige feuillée (28%), les feuilles (23%) l’écorce de tronc (12%) et les racines (11%) ont été les organes les plus utilisés. L’utilisation des parties sensibles comme les écorces, les racines et bulbe à 37%, inquiète pour la conservation de l’espèce et représente de sérieuses menaces pour la diversité biologique. Douze recettes ont été sélectionnées pour évaluer au laboratoire, leurs activités hépato-protectrices afin de valider leurs utilisations en médecine traditionnelle togolaise pour soigner les maladies du foie.Mots clés: Enquête ethnobotanique, Plantes hépato-protectrices, Parc National, Togodo-Sud, TogoEnglish Title: Ethnobotanical survey of hepato-protective plants used by Adja ethnic group of Togo around the National Park of Togodo-SudEnglish AbstractEthnobotanical surveys were conducted with respondants providing from the '' Adja ''ethnic group of riparian population of National Park Togodo-Sud located in the Maritime Sanitary Region of Togo. The semi-structured interview was the method of data collection about plants used to treat liver diseases. Traditional leaders have helped to facilitate the mobilization of traditional healers and to obtain their informed consent to participate to the survey.With 89 traditional healers (21 women and 68 men), 202 hepato-protective recipes were collected. These recipes are composed by 91 species belonging to 40 botanical families. The most represented families were Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae. Sanseviera liberiaca, Cocos nucifera, Lipia multiflora, Euphorbia hirta, Gomphrena celosioides and Lannea kerstingii were the most cited species. Recipes were prepared essentially by decoction (49.03%) and maceration (39.22%). They were administered orally (79.41%), by body bath (18.62%) and by eye route (1.97%). Hepatitis (57%), jaundice (35%), constipation (5%), typhoid (2%) and oedema (1%) were the liver diseases cited. Leafy stem (28%), leaves (23%), stem bark (12%) and roots (11%) were the most used organs. The use of sensitive parts such as bark, roots and bulb with 37%, are concerned for the conservation of the species and represents a serious threat to biodiversity. Twelve recipes were selected to evaluate at laboratory, their hepato-protective activities to validate Togolese knowledge in traditional medicine to treat liver diseases.Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey, Hepato-protective plants, National Park, Togodo-Sud, Togo

Phytochemical study and research on acute toxicity were performed on the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Euphorbia hirta Linn. The phytochemical screening and chromatography revealed the presence of saponin, sterol, terpene, alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids and especially mucilage. The evaluation of total polyphenols and total flavonoids gave 120.97 ± 7.07 gallic acid equivalents (GAE) mg/g (mg of GAE/g of extract) of dry extract and 41.4 ± 0.5 mg quercetin equivalent per gram (QE/g) (mg of QE/g of plant extract) of dry extract respectively. The physicochemical study revealed moisture content of 7.73% ± 0.00%, total ash 7.48% ± 0.03%. Sulfuric ash 9.05% ± 0.01%, hydrochloric acid insoluble ash of 0.8% ± 0.02%. The search for minerals salt revealed the presence of Cr, Zn, K, Ca and Mg having an important role in glucose metabolism. The acute toxicity study showed that the toxic dose may be above 3000 mg/kg. The results of these studies indicate that extracts from the leaves and stem of E. hirta Linn. contains trace elements and minerals salt and bioactive secondary metabolites which explain their therapeutic uses for treating diabetes mellitus.

La nouvelle méthode d’enquête ethnobotanique ATRM (Achat en Triplet de Recette Médicinale) couplée avec celle d’enquête par interview semi structurée, a été utilisée pour recenser entre 2007 et 2011, les plantes utilisées au Togo pour soigner le paludisme et les pathologies associées. Parmi les plantes collectées, seules 7 espèces ont été citées pour leurs propriétés anti vectorielles utilisées contre les moustiques (Anopheles sp), agents vecteurs du paludisme. Ces plantes dont les unes sont à activités insecticides et les autres répulsives, appartiennent à 6 familles dont les Lamiaceae, représentées par deux espèces, sont les plus citées. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Azadirachta indica L. et Hyptis sauveolens Poit sont les espèces les plus fréquentes. C’est la première qu’une enquête ethnobotanique recense les plantes antipaludiques aux propriétés anti-vectorielles au Togo. Des études seront entreprises pour la vérification des propriétés larvicides et insecticides d’extraits de ces plantes sur les moustiques.Mots clés: Enquête ethnobotanique, plantes antipaludiques anti-vectorielles, Anpheles sp, Togo

Diabetes mellitus affects more and more people in poor areas of developing countries. The search for an adequate treatment and within the reach of the population has moved us to select the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum. Phytochemical screening was carried out on one hand, detecting major groups of secondary metabolites, on infused 10% aqueous and on the other hand minerals salt in point microanalysis dispersive spectrometry. Toxic test was carried out using white mice CF1 type. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, sterol and terpenes, alkaloid polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids and especially mucilage. The amounts of total polyphenols and total flavonoids were respectively 11.98 mg EAG/g and 3.99 mg EQ/g of dry extract. The phytochemical screening revealed moisture content of 8.97%, total ash of 8.45%, sulfuric ash of 10.27% and ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid 0.96%. The presence of Cu, Zn, K, Ca and Mg having an important role in glucose metabolism was revealed. The study of acute toxicity showed that the toxic dose could be greater than 3000 mg/kg. Also, the leaves are eaten as human food by some people. The results of the studies indicated that the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum contains minerals and bioactive secondary metabolites that, in combination, may explain their therapeutic uses for treating diabetes mellitus.

Nine new ester saponins (1-9) were isolated from the roots of Entada africana. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR experiments including 1D and 2D TOCSY, DQF-COSY, HSQC, and HMBC spectroscopy, as well as ESIMS analysis, and chemical methods. The aglycon moieties were found to be echinocystic acid for compounds 1, 2, 4-6, 8, and 9 and acacic acid for 3 and 7. All isolated compounds were tested for their antiproliferative activity against the J774.A1, HEK-293, and WEHI-164 cell lines. Moderate to high cytotoxic potency was found for almost all compounds tested.

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant capacity and anti-hyperglycemic activity of aqueous macerate extracts of Euphorbia hirta L., in the treatment of hypertension associated with diabetes. The research focused on the aqueous maceration of the aerial part or totum. The search and evaluation of the antioxidant activity was done according to the method of Blois based on the reduction of 2,2-diphenyl- - picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The search for antihyperglycaemic activity was performed on rats having received a glucose overdose. This activity was compared to those of glyburide and metformin. The totum showed a percentage inhibition of 63.66 ± 0.54% for 1 mg/mL of extract and an IC50 of 0.031 ± 0.001 μg/mL .A 200 mg/kg extract has shown a very good antihyperglycaemic activity; while on normal blood sugar, the activity was not important compared with glyburide and metformin. These results show the presence of antioxidant and normoglycaemic substances in aqueous macerated of Euphorbia hirta L.Keywords: Anti-hyperglycaemic, antioxidant, Euphorbia hirta, glyburide, metformin

The effects of chronic intragastric administration of the aerial parts decoction of Teucrium divaricatum Heldr. ssp. divaricatum (Labiateae) on experimental acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)-induced ulcer were studied in rats. The ulcer index and histological mucosa regeneration were evaluated. The ulcer index significantly decreased (U.I. 1.7 ± 1.5; P < 0.05) after treatment with a lyophilized decoction of T. divaricatum (500 mg/kg os), once daily for 7 days, compared to the control (U.I. 11.4 ± 2.3). The ultrastructure modifications of gastric mucosa were observed by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) confirming the antisecretory effect exercised by administration of the T. divaricatum decoction. Treatment with T. divaricatum seems to block up parietal cell acid secretion and to stimulate in the chief cells the formation of zymogen granules. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the herbal parts and different plant parts of Nepeta argolica Bory et Chaub. subsp. argolica was examined by GC and GC-MS. Sixty-two constituents were identified. The major constituents were found to be stereoisomers of nepetalactones (94.5-68.0%). 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone was isolated and identified by 1H- and 13C-NMR. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.