Search

International audience; A multitude of annotation tools and annotation formatsfor the analysis of audiovisual documents are availableand address a wide range of tasks (see Elan [SW08] andAnvil [Kip10]). Existing approaches however remain restrictedin the visual elements they can annotate on thescreen: for example annotating on-screen arrangements ofcharacters so as to evaluate continuity editing over shots isproblematic with most annotation tools and languages. Itwould indeed be beneficial to have an annotation tool dedicatedto filmic studies with a format that would be able tonot only provide insight in analytical approaches, but alsoto support generative approaches, such as reproducing framingsand shot sequences in 3D environments from annotatedexamples of real movies (in a way similar to [RGB13] yetwith a more precise annotations). In this paper, we proposean annotation language broadly suited to analytical and generativecinematography systems. The language observes theaxes of timing, spatial composition, hierarchical film structure,and link to contextual elements in the film.

International audience; In this work we design a tool for creators of interactive stories to explore the effect of applying camera patterns to achieve high level communicative goals in a 3D animated scenario. We design a pattern language to specify high level communicative goals that are translated into simple or complex camera techniques and transitions, and then flexibly applied over a sequence of character actions. These patterns are linked to a real-movie shot specification database through elements of context such as characters, objects, actions, and emotions. The use of real movies provides rich context information of the film, and allows the users of our tool to replicate the feel and emotion of existing film segments. The story context, pattern language and database are linked through a decision process that we call the virtual director, who reasons on a given story context and communicative goals, translates them into the camera patterns and techniques, and selects suitable shots from the database. Ourreal-time 3D environment gives the user the freedom to observe and explore the effect of applying communicative goals without worrying aboutthe details of actor positions, scene, or camera placement.

International audience; This paper presents Camera Motion Graphs, a technique to easily and efficiently generate cinematographic sequences in real-time dynamic 3D environments. A camera motion graph consists of (i) pieces of original camera trajectories attached to one or multiple targets, (ii) generated continuous transitions between camera trajectories and (iii) transitions representing cuts between camera trajectories. Pieces of original camera trajectories are built by extracting camera motions from real movies using vision-based techniques, or relying on motion capture techniques using a virtual camera system. A transformation is proposed to recompute all the camera trajectories in a normalized representation, making camera paths easily adaptable to new 3D environments through a specific retargeting technique. The camera motion graph is then constructed by sampling all pairs of camera trajectories and evaluating the possibility and quality of continuous or cut transitions. Results illustrate the simplicity of the technique, its adaptability to different 3D environments and its efficiency.

National audience; Treatment of coronary lesions by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is performed from 2D observations acquired according to an optimal view, i.e. a point of view showing the segment including the stenosis in its most extended and unobstructed dimension over a given perimeter around the lesion. In clinical routine, the research of this view generally involves a large number of acquisitions with repeated injections of contrast agent. In this paper, we present an automatic method to determine this optimal view. We consider that a dynamic sequence of 3D coronary tree is available either from pre-segmented CT data or by reconstruction of the 3D coronary tree from the projections acquired at each phase of the cardiac cycle. We proceed by volume projection into the detector plane in all possible gantry orientations. The optimal viewing angle is the one that minimizes the degree of segment foreshortening and overlap with adjacent segments in projection space.

Le diagnostic et le traitement des affections coronaires s'appuient sur l'observation d'images acquises sur un système angiographique R-X. Du fait de leur nature 2-D, l'interprétation de ces images n'est pas aisée. La présence de conformations géométriques complexes (superposition de vaisseaux, vaisseaux vus en fuite...) nécessite en effet une certaine expérience de l'opérateur. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer une méthode pour déterminer de manière automatique, l'angle de vue optimal qui permettra d'observer un segment vasculaire sténosé ou une lésion de bifurcation, dans sa dimension la plus déployée et dégagée sur un périmètre donné (absence de superpositions avec d'autres vaisseaux situés dans le même champ d'observation). Cette incidence optimale est exploitée pour estimer les caractéristiques d'une lésion et dans la procédure de guidage des instruments durant l'intervention de revascularisation du segment vasculaire affecté par cette lésion. La méthode proposée considère qu'une séquence 3-D dynamique de l'arbre coronaire est disponible. Elle procède par projection des volumes dans le plan du détecteur en considérant tous les angles d'acquisition possibles sur le C-arm et calcule pour un segment vasculaire d'intérêt, le ratio de raccourcissement et le pourcentage de superposition avec les segments avoisinants. La prise en compte de la composante dynamique, implique de réaliser au préalable une mise en correspondance entre les branches de chaque arbre coronaire 3-D puis une interpolation pour reconstituer une séquence à 40 volumes / seconde, l'objectif étant d'obtenir un échantillonnage fin du mouvement cardiaque pour garantir un résultat le plus optimal possible pour le calcul de l'incidence.

Les auteurs, apres avoir rappele les differentes recherches effectuees sur l’utilisation de molluscicides vegetaux accordent une attention particuliere aux essais realises sur Ambrosia maritima L. Ambrosia maritima L. au niveau du continent africain est pour le moment differencie en souche egyptienne (Ambrosia maritima L.) et en souche senegalaise (Ambrosia senegalensis DC). Les deux denominations etant synonymes, la difference d’activite des deux souches serait due a la teneur en lactones sesquiterpeniques et cette teneur ne serait pas liee aux conditions d’environnement.L’etude compare 7 souches d’Ambrosia senegalensis d’origine differente et prelevees a differentes saisons. Les effets molluscicides sont evalues en laboratoire sur Biomphalaria glabrata et l’analyse statistique des resultats fait apparaitre que pour les poudres de feuilles :—les doses molluscicides des souches senegalaises sont plus elevees en general que celle de la souche egyptienne ; —les souches senegalaises se distinguent en un groupe de plants de saison seche moins actif qu’un second groupe soit preleve en saison des pluies soit cultive en jardin botanique. Aucune conclusion sur l’origine de cette difference n’est tiree, le type d’experimentation realise n’aboutissant pas a l’etude de la teneur en lactones sesquiterpeniques.

Resume Les auteurs rapportent un cas d'epidemie nosocomiale a Enterobacter cloacae dans un service de Pediatrie en Afrique de l'Ouest (Dakar). Cette epidemie est apparue pendant les mois de Mai–Juin 1983 et a sevi a la salle des «urgences. Au total, 8 produits pathologiques (sang, pus, catheters) ont ete examines avec, a la culture, l'isolement d'une souche d' Enterobacter cloacae dans chaque produit. L'enquete menee pour identifier la source de la contamination a permis de mettre en evidence deux sources : un flacon de serum sale servant de «solvant pour la preparation des solutes de perfusion et un bocal contenant des catheters baignant dans une solution d'antiseptique (dakin). Ils ont finalement identifie 10 souches qui ont fait l'objet d'un antibiogramme (profil identique pour l'ensemble des souches). On a note une multiresistance a plus de 7 antibitioques et l'antibiotype suspecte est le «ACTTSU. L'evolution de l'epidemie a ete favorable dans l'ensemble et elle reste un bel exemple d'infection nosocomiale a partir de solutions d'antiseptiques non renouvelees et longtemps reutilisees.

The authors experiment molluscicidal properties of Ambrosia maritima L. from Egypt and cultivated in Senegal. Four generations are tested. Six plants, on eight tested, had same molluscicidal activity as the strain in Egypt.

A mass case-finding survey has been carried out among the pupils as a test measure: in an ordinary rural village: 2204 examined children; prevalence rate of leprosy: 0.90 per 1000; in two leper villages: 333 examined children; prevalence rate of leprosy: 125 per 1000. The authors have emphasized: the difficulty of school survey and the necessity to entrust a skilled staff with this job. The general low prevalence of leprosy cases with children in Senegal: 0.96 per 1000, inferior to the threshold of 4 per 1000 above which school survey is advised to be carried out. The high prevalence rate of leprosy with the children of the leper villages (140 times as much as general prevalence rate). This situation could be the result of: the inefficiency of the chemoprophylaxis by DDS; the existence of primary resistance cases to DDS (some of them clinically proved), consequence of the numerous secondary resistance cases which have already been witnessed in these villages.

A survey of breastfeeding practices in the principal cities and towns of Senegal demonstrated that bottle feeding is making inroads. Strategies are therefore needed to maintain breastfeeding and avoid further spread of bottle feeding. Factors unfavorable to breast feeding are essentially socioeconomic and cultural; urbanization, industrialization, increased female labor force participation, hospital organization, lack of health education at all levels, declining interest in and prestige of breast feeding, use of contraceptives which inhibit lactation, and especially the numerous and powerful advertising campaigns for infant formula. 4 types of measures are needed to stem the decline of breast feeding: education, a more complete preparation for maternity among expectant mothers, legislation and social action, and actions by health personnel. Mothers should not just be told to breast feed their infants; the reasons for the superiority of human milk should be explained to them. Educational measures might include strengthening the supportive role of husbands in breastfeeding and increasing the availability of information in urban and suburban areas to make women aware of services available. During pregnancy, all women should be prepared to breast feed and those at risk of not breast feeding should be identified and followed up. Infant-maternal contact in hospitals should begin immediately and efforts to breast feed should commence within 3 hours of birth. Samples of infant formula should not be provided and complementary feedings should be discouraged. Health personnel should provide practical advice on breast feeding and hygiene. Infants should be breast fed exclusively for at least 4 months. Prenatal leave for working women should be increased and the time should be used to prepare women psychologically for breast feeding. Postpartum leave should be increased to 12 weeks for all women. Nurseries should be erected in all workplaces. Midwives and other health personnel should be informed of the need to encourage breast feeding and should set a good example by breast feeding their own infants. Advertising of infant formula should be prohibited and such products should distributed as pharmaceuticals. Health personnel should be knowledgable enough to answer the questions and objections of new mothers.

The efficiency of the African Year of Immunization has been studied in Cameroon by the evaluation of the nationwide coverage thanks to two cluster sample surveys carried out in rural and urban areas. The results are compared to those of previous surveys.

Breast feeding is customary in Senegal and most of Africa, but as in other potential markets, multinational companies have attempted to introduce infant formula for bottle feeding. 100 mothers each were interviewed in Dakar, Pikine, Saint Louis, Kaolack, and Ziguinchor between December 1981 and May 1983 to assess the spread of bottle feeding. Mothers were classified in good, average, or poor income and educational groups. Women not breast feeding exclusively were asked their reasons why not. 368 of the mothers (73.6%) breast fed exclusively, 117 (23.4%) mixed breast and bottle feeding, and 15 (3%) bottle fed exclusively. The duration of breast feeding ranged from 6-24 months and averaged 14 months. In Saint Louis, Kaolack, and Ziguinchor between 80-84% of mothers breast fed exclusively, but in Pikine 39% and in Dakar 34% of mothers mixed breast and bottle feeding. Their reasons for doing so included employment of the mother, urbanization, and the impact of advertising. The trend to exclusive bottle feeding is still weak in cities and towns of Senegal, ranging from 1-5%. Breast feeding was the predominant mode at all socioeconomic levels except in Dakar, where wealthier women tended to employ mixed feeding. In Ziguinchor, Saint Louis, and Kaolack, breast feeding predominated at all educational levels. More educated women in Dakar and Pikine tended to mix breast and bottle feeding, but women with average educational levels breast fed. Women who bottle fed did so exclusively for professional or medical reasons.