Search

Background: In the era of precision agriculture, application of fertilizer based on soil testing is an essential tool to prescribe nutrient doses for crops to improve nutrient use efficiency and yield of hybrid castor. Methods: Field experiment was conducted in 2021 at the Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Yethapur, region near Salem city, Tamil Nadu, India (11°35'N, 78°29'E). By adopting inductive cum targeted yield model fertilizer prescription equation (FPEs) were developed for hybrid castor under irrigated condition for Alfisol soil order. Initially soil fertility gradient were established with respect to soil available N, P and K nutrients and twenty four treatment were imposed in three fertility strips under factorial randomized design. The basic parameters [nutrient requirement (NR) and nutrients contributions from soil (Cs), fertilizer (Cf) and farmyard manure (Co)] were calculated from the field experimental data. Result: The nutrient required for producing one quintal of hybrid castor seed yield was evaluated as 3.20 kg of nitrogen, 1.23 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and 3.28 kg of potassium oxide (K2O). The study revealed that soil nutrient contribution was high in case of available phosphorus (41.87%), available nitrogen (21.56%) and available potassium (19.12%) respectively toward P, N and K nutrient uptake by hybrid castor. The nutrient contribution from farmyard manure (Co) towards the total uptake was 21.40% of N, 10.35% of P2O5 and 26.06 % of K2O respectively. Using basic data, FPEs were developed for hybrid castor and ready reckoner were developed for operational range of soil test values for desired yield target under NPK alone and IPNS (NPK and FYM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision application of nutrient based on soil test value is important for improving nutrient use efficiency and yield of hybrid castor. Field trial was conducted during 2021 at Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Yethapur, Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India (110 ∘ 35' N, 780 ∘ 29' E). Fertilizer prescription equations (FPEs) were developed for hybrid castor by adopting inductive cum targeted yield model approach under irrigated condition on Alfisol. Initially, soil fertility gradients were established with respect to soil available N, P and K nutrients, and 24 treatments were imposed in three fertility strips under factorial randomized design. Principle component analysis revealed that all the variables accounted for developing the FPEs of hybrid castor are present at the positive quadrant which mean that all the variables are highly important toward the castor seed yield production. From the field experimental data, the basic parameters [nutrient requirement (NR) and nutrients contributions from farmyard manure (Co), fertilizer (Cf), and soil (Cs)] were computed. The nutrient required for producing one quintal of hybrid castor seed yield was evaluated as 3.20 kg of nitrogen, 1.23 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and 3.28 kg of potassium oxide (K2O). The study revealed that soil nutrient contribution was high in case of available phosphorus (41.87%), available nitrogen (21.56%), and available potassium (19.12%), respectively, toward P, N, and K nutrient uptake by hybrid castor. The nutrient contribution from farmyard manure (Co) toward the total uptake was 21.40% of N, 10.35% of P2O5, and 26.06% of K2O, respectively. FPEs for hybrid castor and a ready reckoner of fertilizer dosages were developed using basic data for operational range of soil test values for intended yield target under inorganic fertilization alone and Integrated plant Nutrient System (IPNS) (NPK and FYM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the advent of precision agriculture, applying fertilizer based on soil testing is a crucial tool to prescribe nutrient levels for crops, to increase nutrient use efficiency and production. A field experiment was conducted in a farmer's field in the Dindigul district, Southern agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu to ascertain the effect of artificial soil fertility gradient method on soil fertility, green fodder production of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) (var. CO 30) and nutrient absorption. A fertility gradient technique has been investigated to produce fertilizer recommendations for location-specific in red soils (Alfisols, Typic Rhodustalf). The experimental field was separated into three equal strips: strip I, II, and III, which received applications of the three graded levels of ertilizer N0P0K0, N1P1K1, and N2P2K2, respectively. Urea, single super phosphate, and muriate of potash fertilizers, respectively, were used to apply NPK. As a gradient crop, S. bicolor was raised. The N1 level was set based on the general fertilizer recommendation of feed sorghum, while the P1 and K1 values were set based on the soil’s ability to fix 100 kg ha-1 of phosphorus and 100 kg ha-1 of potassium, respectively. Plant samples were taken at harvest time, and their NPK content and nutrient uptake were determined. With addition of graded doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in Strip I, II & III increased the soil's available N, P & K status substantially in the order of Strip I

An efficient method primarily depending on nonisolated quasi Z-source (QZS) novel multilevel inverter (NIQZS-NMLI) topology to interconnect photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed in this paper. The proposed hybrid system is the combination of improved chameleon swarm algorithm (ICSA) and recurrent perceptron neural network (RPNN), hence it is named as ICSA–RPNN. Usually, the interface among the PV DC supply, the load is achieved through an NIQZS-NMLI topology. Here, the NIQZS-NMLI topology modeling design is increased with the new storage device to supply the largest amount of power from the PV power production system. The number of switches and full harmonic distortion of the machine are reduced through the NMLI topology, and it is used to achieve better upgrading capability, and reduce the voltage pressure on the entire active switching device has a better modulation index. At first, the objective function is described primarily depending on its controller parameters and control voltages, current, power, and modulation code. These parameters are useful to the inputs of the proposed ICSA-RPNN approach. The ICSA-RPNN methodology enhanced the voltage profile, reducing power distribution, power oscillations simultaneously distributing power to the load. The modulation load is controlled by proposed artificial intelligence (AI) mainly depends on the NIQZS-NMLI topography. In addition, the ICSA-RPNN methodology reduces the injected power, controls the voltage, current and frequency conditions of the DC hyperlink. The ICSA-RPNN approach is performed at MATLAB/Simulink site and the general performance of the output is compared to the existing systems for different load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Barnyard millet is one of the significant small millets cultivated in India. It has provided a good source of nutrients. Its production is low in low fertile soil. For that study undertaken into supplying balanced nutrition to achieve maximum yield by following soil test crop response-based fertilizer prescription equation. Methods: The Inductive methodology adopted in the field experiment for developing a scientific basis of fertilizer prescription for barnyard millet was performed on Periyanaickenpalayam soil series of Inceptisol soil order of Tamil Nadu during 2019-2020. The initial soil available nutrient status, grain yield, total nutrient uptake by barnyard millet and fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O and FYM applied were taken into account for calculating four basic parameters for developing fertilizer prescription equation viz., nutrient requirement (NR) to produce 100 kg of barnyard millet grains, the contribution of nutrients from soil (Cs), fertilizer (Cf) and FYM (Cfym). Result: The fertilizer prescription equations and ready reckoner were developed to prescribe fertilizer dosage for a range of soil test values for specific yield target of barnyard millet on Inceptisol. It can be adopted on the Periyanaickenpalayam soil series of Tamil Nadu and also in regions with allied soil types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of precision agriculture, the fertilizer prescription based on the soil fertility status is much required. Analyzing the soil after each crop is necessary for fertilizer recommendation and developing an alternative technique to forecast the soil available nutrient value rather than analyzing the soil. Multiple linear regression (MLR) equation was developed using filed experiment data to predict the soil available nutrient in castor cropping sequence. The post-harvest soil available nutrient was considered as the dependent variable and the initially available soil nutrient values, fertilizer added, yield and nutrient uptake of castor as an independent variable. In general, the post-harvest soil nutrient model's prediction accuracy was notable and had a coefficient of determination of less than 0.90. By calculating the RMSE (root means square error), R2 value, the ratio performance to deviation (RPD) and, RE (relative error) the performance of the MLR model was confirmed.Using the validated model, post-harvest soil available nutrients were predicted and compared with laboratory tested soil available nutreints. It turned out that the established model is more precisely effective and equally precise. Fertilizer recommendation could be made to subsequent crop after hybrid castor using the predicted soil available nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research work is to introduce the new concept of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy topological vector space(in brief IVIF-topological vector space). In this paper, the concept of IVIF-vector point, IVIF-Quasicoincidence were defined. In further, the relationship between IVIF-NQCneighbourhood, IVIF-QCneighbourhood and its bases in IVIF-topological vector space discussed. Also introduced the concept of ConvexIVIF set, Strongly ConvexIVIF set and Strictly ConvexIVIF set, in IVIF-topological vector spaces. Then it continued to the discussion about the properties and the relationship between these ConvexIVIF sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A signed graph is defined by an ordered pair () , G= where), (EVG= is an underlying graph of  and   -+→, :E is a function called a signature function. In this paper we define the edge domination parameters like positive edge domination number and negative edge domination number in signed graph. Further investigate the properties and bound of these domination parameters. In addition explain the theorem with examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil test value is based on the soil test-based fertilizer prescription/recommendation equation. Each crop harvesting after the next crop is necessary to analyze the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an alternative technique to predict postharvest soil tests after the harvest of every crop. For that a study was conducted in mixed black calcareous soils at Tamil Nadu agricultural University, Coimbatore to develop the post-harvest prediction equations for available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in barnyard millet cropping sequence based on a multiple regression model by considering post-harvest soil test value as the dependent variable and initial available nutrients, fertilizer doses and crop yield or crop nutrient uptake as an independent variables. The developed model was validated by computing R2 value, RMSE (root means square error), RE (relative error), and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) and the developed model was found to be valid. Using the validated model, post-harvest soil test values were predicted. A fertilizer recommendation was made for blackgram based on predicted postharvest soil test values in the barnyard millet-blackgram cropping sequence. The predicted soil test values were compared with actual soil test values and it revealed that the developed model is fairly accurate and best-fitted with more precision. The predicted post-harvest soil test values of barnyard millet could be used in order to prescribe fertilizer for desired yield targets for subsequent crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript proposes a hybrid approach for non‐isolated quasi Z‐source (QZS)‐novel cascaded multilevel inverter (NIQZS‐NMLI)‐based grid‐connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed hybrid approach is the combined execution of both the color harmony algorithm (CHA) and woodpecker‐mating algorithm (WMA), and hence it is called CHA‐WMA method. Initially, the NIQZS‐NMLI design is developed to gain the optimal control signal using the proposed controller. The NIQZS‐NMLI is developed with the reduced count of switches, diodes, and sources. The major objective of the proposed method is "to satisfy the load power requirement and to maintain the power regulation or maximum energy conversion of the wind and solar subsystems." The proposed method strictly prohibits the variations present in the output voltage of the NIQZS‐NMLI. Here, the CHA is employed to evaluate the optimal gain parameters in light of the source currents variety from the normal value, also it is useful for generating the optimum control signals dataset in the offline way. In the online way, the WMA predicts the most optimal control signals of the NIQZS‐NMLI in light of the satisfied dataset. The resultant control signals have been utilized for controlling the insulated gate bi‐polar switches (IGBT) of NIQZS‐NMLI. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink site and the performance is analyzed with existing methods. Moreover, the PV performance is analyzed under three test cases. The PV efficiency of the proposed method for all cases is 89.3975%, 90.2653%, and 97.8095%. Overall, the comparison outcomes demonstrate that the proposed method is more efficient than the other existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil test crop response (STCR) correlation studies under Integrated Plant Nutrition System were conducted in the western agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu during 2020-2021 to devise the fertilizer prescription equations for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under drip fertigation on an alfisol. The equations were derived by following Ramamoorthy's Inductive cum targeted yield model. The nutrient requirement of N, P2O5 and K2O for producing one quintal of tomato fruit was found to be 0.22, 0.11, 0.27 kg respectively. The per cent contribution of nutrients were 37.93, 46.73 and 29.53 of N, P2O5 and K2O from soil (Cs) and 47.84, 31.12 and 74.13 of N, P2O5 and K2O from fertilizers (Cf) respectively. Two organic sources were applied viz., FYM (Farm Yard Manure) and Biocompost and the per cent contribution of nutrients from FYM were 38.36, 13.22 and 52.17 of N, P2O5 and K2O and from biocompost were 43.34, 10.90 and 57.00 of N, P2O5 and K2O respectively. Fertilizer adjustment equations were formulated for STCR-NPK alone, STCR-IPNS (FYM) and STCR-IPNS (Biocompost) by applying the basic parameters such as NR, Cs, Cf, Cfym, Cbiocompost. A ready reckoner of fertilizer doses for a set of soil test values at yield targets 80 and 90 t ha-1 was computed. The findings also showed that the adoption of STCR-IPNS could save more fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: In the present study, the flavonoid fraction of Tabernaemontana divaricata flavonoid fraction(TdFf) leaves was investigated for its in vitro and in vivo antioxidative and antitumor activity.Subjects and Methods: The flavonoid fraction of ethyl acetate extract was assessed for their in vitro antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), superoxide radicals, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxide and in vivo antioxidative activity by enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in the liver of intraperitoneally implanted Ehrlich's lymphoma (EAC) and Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLAs) model. The in vitro cytotoxicity was assessed using trypan blue exclusion assay and in vivo antitumor activity was assessed by screening the ILS, serum liver marker enzymes and histopathology of the liver.Statistical Analysis Used: The data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of the means, and statistical analysis was carried out employing one-way and two-way analysis of variance using Web Agri Stat Package 2.0.Results: The dose-dependent percentage scavenging of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, OH, superoxide radical, and nonradical NO and H2O2 by TdFf indicated their antioxidative potential. Incubation of EAC/DLA tumor cells with TdFf showed a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect, and the extract killed 50% of EAC/DLA tumor cells at a concentration of 80 μg of TdFf. Coadministration of TdFf with EAC/DLA-induced mice showed a significant increase in the liver enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants and significant decrease in the serum liver marker enzymes to prove the in vivo antioxidative and antitumor activity of TdFf. It was also confirmed by the histopathology of the liver.Conclusions: It may be concluded that the flavonoid fractions of Td possess considerable antioxidative and antitumorigenic activity against the tested DLA/EAC in both in vitro and in vivo system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were conducted during 2016-17 at Manickapuram village of Theni District, Southern Zone of Tamil Nadu to study the impact of Inductive approach (artificial gradient)on soil fertility, nutrient uptake and fodder yield of sorghum (var CO30) and further,Soil Test Crop Response correlation studies under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (STCR-IPNS) for desired yield targets of maize on Vertisol. The profile study of the experimental site has been described in detail. The artificial fertility gradient was developed by dividing the field into three equal strips and graded levels of fertilizers were applied in the form of Urea, Single Super Phosphate and Muriate of Potash, respectively to strip I (N0P0K0), II (N1P1K1) and III (N2P2K2). The N1level was fixed based on the blanket recommendation of fodder sorghum and P1 and K1 levels were fixed based on the phosphorus (100 kg ha-1) and potassium (80 kg ha-1) fixing capacities of the soil.Sorghum (var.CO30) was grown as gradient crop and green fodder yield was recorded at harvest and plant samples were collected and analyzed for N, P and K contents and their uptake was computed. The results confirmed that the application of graded levels of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O significantly influenced soil fertility status, N, P and K uptake and green fodder yield of sorghum. Subsequently, the STCR-IPNS studies on maize (hybrids) revealed that the requirement of N, P2O5 and K2O for maize (NR) was found to be 2.08, 0.73 and 1.38 kg q-1respectively. The per cent, nutrient contribution from soil (Cs) was 43.01, 44.03 and 9.17; from fertilizers (Cf) was 55.00, 49.83 and 76.99, and from organic manure (Co) was 49.01, 19.71 and 39.83 for N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. Using the basic data viz., NR, Cs, Cf and Co, fertilizer prescription equations (FPEs) have been developed and ready reckoner of fertilizer doses was formulated for desired yield targets of maize for a range of soil test values on Vertisol. The findings also brought forth the fact that when farm yard manure (FYM) was applied @12.5 t ha-1 (with 25 per cent moisture and 0.54, 0.26 and 0.53 per cent NPK, respectively), 45, 22 and 32 kg ha-1 of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O could be reduced from the recommended fertilizer doses for Maize. Using the nomograms, critical levels of soil available N, P and K were fixed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were conducted based on Inductive cum targeted yield concept on Typic Haplustert soils (Pilamedu series - black calcareous) to predict the post-harvest soil test values for prescribing soil test crop response based fertilizer doses under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (STCR-IPNS) for maize based cropping sequence. The experiment comprised of 24 treatments with four levels each of N (0,100,200 and 300 kg ha-1), P2O5 (0,40,80 and120 kg ha-1) and K2O (0,40,80 and120 kg ha-1) and three levels of FYM (0, 6.25 and 12.5 t ha-1) for the test crop maize (TNAU Maize hybrid CO 6) laid out in fractional factorial design. Making use of the experimental data on initial and post-harvest soil test values, fertilizer doses and the grain yield obtained or uptake of N,P and K by maize, Post-Harvest Soil Test Values (PHSTVs) prediction equations with high R2 values (>0.90) were developed, which could be used with confidence for the prediction of post-harvest KMnO4-N,Olsen-P and NH4OAc-K. Using the predicted PHSTVs after kharif maize, soil test based fertilizer prescription for desired yield target of succeeding crop viz., cotton could be prescribed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Chitosan is the major component present in fish scales and crustacean shell waste. Chitosan was isolated from scales of fish waste of Catla (Catla catla) by chemical method involving demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. Methods: Chitosan isolated from fish scales was confirmed qualitatively by Richard's method. Further, it was quantitatively analyzed and was found to contain 6 g of chitosan (100 g of dried fish scales). Chitosan had been characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis. A new method of preparing silver nanoparticles combined with chitosan is used here. It was characterized using ultraviolet and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The potential of chitosanbased silver nanoparticles against Culex (III instar) and Anopheles (IV instar) was screened, and biochemical parameters of the larval tissues were also estimated. Results: Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase content were found to be decreased in the treated larval tissues when compared to the control in both mosquito species. Conclusions: Decreased levels of biochemical contents are indicating the high toxic capacity of chitosan silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers in photovoltaic (PV) systems are seen to achieve tracking speeds in range of milliseconds. Power-electronic circuits in these systems many-a-time demand faster control actions in microseconds, as they operate at high frequencies, and also, a delay in control action would lead to a corresponding power-loss. Hence, an MPPT controller delivering such fast tracking speeds would improve overall system performance. In this work, an Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based Statechart Controller is developed to perform MPPT control of the PV system. The developed Statechart Controller is tested using software-in-the-loop simulation(SILS) and results are presented. With inputs from a programmable logic controller emulating PV characteristic curves, the Statechart Controller is then deployed in a target FPGA. A comparison between performance with conventional MPPT controller and Statechart Controller is presented and results indicate that the latter is more effective in terms of tracking speeds, determinism, and modularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017-2018 on a mixed black calcareous soil (Typic Ustropept - Periyanackenpalayam soil series) at Eastern Block, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to refine the existing fertilizer prescription equations under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) for hybrids to suit pearl millet variety. The experiment comprised of eleven treatments with three replications in Randomized Block Design. The experimental results revealed that there was a progressive increase in response from lower target to higher targets and the magnitude of response was higher under STCR-IPNS than under STCR-NPK alone treatments. Using the experimental data, the basic parameters viz., nutrient requirement (NR), per cent contribution of nutrients from soil (Cs), fertilizers (Cf) and FYM (Cfym) towards total N,P and K uptake by pearl millet (var. CO 10) were computed based on targeted yield model. It was found that pearl millet variety requires 2.81, 1.33 and 2.53 kg of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively to produce one quintal of grain. The contribution of nutrients from soil, fertilizers and FYM for N was 26.36, 45.44 and 27.55 per cent; for P2O5 it was 38.51, 44.14 and 16.04 per cent and for K2O it was 10.33, 87.45 and 40.15 per cent respectively. Making use of the refined basic parameters, Fertilizer Prescription Equations (FPEs) were developed under NPK alone and IPNS for pearl millet variety. Ready reckoner of fertilizer doses (nomograms) were formulated for a range of soil test values and for desired yield target viz., 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 t ha-1. For an average soil test value of 180:24:460 kg ha-1 and yield target of 4.0 t ha-1, 105, 51 and 25 kg of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O is to be appiled along with FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1. The extent of saving of inorganic fertilizers for pearl millet with the application of FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 (with 21% moisture, 0.64, 0.27 and 0.46% N, P and K respectively) was 38, 22 and 25 kg of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geo referenced surface soil samples were collected from 79 villages of Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu and about 474 soil samples were analysed for twelve chemical parameters. The fertility status revealed that the soils were acidic to alkaline in soil reaction, non - saline and low in organic carbon content. The macronutrient availability showed low available N (82.3%), high available P (61.8%), medium to high available K (49.3&31.8%) and sufficient in available S (84.4%). With regard to micronutrients, the soils were predominantly deficient in Zn (76.4%) followed by Cu (38%), B (10.6 %), Fe (1.8 %) and Mn (1.4 %). Using the geocoordinates, thematic maps for all the parameters were prepared,, which also indicated that major area of the district was acidic to alkaline in soil reaction, non-saline, low in OC, low, high and medium in available N, P and K, respectively. Zinc was predominantly deficient among the micronutrients, while all others were in sufficient status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the high cost of fertilizers and adverse effect of its overuse on environment and soil health, proper organic manure-fertilizer recommendations on the basis of soil test values, residual effect and yield targets of chilli becomes vital. Methods: Field experiment was carried out on Periyanaickenpalayam soil series of Inceptisol soil order at farmers holding, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu during 2021-2022 after establishment of marked fertility gradient with respect to soil available N, P and K by gradient experiment with fodder sorghum. The test crop experiment with chilli was laid out in a fractional factorial design comprising of 24 treatments with 4 levels of N (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1), 4 levels for both phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and potassium dioxide (K2O). Farmyard manure (FYM) levels were 0, 6.25 and 12.5 kg ha-1. From the field experiment data, the fundamental parametersnutrient requirement (NR) and nutrients contributions from soil (Cs), fertiliser (Cf) and farmyard manure (Co)-were determined. Result: The percentage of nutrients estimated from fertiliser (%Cf) that contributed towards the total amount of nutrients taken up by dry chilli was calculated to be 44.09, 39.29 and 76.91 per cent of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. K2O>N>P2O5 was seen as the order of the fertiliser nutrient per cent contributions to total nutrient uptake. Incase of nutrient contribution form soil (% Cs) the order is P2O5>N>K2O. FYM contributed (% Co) 29.42, 14.40 and 38.73 per cent of N, P2O5 and K2O. One quintal of dry chilli production was estimated to require (NR) 4.24 kg of nitrogen, 1.91 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and 4.80 kg of potassium oxide (K2O) as nutrients. Fertiliser prescription equations (FPEs) for dry chilli and ready reckoners for the operating range of soil test values for the intended yield target experiment under NPK alone and IPNS were built using basic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil test crop response (STCR's) soil fertility gradient approach is based on the idea that complex treatments are superimposed in a field to obtain crop responses for correlating with soil test values that are artificially created by differential fertiliser treatments prior to conducting the regular experiment, thereby providing a scientific basis for balanced fertilisation between applied and available forms of nutrients. The present study aimed to develop the fertility gradient with sorghum as test crop in the field concerning N, P, and K and also to evaluate its impact on sorghum nutrient uptake, and soil fertility. The experimental field was split into three equal strips. Strips I, II, and III each received three graded levels of fertiliser N (nitrogen), P2O5 (phosphorus pentoxide), and K2O (potassium oxide) as urea, single super phosphate, and muriate of potash, respectively. The green fodder yield of sorghum recorded at harvest in strip I, II & III was 16.4, 23.4 and 28.2 t ha-1, respectively. Whereas post-harvest soil available nitrogen in strip I, II & III was 155, 190 & 214 kg ha-1 respectively, for available phosphorus 12.5, 23.2 & 31.8 kg ha-1 respectively and for available potassium it is 332, 370 & 396 kg ha-1 respectively. Wide variations in green fodder yield and soil fertility were observed among the strips, establishing the influence of graded amounts of fertiliser treatment on these parameters and the formation of a soil fertility gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on Soil Test Crop Response based Integrated Plant Nutrition System (STCR - IPNS) were conducted adopting an Inductive cum Targeted yield model in non-calcareous sandy loam soils of Lithic Haplusteptat Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Paiyur, Tamil Nadu during Kharif 2013 in orderto develop fertilizer prescriptions equation (FPEs) through IPNS for the desired yield targets of rice under SRI technique. A ready reckoner of fertilizer doses at varying soil test value, for attaining 6 to 9 t ha-1 target grain yield of rice has been worked out. Using these equations a validation trial was conducted on Kharif 2014 at this station. The grain yield of rice ranged from 2.54 t ha-1 in absolute control to 8.65 t ha-1 in STCR-IPNS-9 t ha-1. The STCR-IPNS @ 8 t ha-1 was effective and economical as compare with any other treatments. The deviation recorded in the achievement of targets aimed was within the range of ± 10 per cent (90 - 110 %) proving the validity of the FPEs. The STCR treatments recorded relatively higher response ratio (RR) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) over blanket and farmer's practice and STCR-IPNS treatments recorded relatively higher RR and BCR over STCR-NPK alone treatments. Post-harvest soil tests for NPK revealed that there was maintenance of soil fertility. The STCR-IPNS @ 8 t ha-1 was effective and economical as compare with any other treatments. Thus, the Inductive cum Targeted yield model used to develop fertilizer prescription equations provides a strong basis for soil fertility maintenance consistent with high productivity and efficient nutrient management for sustainable and enduring Agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an effective control strategy based non-isolated Quasi-Z-Source (QZS) novel multilevel inverter topology (NIQZS-NMLI) is proposed for interfacing photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed approach is the combination of Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA) and Recalling-Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network (RERNN) called AOA-RERNN approach. Here, the modelling design of non-isolated QZS-NMLI topology is developed with new storage devices to distribute the maximum power from the photovoltaic power generating system. This novel multilevel inverter topology reduced the number of switches and the total harmonic distortion of the system, and also it is used to achieve the higher boost capability, lesser voltage stress across the active switching devices, and greater modulation index for the inverter. The objective function is determined depending on its controller parameters with constraints, like voltages, current, power and modulation. These parameters have been employed as the inputs of AOA-RERNN approach. This AOA-RERNN approach increases the voltage profile, power supply and decreases the power oscillations when sharing the power to the load. The maximum power distribution is guaranteed to the load by RERNN depending on the extraction of maximum power from the PV source. The proposed approach is executed in MATLAB/Simulink site; its performance is analyzed with existing approaches. • Non-isolated QZS novel multilevel inverter topology for PV system. • AOA-RERNN improved voltage profile and power delivery. • Maximum power delivery to the load is ensured by an AI technique. • Regulated the shoot through duty ratio and reduced the modulation burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fertilizer prescription equations were developed for rainfed Bt cotton on Pielamedu series (Typic haplusterts) by adopting the inductive cum targeted yield model, and fertilizer requirements were quantified for Bt cotton based on soil test and yield target. The validity of fertilizer prescription equations was done by conducting test verification trials at four locations in Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu developed for rainfed Bt cotton. The fertilizer prescription equations were used to calculate the fertilizer doses for STCR treatments. The percent achievement of the targeted yield was within ±10% variation in all the locations for both the yield targets under nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) alone and IPNS, proving the validity of the equations. STCR-IPNS based fertilizer recommendations for a yield target of 32 q/ha has recorded the highest yield, nutrient response ratio, and percent yield achievement in all the locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that execute regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Information on turmeric miRNAs is very rare. In the present study, we have identified 27 conserved and 40 non-conserved miRNA families by high-throughput Illumina sequencing and downstream in silico analysis. We could also identify 97 novel candidate miRNAs specific to turmeric. Selected miRNAs were validated by stem-loop RT-PCR and northern blotting. The targets were predicted for identified miRNAs and were found to be involved in plant growth and development, stress response and metabolism. Expression pattern of selected conserved miRNAs in response to drought stress was analyzed by stem-loop qRT-PCR. This is the first report on miRNA content of turmeric transcriptome, which might serve as a foundation for more future work on miRNA based gene regulation in this medicinally important spice crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil Test Crop Response based fertilizer prescription equations for desired yield target of rainfed maize were developed under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (STCR-IPNS) on Irugur soil series (Typic Ustropept) of Tamil Nadu. On farm testing of fertilizer prescription equations are essential to demonstrate the effectiveness of technology delivery to the stake holders in need. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the targeted yield model through field experiments at six locations in Dindigul district, Western Zone of Tamil Nadu. The treatments included control, blanket recommendation, soil test crop response (STCR) based fertilizer dose for the yield targets of 4.0 to 6.0 t ha-1, STCR-IPNS based fertilizer dose for the yield targets of 4.0 to 6.0 t ha-1 and farmer's practice. In all the six locations, the per cent achievement of the targeted yield was within ± 10 per cent variation proving the validity of the equations for prescribing integrated fertilizer doses for rainfed maize. The highest mean grain yield was recorded in STCR-IPNS - 6.0 t ha-1 (5013 kg ha-1) recording an increase of 52.2 per cent over blanket recommendation. The highest per cent achievement, response ratio and B:C ratio of 97.2,17.47 and 2.28, respectively were recorded in the yield target of 5.0 t ha-1 under STCR-IPNS. The post-harvest soil available NPK indicated the build up and maintenance of soil fertility due to soil test based fertilizer recommendation under IPNS. The fertilizer prescription equations developed for rainfed maize under IPNS can be recommended for red non calcareous soils of Tamil Nadu for achieving the yield target of 5.0 t ha-1 with sustained soil fertility and it can be extrapolated to other agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu on similar and allied soil types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following Inductive methodology (fertility gradient concept), a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of initial soil fertility and Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) on the yield of brinjal (var. CO 2) on Typic Rhodustalf of Tamil Nadu. In the first phase of the experiment, variations in soil fertility with reference to soil available N, P and K was established among the three fertility strips with the addition of fertilizers at graded levels and by growing fodder sorghum as gradient crop. In the second phase viz., the test crop experiment with brinjal, consisted of four levels each of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O and three levels of farm yard manure (FYM). The highest yield of 35.8 t ha-1 was recorded with 150:75:75 kg ha-1 of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O along with 12.5 t ha-1 of FYM in strip III with initial soil available NPK status of 203, 34 and 500 kg ha-1 respectively. The fruit yield as well as NPK uptake by brinjal had increased with increase in initial soil fertility and with increase in the levels of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O and FYM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrosophic sets have been introduced as a generalization of crisp sets, fuzzy sets, and intuitionistic fuzzy sets to represent uncertain, inconsistent, and incomplete information about a real world problem. For the first time, this paper attempts to introduce the mathematical representation of a transportation problem in neutrosophic environment. The necessity of the model is discussed. A new method for solving transportation problem with indeterminate and inconsistent information is proposed briefly. A real life example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method in neutrosophic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delineation of available macro and micronutrients was carried out by collecting 318 geo referenced surface soil samples from 53 villages in 14 blocks covering nine taluks of Tiruchirapalli district, Tamil Nadu using Global positioning system (GPS) by following multistage stratified random sampling approach. The soil samples were analyzed for 12 chemical parameters and georeferenced data were used for the preparation of soil fertility maps using GIS. Results from the analytical data of 318 soil samples revealed that a major per cent of the samples was neutral to alkaline, non-saline, low to high in OC, low in available N, medium in available P and medium to high in available K. With regard to available S and micronutrients, Zn is predominantly deficient; B is moderate to sufficient while S, Fe, Cu, and Mn were in sufficient status. Based on Nutrient Index Value, the over all fertility rating is medium OC, low, medium and high and very high N, P, K and S, respectively; marginal Zn, high Fe, Cu and B and very high Mn. Making use of the analytical data and GPS readings the thematic soil fertility maps were generated by krigging in Arc-GIS software version 9.3. The maps clearly revealed that, a major area of the district was alkaline, non-saline, medium in OC, low, medium and high in available N,P and K, respectively with regard to available S and micronutrients, Zn was predominantly deficient, B was moderate while S, Fe, Cu and Mn were in sufficient status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted with maize hybrid NK6240 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during rabi 2010-2011 on an Inceptisol to evaluate the effect of biochar on yield, NPK uptake and fertility status of the soil. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatments and replicated thrice. The results revealed that Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) i.e. application of biochar @ 10 t ha-1 along with the recommended dose of NPK (250:75:75 kg ha-1) + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 and Azospirillum @ 2 kg ha-1 had recorded significantly higher yield and NPK uptake with sustained soil fertility. Further, the study clearly broughtforth the fact that for increased productivity of maize with sustained soil fertility, application of biochar must be coupled with either IPNS or recommended dose of NPK fertilisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, πgI-continuous, quasi semi-*-normal spaces, πgI -regular spaces are introduced. Characterizations and properties of newly introduced notions are studied, as well as some connections between this notions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil Test Crop Response correlation studies were carried out in maize under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (STCR-IPNS) on Typic Rhodustalf of Tamil Nadu, adopting "Inductive cum Targeted yield model". The basic parameters for the "Targeted yield model" viz. nutrient requirement (NR), contribution of nutrients from soil (Cs), fertilizer (Cf) and farmyard manure (Cfym) were computed from field experimental data. Using these parameters, the fertiliser prescription equations were developed under IPNS and ready reckoner of fertiliser doses were formulated for desired yield target of maize for a range of soil test values. The quantity of fertilizer nutrients that could be saved due to the application of FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 was assessed to the tune of 40, 20 and 26 kg fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O respectively, when applied along with the NPK fertilizers. The per cent reduction in fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O under IPNS increased with increasing soil available NPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information is considered as a useful commodity for routine life. For anything and everything information is required. Libraries serve as center for providing right information to the right people at all times information seeking is the process of searching for the information from the information resources. It is concerned with the integrated utilization of the three basic sources i.e. People, Information and System. A sample of 592 respondents have been selected on the basis of stratified random sampling method from a population of 2368 users of library, a structured, close-ended questionnaire consisting of 40 questions was used for collection of primary data. The information collected was analyzed using different conventional tools like tables, figures, averages, percentages and chi-square tests were also used. Primary data were entered in SPSS and analyzed. The analysis has been made fewer than four sections. The study discusses the general features of respondents, explains the availability and accessibility of online information by respondents, discusses the utilization of online information, nature of extracting and storing of information and the perception of the respondents regarding existing online information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The transient behavior of many large scale systems is heavily influenced by perturbations and in particular, usually, due to changes in operating points. Load Frequency Control (LFC) in power systems is very important in order to supply reliable electric power with good quality. The goal of LFC is to maintain zero steady state errors for frequency deviations in each control area. Several control strategies, such as classical control, optimal control, suboptimal control, adaptive control, variable structure control etc. have been employed in the past to explore an optimum controller for LFC. In practice LFC systems use simple Proportional Integral (PI) controllers, Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers etc. This paper presents a method based on Type-2 Fuzzy System (T2FS) for Load frequency control (LFC) of power systems including Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) units of a two-area interconnected reheat thermal system. This paper proposes a Type-2 (T2) fuzzy approach for load frequency control of two-area interconnected reheat thermal power system with the consideration of Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), Boiler Dynamics (BD) and SMES. The salient advantage of this controller is its high insensitivity to large load changes and plant parameter variations even in the presence of non-linearities. The proposed method is tested on a two-area power system to illustrate its robust performance with various area load changes. The performance of the Type-2 (T2) fuzzy controller is compared with optimal PID (Khamsum’s optimal PID) controller and Fuzzy PI Controller (Type-1 Fuzzy) controller in the presence of GRC, BD and SMES. Simulation results confirm the high robustness of the proposed SMES controller with small power capacity against various disturbances and system uncertainties in comparison with SMES in the previous research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Field experiments were conducted on a Typic Haplustalf soil of Tamil Nadu by adopting the inductive cum targeted yield model, and fertilizer requirements were quantified for beetroot based on soil test and yield target. The basic parameters [nutrient requirement (NR) and contributions of nutrients from soil (Cs), fertilizer (Cf), and vermicompost (Cvermi)] were computed from the field experimental data. Using these basic parameters, we developed fertilizer prescription equations under the integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS), and nomograms were formulated for the desired yield target of beetroot for a range of soil test values. The quantity of fertilizers that could be contributed by vermicompost at 5 t ha-1 was evaluated as 40, 21, and 30 kg nitrogen (N), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and potassium oxide (K2O), respectively, when applied along with the NPK fertilizers as per soil test and desired yield target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar produced from pyrolysis of plants stocks is a fine-grained charcoal high in organic carbon and largely resistant to decomposition. Biochar creates a recalcitrant soil carbon pool that is carbon-negative, serving as a net withdrawal of atmospheric carbon dioxide stored in highly recalcitrant soil carbon stocks. Biochar-amended soil reduces not only the fertilizer requirements, but also the climate and environmental impact of croplands. Also, it improves a host of soil physical properties. Biochar is a variable charge organic material that has the potential to increase cation exchange capacity and related soil properties. Application of biochar with inorganic fertilizers significantly increases the yields of a number of crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Load Frequency Control (LFC) problem has been a major subject in electrical power system design/operation. LFC is becoming more significant recently with increasing size, changing structure and complexity in interconnected power systems. In practice LFC systems use simple Proportional Integral (PI) controllers. As the PI control parameters are usually tuned, based on classical approaches. Moreover, they have fixed gains; hence are incapable of obtaining good dynamic performance for a wide range of operating conditions and various load changes, in multi-area power system. Literature shows that fuzzy logic controller, one of the most useful approaches, for utilizing expert knowledge, is adaptive in nature and is applied successfully for power system stabilization control. This paper proposes a Type-2 (T2) fuzzy approach for load frequency control of two-area interconnected reheat thermal power system with the consideration of Generation Rate Constraint (GRC). The performance of the Type-2 (T2) controller is compared with conventional controller and Type-1 (T1) fuzzy controller with regard to Generation Rate Constraint (GRC). The system parametric uncertainties are verified by changing parameters by 40% simultaneously from their typical values. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper we introduce intuitionistic fuzzy contra generalized semi-preopen mappings, intuitionistic fuzzy almost contra generalized semi-preopen mappings and intuitionistic fuzzy contra M-generalized semi-preopen mappings. We investigate some of their properties. Also we provide the relation between the intuitionistic fuzzy contra generalized semi-preopen mappings and intuitionistic fuzzy almost contra generalized semi-preopen mappings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the study of intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces. In this paper we introduce the intuitionistic fuzzy contra α-generalized closed maps and intuitionistic fuzzy contra α-generalized open maps. Some of their properties are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Copolymers with various contents of 3-methacryloyloxystyryl-4′-methylphenyl ketone (MSMPK) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were prepared in methyl ethyl ketone solution using benzoyl peroxide as a free radical initiator at 70°C. Characterization of the resulting polymers was done by UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. The copolymer compositions were determined by 1H NMR analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios were calculated using linearization methods such as Finemann–Ross (r 1 =0.9439 and r 2 =0.3656), Kelen–Tüdös (r 1 =0.9726 and r 2 =0.4172), and extended Kelen–Tüdös (r 1 =0.9731 and r 2 =0.4055) methods as well as by a non-linear error-in-variables model (EVM) method using the computer program RREVM (r 1 =0.9043 and r 2 =0.3901). The molecular weights and the polydispersity index of the copolymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The thermal stability of the copolymers solution increases with increase in concentration of MSMPK. Glass transition temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimeter under nitrogen atmosphere. The photoreactivity of the copolymers having pendant chalcone moieties was studied in chloroform. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The ultrasonic velocity ( U ), density (ρ) and viscosity (η) of solutions containing equimolar concentration of four cycloalkanones (cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, cyclooctanone) and Tetrachloroethylene (TCE) in n -hexane solutions have been measured at five different temperatures in the range 293-313 K. Acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), Rao constant (R), absorption coefficient (α/ f 2 ), free energy of activation (Δ G *), internal pressure (π i ), cohesive energy (CE), free volume ( V f ), molecular interaction parameter with respect to ultrasonic velocity ( X u ), density ( X ρ ), and viscosity ( X η ) were calculated from the experimental data. Formation constant ( K ) values of the charge transfer (CT) complexes have been evaluated using a modified Bhat equation. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change (Δ G ), enthalpy change (Δ H ), and entropy change (Δ S ) for the formation of these complexes are computed from the variation of formation constant values with temperature. The stability constants of the charge transfer complexes formed between four cyclicketones and TCE correlate satisfactorily with polarisability (α), and ionization potential (IP) values of the ketones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted on Vertic Ustropept following Ramamoorthy's Inductive cum targeted yield model to elucidate the relationship between soil test values and response of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) to added fertilizers under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS). Nutrient requirement and contribution from soil, fertilizers and FYM were calculated. The percent contribution from soil, fertilizer and FYM were 19.03, 31.30 and 23.14 for N; 20.26, 17.30 and 6.38 for P2O5; 11.08, 62.53 and 30.39 for K2O. Fertilizer prescription equations were developed for ashwagandha and nomograms were formulated based on the equations for a range of soil test values and desired target yield under IPNS. Following IPNS practice (NPK+ FYM @12.5 t ha-1), 40, 24 and 30 kg ha-1 of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O respectively, could be saved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae) commonly known as arugampul, is a perennial grass, forming thick mats by means of stolons and rhizomes. It is bitter, sharp, hot taste, good odour, laxative, brain and heart tonic, emetic, expectorant, carminative and useful against pains, inflammation and tooth ache. In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate Cynodon dactylon protein fraction immunomodulatory activity. Cynodon dactylon protein (Cdpf) was administered intraperitonealy at doses of ED50 to healthy Swiss albino mice. Assessment of immunomodulatory activity was carried out by testing the humoral (antibody titre) and cellular (foot pad swelling) immune responses to the antigenic challenges with sheep RBCs and by neutrophil adhesion test. Intraperitonealy administered Cdpf showed a significant increase of test parameters Viz., neutrophil test, Haemagglutinating Antibody Titre (HAT) and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) response. In mice immunized with sheep RBC, Cdpf enhanced the humoral antibody response to the antigen and significantly potentiated the cellular immunity by facilitating the food pad thickness response to sheep RBC in sensitized mice. There was increase in immunomodulation, there was significant improvement compared to control group and differences were statistically significant in Cdpf, therefore Cynodon dactylon protein fraction promises strong utility in clinical practice as an effective immunostimulant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An insight into the balanced crop nutrition and efficient irrigation will be rewarding to attain profitable bulb yield of shallow-rooted and high nutrient requiring aggregatum onion. To develop fertilizer prescription equations(FPEs) for aggregatum onion under drip fertigation by encompassing the Soil Test Crop Response approach (STCR), a field experiment was conducted in Palaviduthi soil series with 15 treatments viz., Absolute control (T1), Blanket recommendation (60:60:30) + Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @ 12.5 t ha-1(T2), STCR based NPK fertilizer recommendation (STCR-NPK) for the targeted yield of 14 (T3),15 (T4),16 t ha-1 (T5), FYM @ 6.25 (T6), 12.5 t ha-1 (T7), STCR-NPK+FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 for the targeted yield of 14 (T8),15 (T9),16 t ha-1 (T10), Biocompost @ 2.5 (T11), 5 t ha-1 (T12) and STCR-NPK+Biocompost @ 5 t ha-1 for the targeted yield of 14 (T13),15 (T14),16 t ha-1 (T15). The results revealed that T10 was more supercilious than others. The basic parameters were deliberated from the experimental data on total nutrient uptake, initial soil fertility status, applied fertilizer doses. The aggregatum onion (variety CO 4) required 0.43, 0.32, 0.45 Kg of N, P2O5, K2O to produce one quintal of bulb yield. The percent contribution of nutrients from soil and fertilizer was 14.01, 54.57 for N, 35.11,50.50 for P2O5 and 12.69, 70.12 for K2O, respectively. The contribution of N, P2O5, K2O from FYM and biocompost were 41.02, 16.23, 41.53 and 47.98, 15.87, 49.56 percent sequentially. Based on the above parameters, the fertilizer prescription equations were formulated for aggregatum onion under drip fertigation in Palaviduthi soil series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-four red kernel rice genotypes along with two check varieties were evaluated across three different locations of Tamil Nadu viz., Coimbatore, Paiyur and Aduthurai during Kharif 2022 to assess the stability of the genotypes for single plant yield. The AMMI and GGE models were used to study the interaction between the genotypes and the environment in order to select the stable genotypes. Significant differences among the genotypes and the environment revealed the existence of variations among the genotypes and also environmental influence over the genotypes for single plant yield. Considering the overall average single plant yield performances, the genotype Rangoon samba recorded the highest single plant yield over the check varieties, while the genotype Karuthakar had the lowest single plant yield. The genotypes G24 (Thooyala), G25 (Kothamalli samba) and G34 (IG74 Check) recorded higher stable single plant yield across locations. Based on AMMI and GGE stability models, these three genotypes were identified to be highly stable over environments with less G x E interaction and these genotypes can be recommended for cultivation across the environments to obtain a higher single plant yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice grain protein content has many unique activities like hypo-allergenic, anticancer properties etc. which helps in reducing protein energy malnutrition. The knowledge on the magnitude of genetic effects and association of traits helps in identifying desirable superior hybrids to enhance protein content coupled with yield. The experimental material consisted of 30 hybrids generated in full diallel mating design by hybridizing six parents differing in protein content. The promising hybrid combination IG74 / Gandhasala, its reciprocal cross and IG74 / TKM13 exhibited significant standard heterosis over the high protein check IG74 and the crosses TKM13 / CO52, CO52 / Vellai chithiraikar and CO52 / Gandhasala were adjudged as heterotic promising hybrids for the yield when compared with the check CO52. The grain protein content was found to be negatively associated with grain yield but had positive association with thousand grain weight and number of productive tillers per plant. Path analysis indicated that protein content had a negligible direct effect over grain yield and had positive indirect effect through thousand grain weight whereas having negative indirect effect through number of filled grains. Therefore, it is suggested that selection of parents for high test weight would help to identify good genotypes with high grain yield and protein content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title mol­ecule, C15H12BrNO, is approximately planar and the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 9.6 (1)°. The crystal packing reveals that the mol­ecules translated by one unit cell along the a-axis direction are linked into a chain by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions. The screw-related mol­ecules of adjacent chains are linked via N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a sheet-like structure parallel to the ab plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L), one of the widely used spices and herbal medicines, is rich in biologically active compound curcumin. Efficacy of curcumin in treating various diseases has been established through over 1000 published in vivo and in vitro studies. Curcumin content is reported to vary between accessions and subject to agro-climatic conditions, and the reasons are unexplored. Gaining an understanding on the molecular mechanism underlying curcumin biosynthesis will help in improving its content and maintaining stability under all conditions of cultivation. To investigate the genes involved in curcuminoid biosynthesis, we used Illumina sequencing platform and generated a substantial amount of expressed sequence tag (EST) dataset from two species viz., C. longa and its wild relative Curcuma aromatica Salisb. contrasting in curcumin content. The data reads of Illumina sequencing have been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive under BioProject ID PRJNA270561 and PRJNA277549 for C. longa and C. aromatica, respectively. De novo assembly produced a total of 99,482 and 104,514 contigs with an average length of 367 and 359 bp for C. longa and C. aromatica, respectively. The transcripts were assembled by BLAST similarity searches and annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthology identifiers. Bioinformatics analysis using BLASTX revealed that both the transcriptomes contained all the ten genes putatively involved in curcuminoid biosynthesis. Two novel polyketide synthase genes showing similarity to that of Musa accuminata ( clpks1 and clpks2) were found to be upregulated in C. longa in comparison with C. aromatica. Transcription factors with putative roles in phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway were also reported for the first time in Curcuma spp. We also identified 5488 and 5620 putative simple sequence repeats (SSRs) for C. longa and C. aromatica, respectively. By using the assemblies as reference, 190 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for C. longa and 108 SNPs for C. aromatica in the candidate genes of curcuminoid biosynthetic pathway were identified. We could also detect 68 and 64 transcripts as microRNA (miRNA) targets from C. longa and C. aromatica, respectively. This study generated an extensive transcriptome data of C. longa and C. aromatica using deep sequencing. The candidate genes for enzymes involved in curcuminoid biosynthesis were identified from both the species. Differentially expressed genes, novel polyketide synthases, transcription factors, SSRs, SNPs and miRNA targets were identified from the transcriptomes. These EST sequences are a valuable public information platform for functional studies in turmeric and form a rich resource for studies on marker development and turmeric breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste has become a global issue and a threat to the ecosystem. The present study isolated polyurethane (PU) degrading bacterial species from soil dumped with plastic wastes. Four bacterial isolates, RS1, RS6, RS9 and RS13 were obtained and their ability to degrade PU in a synthetic medium with PU as a sole source of carbon was assessed individually. After thirty days of incubation, the highest PU weight loss of 67.36 ± 0.32% was recorded in the medium containing RS13 isolate. The results of FTIR revealed the occurrence of carbonyl peaks. The putative isolate RS13 confirmed with the genus Moraxella according to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the isolate was specified as Moraxella catarrhalis strain BMPPS3. The restriction analysis of Moraxella catarrhalis strain BMPPS3 revealed that the GCAT content to 51% and 49% correspondingly. Moraxella catarrhalis strain BMPPS3 was able to colonize on PU surface and form a biofilm as revealed by SEM investigation. Fatty acids and alkanes were found to be the degradation products by GC-MS analysis. The presence of these metabolites facilitated the growth of strain RS13 and suggested that ester hydrolysis products had been mineralized into CO 2 and H 2 O. Extracellular biosurfactant synthesis has also been found in Moraxella catarrhalis strain BMPPS13 inoculated with synthetic media and mineral salt media containing PU and glucose as carbon sources, respectively with a significant level of cell-surface hydrophobicity (32%). The production and activity of extracellular esterase showed consistent increase from day 1–15 which peaked (1.029 mM/min/mg) on day 24 significantly at P < 0.001. Crude biosurfactants were lipopeptide-based, according to the characteristic investigation. According to this study findings, Moraxella catarrhalis produces biosurfactants of the esterase, urethanase and lipase (lipopeptide) types when carbon source PU is present. [Display omitted] • The quality of the ecology and human health are severely impacted by PU microplastics. • M. catarrhalis strain BMPPS3 utilized PU as evidenced by GCMS, FTIR and SEM analyses. • Biofilm formation and structural deformation were outcomes of biodegradation. • Esterase, lipase and urethanase activities in M. catarrhalis were elevated by PU microplastics. • Produced biosurfactants show potential for enhanced oil recovery and plastic removal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a major constraint throughout the world, and it creates a major yield loss by changing the plant metabolic process. However, the negative effects of drought on plant growth and development were alleviated by using plant growth-promoting bacteria. With these backgrounds, the study was conducted to identify the drought-tolerant endophytic bacteria and to know their plant growth promotion (PGP) effect on sorghum plants under drought conditions. From sorghum root, Acinetobacter pittii, Bacillus lichiniformis, Bacillus sp., Pseudacidovorax intermedius, and Acinetobacter baumannii strains were isolated and identified through 16S rRNA sequencing. These strains had higher levels of proline, protein, exopolysaccharides (EPS), 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), and gibberellic acid (GA). An experiment was carried out in the laboratory to evaluate the effects of three drought-tolerant strains, A. pittii, Bacillus sp., and P. intermedius, on the growth of sorghum seedlings. Whereas root length (RL), shoot length (SL), seedling vigor index (SVI), and total dry matter production (TDM) were more in the Bacillus sp., and P. intermedius inoculated plants in both stress and non-stress condition. Principle component analysis revealed that Bacillus sp. and P. intermedius improved the growth characteristics and protect the seedling from water stress situations. A correlation study between the variables showed a positive significant correlation between all variables except root: shoot ratio (RSR) and SL. Variable RSR was not significantly correlated with GP, GRI, and SL; SVI and TDM showed a non-significant correlation with RSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]