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The Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO, Spanish Institute of Oceanography) has maintained different monitoring programs in the Spanish Mediterranean waters (Western Mediterranean) since 1992. All these monitoring programs were unified in 2007 under the current program RADMED (series temporales de datos oceanográficos en el Mediterráneo), which is devoted to the in situ multidisciplinary sampling of the water column of coastal and open-sea waters by means of periodic oceanographic campaigns. These campaigns, together with a network of tide-gauges, are part of the IEO Observing system (IEOOS). In some cases, the temperature and salinity time series collected in the frame of these monitoring programs are now more than 30 years long, whereas sea level time series date to the beginning of the 1940s. This information has been complemented with international databases and has been analyzed in numerous works by the Grupo mediterráneo de Cambio Climático (GCC; Mediterranean Climate Change Group) for more than 20 years. These works have been devoted to the detection and quantification of the changes that climate change is producing on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the Spanish Mediterranean waters. In this work, we review the results obtained by the GCC since 2005 in relation to the changes in the physical properties of the sea: water column temperature, salinity, and density, heat content, mixed layer depth, and sea level. Time series and results are updated from the last works, and the reliability of the existing time series for the detection of climatologies and long-term trends are analyzed. Furthermore, the different sources of uncertainty in the estimation of linear trends are considered in the present work. Besides this review and update of the results obtained from the data collected in the frame of the IEOOS, we conduct a review of the existing monitoring capabilities from other institutions in the Spanish Mediterranean waters and a review of results dealing with climate change in the Spanish Mediterranean obtained by such institutions. In particular, we include a review of the results obtained by SOCIB (Servicio de Observación y Predicción Costero de las Islas Baleares; Balearic Islands costal observing and forecasting system) in relation to the study of marine heat waves and the warming of the sea surface, and the results corresponding to the intense warming of the Catalan continental shelf at L’Estartit oceanographic station. All these results evidence that the surface Spanish Mediterranean waters are warming up at a rate higher than that affecting the global ocean (>2 °C/100 years). This warming and a salinity increase are also observed along the whole water column. Marine heat waves are increasing their intensity, frequency, and duration since 1982, and coastal sea level is increasing at a rate of 2.5 mm/yr. The salinity increase seems to have compensated for the warming, at least at surface and intermediate waters where no significant trends have been detected for the density. This could also be the reason for the lack of significant trends in the evolution of the mixed layer depth. All these results highlight the importance of monitoring the water column and the necessity of maintaining in situ sampling programs, which are essential for the study of changes that are occurring throughout the Spanish Mediterranean waters.

ASLO 2021 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, 22–27 June, Virtual, The spectrophotometric methodology to determine carbonate ion concentration in seawater was first published in 2008 and has been continuously evolving in terms of reagents and formulations. Although being fast, relatively simple and affordable, it is not widely used in the ocean acidification community neither in time-series observations nor for experimentation. This study uses a merged dataset, from 2009 to 2020, with overdetermined CO2 measurements to assess the evolution of the methodology for carbonate ion determination through CO2 system internal consistency analysis and discussion of uncertainty sources. Overall results show that the inconsistencies observed compromise the consistency of datasets between regions and throughout time, pointing to the need for a validated standard operational procedure similar to those proposed for the other CO2 parameters

Introducción – La mortalidad materna continúa siendo actualmente un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. La inmensa mayoría de los fallecimientos relacionados con el embarazo ocurren en los países más desfavorecidos. Aunque la tasa de mortalidad materna en los países desarrollados se mantiene estable, la morbilidad materna grave está experimentando un notable ascenso. La Organización Mundial de la Salud propone herramientas para identificar los casos de situaciones críticas próximas a la muerte materna o Maternal Near-Miss (MNM). Varios autores consideran el ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) como un buen indicador de la incidencia de morbimortalidad materna.Objetivo – Determinar la incidencia y las características de las pacientes obstétricas ingresadas en la UCI en un hospital terciario de España para identificar estrategias clave en la prevención, diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento de complicaciones críticas en el embarazo, parto y puerperio.Material y métodos – Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y observacional en el que se incluyeron un total 22.699 gestantes controladas en el Área III de Salud de Aragón entre julio de 2009 y diciembre de 2019, estudiando aquellas que habían requerido ingreso en UCI durante el embarazo o el postparto. Se analizaron distintas variables relacionadas con las características maternas y perinatales, así como aspectos del embarazo, parto, puerperio y estancia hospitalaria.Resultados – Del total de las gestantes, se registraron 124 admisiones en UCI y tres muertes maternas en esta unidad. Los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo y la hemorragia obstétrica fueron los principales motivos de ingreso. La edad materna avanzada, índice de masa corporal elevado, patología médica previa o durante la gestación y el parto por cesárea fueron identificados como factores de riesgo. La influencia de los estados críticos de las madres en sus hijos determinó que más de la mitad de los neonatos tuvieran que ingresar también en UCI.Conclusión – Las características de la población obstétrica están cambiando en los últimos años. La identificación de los casos MNM basados en el ingreso en UCI, así como el estudio de los factores de riesgo que conducen a ello y de las enfermedades subyacentes, pueden ayudar a identificar un subgrupo de gestantes en el que poder establecer unas medidas de prevención adecuadas.Palabras clave: morbilidad materna severa; complicaciones críticas; unidad de cuidados intensivos; factores de riesgo; mortalidad materna.

ATLAS 4th General Assembly 2019, 1-4 April, High quality and fine vertical scale CO2 and ancillary measurements above the bottom are provided over four vulnerable ecosystem areas holding cold water corals and other sensitive organisms. Hydrographic and inorganic biogeochemical measurements were conducted during the MEDWAVES cruise (RV Sarmiento de Gamboa, September 2016) following the path of Mediterranean Sea Water, from inside this marginal sea (Seco de los Olivos) to specific seamounts in the Eastern North Atlantic (Gazul in the Gulf of Cadiz, Ormonde in the Gorringe Bank and Formigas near the Azores Islands). Our measurements reveal the distinct biogeochemical MW signature over the seamount bottom, both in oxygen (low) and inorganic nutrients (high), but also in CO2 variables, high alkalinity, high in situ pH and aragonite and calcite saturation. Given the anthropogenic carbon accumulation rate in the Eastern North Atlantic we predict near future chemical conditions, which would be completely mistaken if coarser scale data from climatologies or publicly available data bases as GLODAPv2 are inspected. Neural Network analysis to predict CO2 conditions is a better option, conditioned by the availability of fine scale ancillary data over the vulnerable areas. A compilation of fine scale measurements over the bottom of sensitive areas is clearly needed

Trabajo presentado a la 6th International Conference on Food Digestion (ICFD), celebrada en Granada (España) del 2 al 4 de abril de 2019., [Introduction]: The bioaccesibility of carotenoids in foods is influenced by aspects related to the foods and by analytical factors (extraction and saponification methods, in vitro digestion protocols, etc)., [Objective]: To assess bioaccesibility of carotenoids in orange (Citrus sinensis, L.) using the protocols proposed by the COST Infogest network (Minekus et al., 2014, Alminger et al., 2014) slightly modified., [Methodology]: Carotenoid analysis content and in vitro digestion were performed in fresh oranges. 5 or 20 g samples were weighed for in vitro digestion and the same for carotenoid analysis. In vitro digestion based on the standardized static in vitro digestion model proposed by COST. Phases: oral, gastric and small intestinal followed by separation of the supernatant. Two different protocols: Protocol 1: 5 homogenized sample (5g) was mixed with the reagents specified in the COST plus cholesterol esterase (Granado-Lorencio et al., 2007). Time for each phase: 2 min, 2 h and 2 h, respectively. After the digestion, centrifugation at 10000g for 10 min was carried up. Protocol 2: Similar to protocol 1 but 20 g of sample was used, gastric phase was shorted to 1 h. and centrifugation was performed at 20000g for 5 min., [Main findings]: The weight of the homogenized sample was increased for an improved identification/quantification of carotenoids. In previous centrifugation assays in kiwis (Actinidia deliciosa), bioaccesibility was: 8.9% (5000g, 20 min), 10%, 6.4%, 5.1% (10000g, 5,10 and 20 min, respectively) and 16.6% (20000g, 5 min). Bioaccesibility of B-cryptoxanthin in orange: 1.1 % and 47.1 % (protocols 1 and 2, respectively)., [Conclusion]: A precise protocol to estimate bioaccesibility of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables should include precise information on the centrifugation step (to get fraction containing the micellized carotenoids) and the period of time for the gastric phase., Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grants PS09/00681, PI16/01991)(Co-funded by ERDF/ESF)

Resumen del trabajo presentado a la II Reunión Nacional sobre CAROTENOIDES en Microorganismos, Plantas, Alimentación y Salud, celebrada en la Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC) el 7 y 8 de noviembre de 2019., Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) accumulate in retina (macular pigment). Their adequate status (serum concentrations, macular pigment optical density [MPOD]) is associated with a lower risk of age-related macular degeneration. The MPOD showed age-specific correlations with the L and Z intake and serum concentrations (1), showing strongest correlations in older vs younger adults (1,2). Aim: to assess the L and Z dietary intake and status biomarkers (serum concentrations and MPOD), the correlations among them and with the visual function (contrast sensitivity) (preliminary data are shown). Methods and subjects: L and Z concentrations were analyzed in serum, dietary intake and MPOD in subjects aged 45-65y (n=155). Inclusion criteria: cholesterolemia (, Research funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grants PS09/00681 and PI16/01991), co-funded by ERDF/European Social Fund.

185 pages, Multidisciplinary time series generated by the monitoring programs supported by the Spanish Institute for Oceanography (IEO, Instituto Español de Oceanografía) in the Spanish Mediterranean Waters are analyzed. These time series extend from 1992 in some cases, whereas in others they started in 2007 when the different monitoring programs funded by IEO were merged in the current project RADMED. These time series are used to describe the average values and ranges of variability of different variables that could be useful for describing the environmental state of the Spanish Mediterranean waters. Such analyses and statistics are provided as tables that could be used as a reference for future research work or for management purposes.Data from the IEO monitoring programs are complemented with meteorological information from the Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología), satellite data from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency) and l’Estartit oceanographic and meteorological station, operated by Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM/CSIC).Besides the description of the current environmental state of the Spanish Mediterranean marine ecosystems, an analysis of long term trends is carried out, assessing the possible changes associated to Climate Change

Trabajo presentado a la 3rd Edition of Young Bachelor and Master Biosciences European Students Biocongress

This work shows The Lotka-Volterra systems like a continuation of the diferential equations studies we have seen in the subjects “AED” and “EDP”. We concentrate on the analysis of the global stability of Lotka-Volterra systems. Once the existence and uniqueness of solutions for these systems is proved, we develop sufficient condition for the associated adjacency matrix to assure the existence of a unique global stable stationary solutions. Finally, we study Lotka-Volterra mutualism models associated to complex networks in Ecology, for which our previous results hold. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Matemáticas

Los carotenoides son compuestos especiales; si bien es común referirse a ellos como pigmentos, lo cierto es que son compuestos de gran versatilidad e importancia en la naturaleza. Más específicamente, son de gran interés en agroalimentación y salud. Así, por ejemplo, son pigmentos naturales y por lo tanto tienen un importante papel en la elección de alimentos por parte de los consumidores. Asimismo, algunos de ellos son precursores de la vitamina A. Sin embargo, que cada vez exista más interés en los carotenoides en este contexto se debe en gran parte a muchos estudios de distinta naturaleza que indican que pueden proporcionar beneficios para la salud. Su interés en alimentación funcional es por lo tanto indudable. En este libro se refleja la experiencia en carotenoides de un gran número de profesionales de la región iberoamericana. En conjunto, se ofrece una visión general de la investigación sobre estos compuestos en agroalimentación y salud. Los autores son miembros de la red ibercarot (http://carotenoides.us.es), que tiene entre sus objetivos conformar una red estable y funcional de profesionales que aúnen esfuerzos en pos de identificar nuevas fuentes de carotenoides de interés nutricional, mejorar su producción y aumentar el valor de los productos que los contengan. Me gustaría agradecer a todas y cada una de las personas que han contribuido de una u otra forma a que este libro sea una realidad. Todos esperamos que sea de ayuda para personas interesadas en los temas desarrollados. Gracias especialmente al Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (Cyted, http:// www.cyted.org/) que, con su apoyo económico a la red ibercarot, ha hecho posible que varias decenas de equipos interaccionen en torno a temas de interés común para contribuir al desarrollo a distintos niveles de la región iberoamericana., RED TEMÁTICA IBERCAROT (referencia 112RT445) http://carotenoides.us.es PROGRAMA IBEROAMERICANO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA PARA EL DESARROLLO – CYTED