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12. An algorithm for the diagnosis and management of IgE‐mediated food allergy, 2024 update.

Author

Santos, Alexandra F., Riggioni, Carmen, Du Toit, George, and Skypala, Isabel

Subjects
*ALLERGY desensitization, *MILK allergy, *FOOD allergy, *MEDICAL research, *ALLERGIES, *MEDICAL care, *GOAT milk, *BABY foods
Abstract

The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) has released updated clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of IgE-mediated food allergy. The guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for clinicians treating patients with suspected food allergies. The guidelines emphasize the importance of a detailed clinical history, including dietary history, in reaching an accurate diagnosis. They also outline various diagnostic tests, such as skin prick tests and specific IgE tests, and recommend oral food challenges when necessary. The guidelines also address management strategies, including dietary advice, treatment plans for allergic reactions, and the potential use of immunomodulatory treatments. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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13. Granulocytes and mast cells in AllergoOncology—Bridging allergy to cancer: An EAACI position paper.

Author

Pascal, Mariona, Bax, Heather J., Bergmann, Christoph, Bianchini, Rodolfo, Castells, Mariana, Chauhan, Jitesh, De las Vecillas, Leticia, Hartmann, Karin, Álvarez, Elena Izquierdo, Jappe, Uta, Jimenez‐Rodriguez, Teodorikez‐Wilfox, Knol, Edward, Levi‐Schaffer, Francesca, Mayorga, Cristobalina, Poli, Aurélie, Redegeld, Frank, Santos, Alexandra F., Jensen‐Jarolim, Erika, and Karagiannis, Sophia N.

Subjects
MAST cells, CELL populations, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS, GRANULOCYTES
Abstract

Derived from the myeloid lineage, granulocytes, including basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils, along with mast cells, play important, often disparate, roles across the allergic disease spectrum. While these cells and their mediators are commonly associated with allergic inflammation, they also exhibit several functions either promoting or restricting tumor growth. In this Position Paper we discuss common granulocyte and mast cell features relating to immunomodulatory functions in allergy and in cancer. We highlight key mechanisms which may inform cancer treatment and propose pertinent areas for future research. We suggest areas where understanding the communication between granulocytes, mast cells, and the tumor microenvironment, will be crucial for identifying immune mechanisms that may be harnessed to counteract tumor development. For example, a comprehensive understanding of allergic and immune factors driving distinct neutrophil states and those mechanisms that link mast cells with immunotherapy resistance, might enable targeted manipulation of specific subpopulations, leading to precision immunotherapy in cancer. We recommend specific areas of investigation in AllergoOncology and knowledge exchange across disease contexts to uncover pertinent reciprocal functions in allergy and cancer and allow therapeutic manipulation of these powerful cell populations. These will help address the unmet needs in stratifying and managing patients with allergic diseases and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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14. Immunotherapy and biologics in the management of IgE‐mediated food allergy: Systematic review and meta‐analyses of efficacy and safety.

Author

Riggioni, Carmen, Oton, Teresa, Carmona, Loreto, Du Toit, George, Skypala, Isabel, and Santos, Alexandra F.

Subjects
FOOD allergy, PEANUT allergy, MEDICAL protocols, GASTROINTESTINAL system, QUALITY of life, MILK allergy
Abstract

Food allergy (FA) is a potentially life‐threatening chronic condition that is becoming an increasing public health problem worldwide. This systematic review (SR) was carried out to inform the development of clinical recommendations on the treatment of IgE‐mediated FA with biologics and/or IT for the update of the EAACI guidelines. A SR of randomized‐controlled trials or quasi‐controlled trials was carried out. Studies were identified via comprehensive search strategies in Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library, up to April 2022. Population: Human adults, children, and adolescents with IgE‐mediated FA. Intervention: IT and/or biologics. Comparator: Placebo or standard‐of‐care (allergen avoidance). Outcome: Efficacy (desensitization, sustained unresponsiveness (SU), remission), quality of life, and safety (systemic and local adverse reactions (AR)). The Cochrane RoB tool was used to assess the risk of bias. It was reported according to PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO CRD4202229828. After screening, 121 studies were included (111 for IT and 10 for biologics). Most studies had a high risk of bias and showed high heterogeneity in design and results. Metanalysis showed a positive effect of biologics and IT in terms of relative risk (RR) for achieving tolerance to the culprit food compared to avoidance or placebo. Omalizumab for any FA showed a RR of 2.17 [95% confidence interval: 1.22, 3.85]. For peanut allergy, oral IT (OIT) had a RR of 11.94 [1.76, 80.84] versus avoidance or placebo, sublingual IT (SLIT) had a RR of 3.00 [1.04, 8.66], and epicutaneous IT (EPIT) of 2.16 [1.56, 3.00]. OIT had a RR of 5.88 [2.27, 15.18] for cow's milk allergy, and of 3.43 [2.24, 5.27] for egg allergy. There was insufficient data on SLIT or EPIT for the treatment of egg and milk allergies. Most ARs reported were mild. For OIT the most common AR involved the gastrointestinal system and for EPIT, AR's most commonly affected the skin. There was limited data on severe or life‐threatening ARs. There was limited evidence for long term efficacy and quality of life. In conclusion, biologics and IT, alone or in combination, are effective in achieving desensitization while on active treatment but more evidence is needed on long‐term tolerance as current evidence is not of high quality. Adverse events while on therapy are generally mild to moderate but a long‐term comprehensive safety profile is missing. There is a critical need to optimize and standardize desensitization protocols and outcome measures to facilitate our understanding of the efficacy and safety as well as to allow for comparison between interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. BAT and MAT for diagnosis of peanut allergy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Author

Piletta‐Zanin, Alexandre, Ricci, Christian, Santos, Alexandra F., and Eigenmann, Philippe A.

Subjects
PEANUT allergy, FOOD allergy, BATS, MAST cells, DIAGNOSIS, SENSITIVITY & specificity (Statistics)
Abstract

Basophil activation test (BAT) or the mast cell activation test (MAT) are two in vitro tests that are currently being studied in food allergy as diagnostic tools as an alternative to oral food challenges (OFCs). We conducted a meta‐analysis on BAT and MAT, assessing their specificity and sensitivity in diagnosing peanut allergy. Six databases were searched for studies on patients suspected of having peanut allergy. Studies using BAT or MAT to peanut extract and/or component as diagnostic tools with results given in percentage of CD63 activation were included in this meta‐analysis. Study quality was evaluated with the QUADAS‐2 tool. On the 11 studies identified, eight focused exclusively on children, while three included a mixed population of adults and children. Only one study provided data on MAT, precluding us from conducting a statistical analysis. The diagnostic accuracy of BAT was higher when stimulated with peanut extract rather than Ara h 2 with a pooled specificity of 96% (95% CI: 0.89–0.98) and sensitivity of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74–0.93). The sensitivity and specificity of BATs in discriminating between allergic and sensitized patients were studied as well, with pooled analysis revealing a sensitivity of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74; 0.93) and a specificity of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.98). BATs, when stimulated with peanut extracts, exhibit a satisfactory sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of peanut allergy and can help to discriminate between allergic individuals and those only sensitized to peanuts. More investigations on the potential for MATs diagnostic methods are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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26. Partial egg consumption modifies the diagnostic performance of allergy tests to predict outcome of double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges to egg

Author

Marques-Mejias, Andreina, primary, Radulovic, Suzana, additional, Foong, Ru-Xin, additional, Bartha, Irene, additional, Krawiec, Marta, additional, Kwok, Matthew, additional, Jama, Zainab, additional, Harrison, Faye, additional, Ricci, Cristian, additional, Lack, Gideon, additional, Du Toit, George, additional, and Santos, Alexandra F., additional

Published
2023
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28. Systematic review and meta‐analyses on the accuracy of diagnostic tests for IgE‐mediated food allergy

Author

Riggioni, Carmen, primary, Ricci, Cristian, additional, Moya, Beatriz, additional, Wong, Dominic, additional, van Goor, Evi, additional, Bartha, Irene, additional, Buyuktiryaki, Betul, additional, Giovannini, Mattia, additional, Jayasinghe, Sashini, additional, Jaumdally, Hannah, additional, Marques‐Mejias, Andreina, additional, Piletta‐Zanin, Alexandre, additional, Berbenyuk, Anna, additional, Andreeva, Margarita, additional, Levina, Daria, additional, Iakovleva, Ekaterina, additional, Roberts, Graham, additional, Chu, Derek, additional, Peters, Rachel, additional, du Toit, George, additional, Skypala, Isabel, additional, and Santos, Alexandra F., additional

Published
2023
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30. Randomized Trial of Peanut Consumption in Infants at Risk for Peanut Allergy

Author

Du Toit, George, Roberts, Graham, Sayre, Peter H, Bahnson, Henry T, Radulovic, Suzana, Santos, Alexandra F, Brough, Helen A, Phippard, Deborah, Basting, Monica, Feeney, Mary, Turcanu, Victor, Sever, Michelle L, Gomez Lorenzo, Margarita, Plaut, Marshall, and Lack, Gideon

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Prevention, Nutrition, Foodborne Illness, Food Allergies, Pediatric, 3.1 Primary prevention interventions to modify behaviours or promote wellbeing, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Inflammatory and immune system, Good Health and Well Being, Arachis, Chi-Square Distribution, Diet, Eczema, Egg Hypersensitivity, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin E, Immunoglobulin G, Infant, Intention to Treat Analysis, Male, Peanut Hypersensitivity, Prevalence, Risk, Skin Tests, LEAP Study Team, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

BackgroundThe prevalence of peanut allergy among children in Western countries has doubled in the past 10 years, and peanut allergy is becoming apparent in Africa and Asia. We evaluated strategies of peanut consumption and avoidance to determine which strategy is most effective in preventing the development of peanut allergy in infants at high risk for the allergy.MethodsWe randomly assigned 640 infants with severe eczema, egg allergy, or both to consume or avoid peanuts until 60 months of age. Participants, who were at least 4 months but younger than 11 months of age at randomization, were assigned to separate study cohorts on the basis of preexisting sensitivity to peanut extract, which was determined with the use of a skin-prick test--one consisting of participants with no measurable wheal after testing and the other consisting of those with a wheal measuring 1 to 4 mm in diameter. The primary outcome, which was assessed independently in each cohort, was the proportion of participants with peanut allergy at 60 months of age.ResultsAmong the 530 infants in the intention-to-treat population who initially had negative results on the skin-prick test, the prevalence of peanut allergy at 60 months of age was 13.7% in the avoidance group and 1.9% in the consumption group (P

Published
2015

31. Basophil activation test as predictor of severity and threshold of allergic reactions to egg.

Author

Radulovic, Suzana, Foong, Ru‐Xin, Bartha, Irene, Marques‐Mejias, Andreina, Krawiec, Marta, Kwok, Matthew, Jama, Zainab, Harrison, Faye, Ricci, Cristian, Lack, Gideon, Du Toit, George, and Santos, Alexandra F.

Subjects
ALLERGIES, ACTIVATION energy, FOOD allergy, BASOPHILS, SKIN tests
Abstract

Background: Identifying patients at risk of severe allergic reactions and/or low threshold of reactivity is very important, particularly for staple foods like egg. Methods: One hundred and fifty children underwent double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) to baked egg (BE), skin prick testing and blood collection for serology and basophil activation test (BAT). Patients who passed BE DBPCFC underwent loosely cooked egg (LCE) DBPCFC. Severity of allergic reactions was classified following Practall guidelines and threshold dose was determined during DBPCFC. Results: Sixty out of 150 (40%) children reacted to BE and 16 out of 77 (21%) to LCE on DBPCFC. Considering DBPCFC to BE, 23 children (38%) had severe reactions and 33 (55%) reacted to 0.13 g or less of egg protein (low threshold group). Two children (2 out of 16 = 12%) had severe reactions to LCE. Demographic, clinical and most immunological features were not significantly different between severe/non‐severe BE reactors or low/high threshold groups. Severe BE reactors had higher ovomucoid‐sIgE (p =.009) and higher BAT to BE (p =.001). Patients with lower threshold to BE had higher IgE‐specific activity (p =.027) and BAT to egg (p =.007) but lower severity score (p =.008). Optimal cut‐offs for ovomucoid‐sIgE had 100% sensitivity, 35% specificity and 60% accuracy and for BAT 76% sensitivity, 74% specificity and 75% accuracy to identify BE severe reactors. Optimal cut‐offs for specific activity had 70% sensitivity, 68% specificity and 69% accuracy and for BAT 70% sensitivity, 72% specificity and 71% accuracy to identify low threshold patients. Conclusions: BAT was the best biomarker to predict severity and threshold of allergic reactions to BE and can be useful when making decisions about management of egg allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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32. EAACI guidelines on the diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy

Author

Santos, Alexandra F., primary, Riggioni, Carmen, additional, Agache, Ioana, additional, Akdis, Cezmi A., additional, Akdis, Mubeccel, additional, Alvarez‐Perea, Alberto, additional, Alvaro‐Lozano, Montserrat, additional, Ballmer‐Weber, Barbara, additional, Barni, Simona, additional, Beyer, Kirsten, additional, Bindslev‐Jensen, Carsten, additional, Brough, Helen A., additional, Buyuktiryaki, Betul, additional, Chu, Derek, additional, Del Giacco, Stefano, additional, Dunn‐Galvin, Audrey, additional, Eberlein, Bernadette, additional, Ebisawa, Motohiro, additional, Eigenmann, Philippe, additional, Eiwegger, Thomas, additional, Feeney, Mary, additional, Fernandez‐Rivas, Montserrat, additional, Fisher, Helen R., additional, Fleischer, David M., additional, Giovannini, Mattia, additional, Gray, Claudia, additional, Hoffmann‐Sommergruber, Karin, additional, Halken, Susanne, additional, Hourihane, Jonathan O’B., additional, Jones, Christina J., additional, Jutel, Marek, additional, Knol, Edward, additional, Konstantinou, George N., additional, Lack, Gideon, additional, Lau, Susanne, additional, Marques Mejias, Andreina, additional, Marchisotto, Mary Jane, additional, Meyer, Rosan, additional, Mortz, Charlotte G., additional, Moya, Beatriz, additional, Muraro, Antonella, additional, Nilsson, Caroline, additional, Lopes de Oliveira, Lucila Camargo, additional, O’Mahony, Liam, additional, Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G., additional, Perrett, Kirsten, additional, Peters, Rachel L., additional, Podesta, Marcia, additional, Poulsen, Lars K., additional, Roberts, Graham, additional, Sampson, Hugh A., additional, Schwarze, Jürgen, additional, Smith, Peter, additional, Tham, Elizabeth Huiwen, additional, Untersmayr, Eva, additional, Van Ree, Ronald, additional, Venter, Carina, additional, Vickery, Brian P., additional, Vlieg‐Boerstra, Berber, additional, Werfel, Thomas, additional, Worm, Margitta, additional, Du Toit, George, additional, and Skypala, Isabel, additional

Published
2023
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33. Mentoring as the cornerstone of continued education in Allergy and Clinical Immunology: 10th anniversary of the EAACI mentorship program

Author

Giovannini, Mattia, primary, Beken, Burcin, additional, Agache, Ioana, additional, Akdis, Cezmi A., additional, Carvalho, Daniela, additional, Chivato, Tomas, additional, Comberiati, Pasquale, additional, De las Vecillas, Leticia, additional, Eguiluz‐Gracia, Ibon, additional, Heffler, Enrico, additional, Jutel, Marek, additional, Eyice Karabacak, Deniz, additional, Kolkhir, Pavel, additional, Moya, Beatriz, additional, Ollert, Markus, additional, O'Neil, Serena, additional, Santos, Alexandra F., additional, Schwarze, Jurgen, additional, Skevaki, Chrysanthi, additional, Sokolowska, Milena, additional, Tsilochristou, Olympia, additional, van Wijk, Roy Gerth, additional, del Giacco, Stefano, additional, and Riggioni, Carmen, additional

Published
2023
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34. Basophil activation test as predictor of severity and threshold of allergic reactions to egg

Author

Radulovic, Suzana, primary, Foong, Ru‐Xin, additional, Bartha, Irene, additional, Marques‐Mejias, Andreina, additional, Krawiec, Marta, additional, Kwok, Matthew, additional, Jama, Zainab, additional, Harrison, Faye, additional, Ricci, Cristian, additional, Lack, Gideon, additional, Du Toit, George, additional, and Santos, Alexandra F., additional

Published
2023
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36. Reply to the correspondence on "Basophil activation test as predictor of severity and threshold of allergic reactions to egg".

Author

Santos, Alexandra F., Antoneria, Grammatiki, Jama, Zainab, Ilangovan, Jana, and Houghton, Vikki

Subjects
*BASOPHILS, *ACTIVATION energy, *ALLERGIES, *FOOD allergy, *EGGS, *PEANUT allergy
Abstract

This article is a response to a correspondence regarding the basophil activation test (BAT) as a predictor of severity and threshold of allergic reactions to egg. The authors address the challenges and discrepancies associated with BAT, including the measurement of basophil activation using CD63 and CD203c. They discuss the definition of non-responders based on these markers and the implications for diagnostic analyses. The authors also highlight the reliability and reproducibility of BAT, as well as the inclusion of non-responder basophils in diagnostic utility analyses. The study was funded by various organizations, and the authors disclose potential conflicts of interest. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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39. Current transition management of adolescents and young adults with allergy and asthma: a European survey

Author

Khaleva, Ekaterina, Vazquez-Ortiz, Marta, Comberiati, Pasquale, DunnGalvin, Audrey, Pite, Helena, Blumchen, Katharina, Garriga-Baraut, Teresa, Hox, Valerie, Santos, Alexandra F., Gore, Claudia, Knibb, Rebecca C., Alviani, Cherry, Mortz, Charlotte G., Angier, Elizabeth, Duca, Bettina, Jensen, Britt, Sanchez-Garcia, Silvia, Gowland, M. Hazel, Timmermans, Frans, Pfaar, Oliver, and Roberts, Graham

Published
2020
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41. Mentoring as the cornerstone of continued education in Allergy and Clinical Immunology: 10th anniversary of the EAACI mentorship program.

Author

Giovannini, Mattia, Beken, Burcin, Agache, Ioana, Akdis, Cezmi A., Carvalho, Daniela, Chivato, Tomas, Comberiati, Pasquale, De las Vecillas, Leticia, Eguiluz‐Gracia, Ibon, Heffler, Enrico, Jutel, Marek, Eyice Karabacak, Deniz, Kolkhir, Pavel, Moya, Beatriz, Ollert, Markus, O'Neil, Serena, Santos, Alexandra F., Schwarze, Jurgen, Skevaki, Chrysanthi, and Sokolowska, Milena

Subjects
CLINICAL immunology, MEDICAL personnel, MENTORING, CLINICAL education, ALLERGIES
Abstract

The prevalence and complexity of allergic diseases have increased in recent decades, leading to a significant burden for patients and their families. However, training in Allergy and Clinical Immunology (ACI) varies worldwide, with significant heterogeneity between countries. This variability may limit the number of healthcare professionals and researchers undergoing ACI training in the future. To address this, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) has developed a mentorship program to support young professionals in enhancing their skills and network. The program has been successful and may serve as a model for other scientific organizations in the ACI field. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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42. Executive summary of the EAACI guidelines on diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy.

Author

Santos, Alexandra F., Riggioni, Carmen, Halken, Susanne, Muraro, Antonella, Akdis, Cezmi A., Roberts, Graham, Du Toit, George, and Skypala, Isabel

Subjects
*FOOD allergy, *SKIN tests, *DIAGNOSIS methods, *PEANUT allergy, *DIAGNOSIS, *BASOPHILS
Abstract

The article provides an executive summary of the EAACI guidelines on the diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy. The guidelines were developed by a multinational and multidisciplinary group of experts and aim to provide recommendations for best clinical practice in diagnosing food allergies. The article highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis, as misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary food exclusions or potentially severe reactions. The guidelines include recommendations for the use of various diagnostic tests, such as skin prick testing, specific IgE testing, molecular IgE testing, and the basophil activation test. The article also identifies research priorities and challenges in implementing the guidelines in clinical practice. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2023
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44. Developing a Prediction Model for Determination of Peanut Allergy Status in the Learning Early About Peanut Allergy (LEAP) Studies

Author

Sever, Michelle L, Calatroni, Agustin, Roberts, Graham, du Toit, George, Bahnson, Henry T, Radulovic, Suzana, Larson, David, Byron, Margie, Santos, Alexandra F, Huffaker, Michelle F, Wheatley, Lisa M, and Lack, Gideon

Abstract

Background: The Learning Early About Peanut Allergy (LEAP) study team developed a protocol-specific algorithm using dietary history, peanut-specific IgE, and skin prick test (SPT) to determine peanut allergy status if the oral food challenge (OFC) could not be administered or did not provide a determinant result.Objective: To investigate how well the algorithm determined allergy status in LEAP; to develop a new prediction model to determine peanut allergy status when OFC results are not available in LEAP Trio, a follow-up study of LEAP participants and their families; and to compare the new prediction model with the algorithm.Methods: The algorithm was developed for the LEAP protocol before the analysis of the primary outcome. Subsequently, a prediction model was developed using logistic regression.Results: Using the protocol-specified algorithm, 73% (453/617) of allergy determinations matched the OFC, 0.6% (4/617) were mismatched, and 26% (160/617) participants were nonevaluable. The prediction model included SPT, peanut-specific IgE, Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3. The model inaccurately predicted 1 of 266 participants as allergic who were not allergic by OFC and 8 of 57 participants as not allergic who were allergic by OFC. The overall error rate was 9 of 323 (2.8%) with an area under the curve of 0.99. The prediction model additionally performed well in an external validation cohort.Conclusion: The prediction model performed with high sensitivity and accuracy, eliminated the problem of nonevaluable outcomes, and can be used to estimate peanut allergy status in the LEAP Trio study when OFC is not available.

Published
2023

45. EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0

Author

Dramburg, Stephanie, primary, Hilger, Christiane, additional, Santos, Alexandra F., additional, de las Vecillas, Leticia, additional, Aalberse, Rob C., additional, Acevedo, Nathalie, additional, Aglas, Lorenz, additional, Altmann, Friedrich, additional, Arruda, Karla L., additional, Asero, Riccardo, additional, Ballmer‐Weber, Barbara, additional, Barber, Domingo, additional, Beyer, Kirsten, additional, Biedermann, Tilo, additional, Bilo, Maria Beatrice, additional, Blank, Simon, additional, Bosshard, Philipp P., additional, Breiteneder, Heimo, additional, Brough, Helen A., additional, Bublin, Merima, additional, Campbell, Dianne, additional, Caraballo, Luis, additional, Caubet, Jean Christoph, additional, Celi, Giorgio, additional, Chapman, Martin D., additional, Chruszcz, Maksymilian, additional, Custovic, Adnan, additional, Czolk, Rebecca, additional, Davies, Janet, additional, Douladiris, Nikolaos, additional, Eberlein, Bernadette, additional, Ebisawa, Motohiro, additional, Ehlers, Anna, additional, Eigenmann, Philippe, additional, Gadermaier, Gabriele, additional, Giovannini, Mattia, additional, Gomez, Francisca, additional, Grohman, Rebecca, additional, Guillet, Carole, additional, Hafner, Christine, additional, Hamilton, Robert G., additional, Hauser, Michael, additional, Hawranek, Thomas, additional, Hoffmann, Hans Jürgen, additional, Holzhauser, Thomas, additional, Iizuka, Tomona, additional, Jacquet, Alain, additional, Jakob, Thilo, additional, Janssen‐Weets, Bente, additional, Jappe, Uta, additional, Jutel, Marek, additional, Kalic, Tanja, additional, Kamath, Sandip, additional, Kespohl, Sabine, additional, Kleine‐Tebbe, Jörg, additional, Knol, Edward, additional, Knulst, André, additional, Konradsen, Jon R., additional, Korošec, Peter, additional, Kuehn, Annette, additional, Lack, Gideon, additional, Le, Thuy‐My, additional, Lopata, Andreas, additional, Luengo, Olga, additional, Mäkelä, Mika, additional, Marra, Alessandro Maria, additional, Mills, Clare, additional, Morisset, Martine, additional, Muraro, Antonella, additional, Nowak‐Wegrzyn, Anna, additional, Nugraha, Roni, additional, Ollert, Markus, additional, Palosuo, Kati, additional, Pastorello, Elide Anna, additional, Patil, Sarita Ulhas, additional, Platts‐Mills, Thomas, additional, Pomés, Anna, additional, Poncet, Pascal, additional, Potapova, Ekaterina, additional, Poulsen, Lars K., additional, Radauer, Christian, additional, Radulovic, Suzana, additional, Raulf, Monika, additional, Rougé, Pierre, additional, Sastre, Joaquin, additional, Sato, Sakura, additional, Scala, Enrico, additional, Schmid, Johannes M., additional, Schmid‐Grendelmeier, Peter, additional, Schrama, Denise, additional, Sénéchal, Hélène, additional, Traidl‐Hoffmann, Claudia, additional, Valverde‐Monge, Marcela, additional, van Hage, Marianne, additional, van Ree, Ronald, additional, Verhoeckx, Kitty, additional, Vieths, Stefan, additional, Wickman, Magnus, additional, Zakzuk, Josefina, additional, Matricardi, Paolo M., additional, and Hoffmann‐Sommergruber, Karin, additional

Published
2023
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46. A practical toolbox for the effective transition of adolescents and young adults with asthma and allergies - an EAACI Position paper

Author

Vazquez-Ortiz, Marta, Gore, Claudia, Alviani, Cherry, Angier, Elizabeth, Blumchen, Katharina, Comberiati, Pasquale, Duca, Bettina, DunnGalvin, Audrey, Garriga-Baraut, Teresa, Gowland, M Hazel, Egmose, Britt, Knibb, Rebecca, Khaleva, Ekaterina, Mortz, Charlotte G, Pfaar, Oliver, Pite, Helena, Podesta, Marcia, Santos, Alexandra F, Sanchez-Garcia, Silvia, Timmermans, Frans, Roberts, Graham, Vazquez-Ortiz, Marta, Gore, Claudia, Alviani, Cherry, Angier, Elizabeth, Blumchen, Katharina, Comberiati, Pasquale, Duca, Bettina, DunnGalvin, Audrey, Garriga-Baraut, Teresa, Gowland, M Hazel, Egmose, Britt, Knibb, Rebecca, Khaleva, Ekaterina, Mortz, Charlotte G, Pfaar, Oliver, Pite, Helena, Podesta, Marcia, Santos, Alexandra F, Sanchez-Garcia, Silvia, Timmermans, Frans, and Roberts, Graham

Abstract

Introduction: Adolescence is a critical stage of rapid biological, emotional and social change and development. Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with asthma and allergies need to develop the knowledge and skills to self-manage their health independently. Healthcare professionals (HCP), parents and their wider network play an essential role in supporting AYA in this process. Previous work showed significant limitations in transition care across Europe. In 2020, the first evidence-based guideline on effective transition for AYA with asthma and allergies was published by EAACI. Aim: We herein summarize practical resources to support this guideline's implementation in clinical practice. Methods: For this purpose, multi-stakeholder Task Force members searched for resources in peer review journals and grey literature. These resources were included if relevant and of good quality and were pragmatically rated for their evidence-basis and user friendliness. Results: Resources identified covered a range of topics and targeted healthcare professionals, AYA, parents/carers, schools, workplace and wider community. Most resources were in English, web-based and had limited evidence-basis. Conclusions: This position paper provides a valuable selection of practical resources for all stakeholders to support effective transitional care for AYA with asthma and allergies. Future research should focus on developing validated, patient-centred tools to further assist evidence-based transition care.

Published
2023

47. EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0

Author

Dramburg, Stephanie, Hilger, Christiane, Santos, Alexandra F., de las Vecillas, Leticia, Aalberse, Rob C., Acevedo, Nathalie, Aglas, Lorenz, Altmann, Friedrich, Arruda, Karla L., Asero, Riccardo, Ballmer-Weber, Barbara, Barber, Domingo, Beyer, Kirsten, Biedermann, Tilo, Bilo, Maria Beatrice, Blank, Simon, Bosshard, Philipp P, Breiteneder, Heimo, Brough, Helen A., Bublin, Merima, Campbell, Dianne, Caraballo, Luis, Caubet, Jean Christoph, Celi, Giorgio, Chapman, Martin D., Chruszcz, Maksymilian, Custovic, Adnan, Czolk, Rebecca, Davies, Janet, Douladiris, Nikolaos, Eberlein, Bernadette, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Ehlers, Anna, Eigenmann, Philippe, Gadermaier, Gabriele, Giovannini, Mattia, Gomez, Francisca, Grohman, Rebecca, Guillet, Carole, Hafner, Christine, Hamilton, Robert G, Hauser, Michael, Hawranek, Thomas, Hoffmann, Hans Jürgen, Holzhauser, Thomas, Iizuka, Tomona, Jacquet, Alain, Jakob, Thilo, Janssen-Weets, Bente, Jappe, Uta, Jutel, Marek, Kalic, Tanja, Kamath, Sandip, Kespohl, Sabine, Kleine-Tebbe, Jörg, Knol, Edward, Knulst, André, Konradsen, Jon R., Korošec, Peter, Kuehn, Annette, Lack, Gideon, Le, Thuy My, Lopata, Andreas, Luengo, Olga, Mäkelä, Mika, Marra, Alessandro Maria, Mills, Clare, Morisset, Martine, Muraro, Antonella, Nowak-Wegrzyn, Anna, Nugraha, Roni, Ollert, Markus, Palosuo, Kati, Pastorello, Elide Anna, Patil, Sarita Ulhas, Platts-Mills, Thomas, Pomés, Anna, Poncet, Pascal, Potapova, Ekaterina, Poulsen, Lars K., Radauer, Christian, Radulovic, Suzana, Raulf, Monika, Rougé, Pierre, Sastre, Joaquin, Sato, Sakura, Scala, Enrico, Schmid, Johannes M., Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter, Schrama, Denise, Sénéchal, Hélène, Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia, Valverde-Monge, Marcela, van Hage, Marianne, van Ree, Ronald, Verhoeckx, Kitty, Vieths, Stefan, Wickman, Magnus, Zakzuk, Josefina, Matricardi, Paolo M, Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin, Dramburg, Stephanie, Hilger, Christiane, Santos, Alexandra F., de las Vecillas, Leticia, Aalberse, Rob C., Acevedo, Nathalie, Aglas, Lorenz, Altmann, Friedrich, Arruda, Karla L., Asero, Riccardo, Ballmer-Weber, Barbara, Barber, Domingo, Beyer, Kirsten, Biedermann, Tilo, Bilo, Maria Beatrice, Blank, Simon, Bosshard, Philipp P, Breiteneder, Heimo, Brough, Helen A., Bublin, Merima, Campbell, Dianne, Caraballo, Luis, Caubet, Jean Christoph, Celi, Giorgio, Chapman, Martin D., Chruszcz, Maksymilian, Custovic, Adnan, Czolk, Rebecca, Davies, Janet, Douladiris, Nikolaos, Eberlein, Bernadette, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Ehlers, Anna, Eigenmann, Philippe, Gadermaier, Gabriele, Giovannini, Mattia, Gomez, Francisca, Grohman, Rebecca, Guillet, Carole, Hafner, Christine, Hamilton, Robert G, Hauser, Michael, Hawranek, Thomas, Hoffmann, Hans Jürgen, Holzhauser, Thomas, Iizuka, Tomona, Jacquet, Alain, Jakob, Thilo, Janssen-Weets, Bente, Jappe, Uta, Jutel, Marek, Kalic, Tanja, Kamath, Sandip, Kespohl, Sabine, Kleine-Tebbe, Jörg, Knol, Edward, Knulst, André, Konradsen, Jon R., Korošec, Peter, Kuehn, Annette, Lack, Gideon, Le, Thuy My, Lopata, Andreas, Luengo, Olga, Mäkelä, Mika, Marra, Alessandro Maria, Mills, Clare, Morisset, Martine, Muraro, Antonella, Nowak-Wegrzyn, Anna, Nugraha, Roni, Ollert, Markus, Palosuo, Kati, Pastorello, Elide Anna, Patil, Sarita Ulhas, Platts-Mills, Thomas, Pomés, Anna, Poncet, Pascal, Potapova, Ekaterina, Poulsen, Lars K., Radauer, Christian, Radulovic, Suzana, Raulf, Monika, Rougé, Pierre, Sastre, Joaquin, Sato, Sakura, Scala, Enrico, Schmid, Johannes M., Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter, Schrama, Denise, Sénéchal, Hélène, Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia, Valverde-Monge, Marcela, van Hage, Marianne, van Ree, Ronald, Verhoeckx, Kitty, Vieths, Stefan, Wickman, Magnus, Zakzuk, Josefina, Matricardi, Paolo M, and Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin

Abstract

Since the discovery of immunoglobulin E (IgE) as a mediator of allergic diseases in 1967, our knowledge about the immunological mechanisms of IgE-mediated allergies has remarkably increased. In addition to understanding the immune response and clinical symptoms, allergy diagnosis and management depend strongly on the precise identification of the elicitors of the IgE-mediated allergic reaction. In the past four decades, innovations in bioscience and technology have facilitated the identification and production of well-defined, highly pure molecules for component-resolved diagnosis (CRD), allowing a personalized diagnosis and management of the allergic disease for individual patients. The first edition of the “EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide” (MAUG) in 2016 rapidly became a key reference for clinicians, scientists, and interested readers with a background in allergology, immunology, biology, and medicine. Nevertheless, the field of molecular allergology is moving fast, and after 6 years, a new EAACI Taskforce was established to provide an updated document. The Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0 summarizes state-of-the-art information on allergen molecules, their clinical relevance, and their application in diagnostic algorithms for clinical practice. It is designed for both, clinicians and scientists, guiding health care professionals through the overwhelming list of different allergen molecules available for testing. Further, it provides diagnostic algorithms on the clinical relevance of allergenic molecules and gives an overview of their biology, the basic mechanisms of test formats, and the application of tests to measure allergen exposure.

Published
2023

48. EAACI guidelines on the diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy

Author

CTI Research, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, Santos, Alexandra F, Riggioni, Carmen, Agache, Ioana, Akdis, Cezmi A, Akdis, Mubeccel, Alvarez-Perea, Alberto, Alvaro-Lozano, Montserrat, Ballmer-Weber, Barbara, Barni, Simona, Beyer, Kirsten, Bindslev-Jensen, Carsten, Brough, Helen A, Buyuktiryaki, Betul, Chu, Derek, Del Giacco, Stefano, Dunn-Galvin, Audrey, Eberlein, Bernadette, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Eigenmann, Philippe, Eiwegger, Thomas, Feeney, Mary, Fernandez-Rivas, Montserrat, Fisher, Helen R, Fleischer, David M, Giovannini, Mattia, Gray, Claudia, Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin, Halken, Susanne, Hourihane, Jonathan O'B, Jones, Christina J, Jutel, Marek, Knol, Edward, Konstantinou, George N, Lack, Gideon, Lau, Susanne, Marques Mejias, Andreina, Marchisotto, Mary Jane, Meyer, Rosan, Mortz, Charlotte G, Moya, Beatriz, Muraro, Antonella, Nilsson, Caroline, Lopes de Oliveira, Lucila Camargo, O'Mahony, Liam, Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G, Perrett, Kirsten, Peters, Rachel L, Podesta, Marcia, Poulsen, Lars K, Roberts, Graham, Sampson, Hugh A, Schwarze, Jürgen, Smith, Peter, Tham, Elizabeth Huiwen, Untersmayr, Eva, Van Ree, Ronald, Venter, Carina, Vickery, Brian P, Vlieg-Boerstra, Berber, Werfel, Thomas, Worm, Margitta, Du Toit, George, Skypala, Isabel, CTI Research, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, Santos, Alexandra F, Riggioni, Carmen, Agache, Ioana, Akdis, Cezmi A, Akdis, Mubeccel, Alvarez-Perea, Alberto, Alvaro-Lozano, Montserrat, Ballmer-Weber, Barbara, Barni, Simona, Beyer, Kirsten, Bindslev-Jensen, Carsten, Brough, Helen A, Buyuktiryaki, Betul, Chu, Derek, Del Giacco, Stefano, Dunn-Galvin, Audrey, Eberlein, Bernadette, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Eigenmann, Philippe, Eiwegger, Thomas, Feeney, Mary, Fernandez-Rivas, Montserrat, Fisher, Helen R, Fleischer, David M, Giovannini, Mattia, Gray, Claudia, Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin, Halken, Susanne, Hourihane, Jonathan O'B, Jones, Christina J, Jutel, Marek, Knol, Edward, Konstantinou, George N, Lack, Gideon, Lau, Susanne, Marques Mejias, Andreina, Marchisotto, Mary Jane, Meyer, Rosan, Mortz, Charlotte G, Moya, Beatriz, Muraro, Antonella, Nilsson, Caroline, Lopes de Oliveira, Lucila Camargo, O'Mahony, Liam, Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G, Perrett, Kirsten, Peters, Rachel L, Podesta, Marcia, Poulsen, Lars K, Roberts, Graham, Sampson, Hugh A, Schwarze, Jürgen, Smith, Peter, Tham, Elizabeth Huiwen, Untersmayr, Eva, Van Ree, Ronald, Venter, Carina, Vickery, Brian P, Vlieg-Boerstra, Berber, Werfel, Thomas, Worm, Margitta, Du Toit, George, and Skypala, Isabel

Published
2023

49. EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0

Author

CTI Research, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, Dramburg, Stephanie, Hilger, Christiane, Santos, Alexandra F, de Las Vecillas, Leticia, Aalberse, Rob C, Acevedo, Nathalie, Aglas, Lorenz, Altmann, Friedrich, Arruda, Karla L, Asero, Riccardo, Ballmer-Weber, Barbara, Barber, Domingo, Beyer, Kirsten, Biedermann, Tilo, Bilo, Maria Beatrice, Blank, Simon, Bosshard, Philipp P, Breiteneder, Heimo, Brough, Helen A, Bublin, Merima, Campbell, Dianne, Caraballo, Luis, Caubet, Jean Christoph, Celi, Giorgio, Chapman, Martin D, Chruszcz, Maksymilian, Custovic, Adnan, Czolk, Rebecca, Davies, Janet, Douladiris, Nikolaos, Eberlein, Bernadette, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Ehlers, Anna, Eigenmann, Philippe, Gadermaier, Gabriele, Giovannini, Mattia, Gomez, Francisca, Grohman, Rebecca, Guillet, Carole, Hafner, Christine, Hamilton, Robert G, Hauser, Michael, Hawranek, Thomas, Hoffmann, Hans Jürgen, Holzhauser, Thomas, Iizuka, Tomona, Jacquet, Alain, Jakob, Thilo, Janssen-Weets, Bente, Jappe, Uta, Jutel, Marek, Kalic, Tanja, Kamath, Sandip, Kespohl, Sabine, Kleine-Tebbe, Jörg, Knol, Edward, Knulst, André, Konradsen, Jon R, Korošec, Peter, Kuehn, Annette, Lack, Gideon, Le, Thuy-My, Lopata, Andreas, Luengo, Olga, Mäkelä, Mika, Marra, Alessandro Maria, Mills, Clare, Morisset, Martine, Muraro, Antonella, Nowak-Wegrzyn, Anna, Nugraha, Roni, Ollert, Markus, Palosuo, Kati, Pastorello, Elide Anna, Patil, Sarita Ulhas, Platts-Mills, Thomas, Pomés, Anna, Poncet, Pascal, Potapova, Ekaterina, Poulsen, Lars K, Radauer, Christian, Radulovic, Suzana, Raulf, Monika, Rougé, Pierre, Sastre, Joaquin, Sato, Sakura, Scala, Enrico, Schmid, Johannes M, Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter, Schrama, Denise, Sénéchal, Hélène, Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia, Valverde-Monge, Marcela, van Hage, Marianne, van Ree, Ronald, Verhoeckx, Kitty, Vieths, Stefan, Wickman, Magnus, Zakzuk, Josefina, Matricardi, Paolo M, Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin, CTI Research, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, Dramburg, Stephanie, Hilger, Christiane, Santos, Alexandra F, de Las Vecillas, Leticia, Aalberse, Rob C, Acevedo, Nathalie, Aglas, Lorenz, Altmann, Friedrich, Arruda, Karla L, Asero, Riccardo, Ballmer-Weber, Barbara, Barber, Domingo, Beyer, Kirsten, Biedermann, Tilo, Bilo, Maria Beatrice, Blank, Simon, Bosshard, Philipp P, Breiteneder, Heimo, Brough, Helen A, Bublin, Merima, Campbell, Dianne, Caraballo, Luis, Caubet, Jean Christoph, Celi, Giorgio, Chapman, Martin D, Chruszcz, Maksymilian, Custovic, Adnan, Czolk, Rebecca, Davies, Janet, Douladiris, Nikolaos, Eberlein, Bernadette, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Ehlers, Anna, Eigenmann, Philippe, Gadermaier, Gabriele, Giovannini, Mattia, Gomez, Francisca, Grohman, Rebecca, Guillet, Carole, Hafner, Christine, Hamilton, Robert G, Hauser, Michael, Hawranek, Thomas, Hoffmann, Hans Jürgen, Holzhauser, Thomas, Iizuka, Tomona, Jacquet, Alain, Jakob, Thilo, Janssen-Weets, Bente, Jappe, Uta, Jutel, Marek, Kalic, Tanja, Kamath, Sandip, Kespohl, Sabine, Kleine-Tebbe, Jörg, Knol, Edward, Knulst, André, Konradsen, Jon R, Korošec, Peter, Kuehn, Annette, Lack, Gideon, Le, Thuy-My, Lopata, Andreas, Luengo, Olga, Mäkelä, Mika, Marra, Alessandro Maria, Mills, Clare, Morisset, Martine, Muraro, Antonella, Nowak-Wegrzyn, Anna, Nugraha, Roni, Ollert, Markus, Palosuo, Kati, Pastorello, Elide Anna, Patil, Sarita Ulhas, Platts-Mills, Thomas, Pomés, Anna, Poncet, Pascal, Potapova, Ekaterina, Poulsen, Lars K, Radauer, Christian, Radulovic, Suzana, Raulf, Monika, Rougé, Pierre, Sastre, Joaquin, Sato, Sakura, Scala, Enrico, Schmid, Johannes M, Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter, Schrama, Denise, Sénéchal, Hélène, Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia, Valverde-Monge, Marcela, van Hage, Marianne, van Ree, Ronald, Verhoeckx, Kitty, Vieths, Stefan, Wickman, Magnus, Zakzuk, Josefina, Matricardi, Paolo M, and Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin

Published
2023

50. EAACI guidelines on the diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy

Author

Santos, Alexandra F; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7805-1436, Riggioni, Carmen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8745-0228, Agache, Ioana; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-364X, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Akdis, Mubeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Alvarez‐Perea, Alberto; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7417-7309, Alvaro‐Lozano, Montserrat; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5528-8043, Ballmer‐Weber, Barbara; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4136-5036, Barni, Simona, Beyer, Kirsten, Bindslev‐Jensen, Carsten; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-038X, Brough, Helen A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-0813, Buyuktiryaki, Betul, Chu, Derek, Del Giacco, Stefano; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4517-1749, Dunn‐Galvin, Audrey; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1540-3959, Eberlein, Bernadette; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4509-6491, Ebisawa, Motohiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4117-558X, Eigenmann, Philippe, Eiwegger, Thomas; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2914-7829, Feeney, Mary; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0594-7052, Fernandez‐Rivas, Montserrat; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-2328, Fisher, Helen R; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-4587, Fleischer, David M, Giovannini, Mattia; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9568-6882, Gray, Claudia, Hoffmann‐Sommergruber, Karin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8830-058X, Halken, Susanne; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0161-8278, Hourihane, Jonathan O’B, Jones, Christina J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3672-6631, et al, Santos, Alexandra F; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7805-1436, Riggioni, Carmen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8745-0228, Agache, Ioana; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-364X, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Akdis, Mubeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Alvarez‐Perea, Alberto; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7417-7309, Alvaro‐Lozano, Montserrat; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5528-8043, Ballmer‐Weber, Barbara; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4136-5036, Barni, Simona, Beyer, Kirsten, Bindslev‐Jensen, Carsten; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-038X, Brough, Helen A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-0813, Buyuktiryaki, Betul, Chu, Derek, Del Giacco, Stefano; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4517-1749, Dunn‐Galvin, Audrey; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1540-3959, Eberlein, Bernadette; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4509-6491, Ebisawa, Motohiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4117-558X, Eigenmann, Philippe, Eiwegger, Thomas; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2914-7829, Feeney, Mary; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0594-7052, Fernandez‐Rivas, Montserrat; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-2328, Fisher, Helen R; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-4587, Fleischer, David M, Giovannini, Mattia; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9568-6882, Gray, Claudia, Hoffmann‐Sommergruber, Karin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8830-058X, Halken, Susanne; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0161-8278, Hourihane, Jonathan O’B, Jones, Christina J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3672-6631, and et al

Abstract

This European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology guideline provides recommendations for diagnosing IgE‐mediated food allergy and was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Food allergy diagnosis starts with an allergy‐focused clinical history followed by tests to determine IgE sensitization, such as serum allergen‐specific IgE (sIgE) and skin prick test (SPT), and the basophil activation test (BAT), if available. Evidence for IgE sensitization should be sought for any suspected foods. The diagnosis of allergy to some foods, such as peanut and cashew nut, is well supported by SPT and serum sIgE, whereas there are less data and the performance of these tests is poorer for other foods, such as wheat and soya. The measurement of sIgE to allergen components such as Ara h 2 from peanut, Cor a 14 from hazelnut and Ana o 3 from cashew can be useful to further support the diagnosis, especially in pollen‐sensitized individuals. BAT to peanut and sesame can be used additionally. The reference standard for food allergy diagnosis is the oral food challenge (OFC). OFC should be performed in equivocal cases. For practical reasons, open challenges are suitable in most cases. Reassessment of food allergic children with allergy tests and/or OFCs periodically over time will enable reintroduction of food into the diet in the case of spontaneous acquisition of oral tolerance.

Published
2023

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