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1. K2-111: an old system with two planets in near-resonance†

Author

Lars A. Buchhave, Valentina D'Odorico, Laura Affer, Dimitar Sasselov, Annelies Mortier, C. Allende Prieto, Christopher A. Watson, Aldo F. M. Fiorenzano, Paolo Molaro, A. Collier Cameron, Nuno C. Santos, Marco Riva, C. Lovis, Nelson J. Nunes, David Charbonneau, Jesus Maldonado, S. G. Sousa, Enric Palle, Giampaolo Piotto, Aldo S. Bonomo, Adriano Ghedina, Cristina Martins, Richard G. West, Andrew Vanderburg, David W. Latham, Giuseppina Micela, Vardan Adibekyan, Francesco Pepe, G. Lo Curto, Ken Rice, Mahmoudreza Oshagh, Avet Harutyunyan, Alexandre Cabral, Andrea Mehner, P. Di Marcantonio, Antonio Manescau, Rafael Rebolo, Matteo Pinamonti, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, François Bouchy, Baptiste Lavie, Denis Mégevand, Luca Malavolta, Stéphane Udry, David F. Phillips, David Ehrenreich, Jorge Lillo-Box, A. Suárez Mascareño, T. G. Wilson, S. C. C. Barros, Rosario Cosentino, Olivier Demangeon, M. Mayor, Xavier Dumusque, Mercedes López-Morales, Walter Boschin, E. Delgado Mena, Emilio Molinari, Serena Benatti, Alessandro Sozzetti, P. Figueira, Raphaëlle D. Haywood, Ennio Poretti, Stefano Cristiani, J. Haldemann, Yann Alibert, J. I. González Hernández, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), European Research Council (ERC), Science & Technology Facilities Council, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Centre for Exoplanet Science, Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X], Suárez Mascareño, A. [0000-0002-3814-5323], Molaro, P. [0000-0002-0571-4163], Mena, E. D. [0000-0003-4434-2195], Buchhave, L. A. [0000-0003-1605-5666], Vanderburg, A. [0000-0001-7246-5438], Barros, S. [0000-0003-2434-3625], Haldemann, J. [0000-0003-1231-2389], Cosentino, R. [0000-0003-1784-1431], Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Wilson, T. G. [0000-0001-8749-1962], Cameron, A. [0000-0002-8863-7828], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), ST/R000824/1 ST/P000312/1 PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017, Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), 2018-16-HH.0, Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), 140649 152721 166227 184618, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through Investigador FCT, IF/00650/2015/CP1273/CT0001 IF/00849/2015/CP1273/CT0003 IF/00028/2014/CP1215/CT0002 IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004 DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004, FEDER through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), NNX17AB59G NAS5-26555 NNX13AC07G, Research Projects of National Relevance (PRIN), 201278X4FL, MCTES, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017, European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES), ITA, USA, GBR, DEU, ESP, CHL, DNK, PRT, CHE, Mortier, Annelies [0000-0001-7254-4363], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
planets and satellites: detection, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, stars: individual (K2-111), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Spectroscopic, 01 natural sciences, spectroscopic [Techniques], techniques: photometric, Planet, individual [Stars], techniques: radial velocities, 0103 physical sciences, QB Astronomy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, QB, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, radial velocities [Techniques], 520 Astronomy, individual (K2-111) [Stars], photometric [Techniques], Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3rd-DAS, Radius, 500 Science, Planetary system, 620 Engineering, Orbital period, Radial velocity, detection [Planets and satellites], Photometry (astronomy), QC Physics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, astro-ph.EP, Terrestrial planet, techniques: spectroscopic, K2-111, Planetary mass, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

This paper reports on the detailed characterisation of the K2-111 planetary system with K2, WASP, and ASAS-SN photometry as well as high-resolution spectroscopic data from HARPS-N and ESPRESSO. The host, K2-111, is confirmed to be a mildly evolved ($\log g=4.17$), iron-poor ([Fe/H]$=-0.46$), but alpha-enhanced ([$\alpha$/Fe]$=0.27$), chromospherically quiet, very old thick disc G2 star. A global fit, performed by using PyORBIT shows that the transiting planet, K2-111b, orbits with a period $P_b=5.3518\pm0.0004$ d, and has a planet radius of $1.82^{+0.11}_{-0.09}$ R$_\oplus$ and a mass of $5.29^{+0.76}_{-0.77}$ M$_\oplus$, resulting in a bulk density slightly lower than that of the Earth. The stellar chemical composition and the planet properties are consistent with K2-111b being a terrestrial planet with an iron core mass fraction lower than the Earth. We announce the existence of a second signal in the radial velocity data that we attribute to a non-transiting planet, K2-111c, with an orbital period of $15.6785\pm 0.0064$ days, orbiting in near-3:1 mean-motion resonance with the transiting planet, and a minimum planet mass of $11.3\pm1.1$ M$_\oplus$. Both planet signals are independently detected in the HARPS-N and ESPRESSO data when fitted separately. There are potentially more planets in this resonant system, but more well-sampled data are required to confirm their presence and physical parameters., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS on 28 Sept 2020. Paper is 18 pages with an additional 12 pages of supplementary material. Data is available at https://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=J/MNRAS/499/5004

Published
2020
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2. A hot mini-Neptune in the radius valley orbiting solar analogue HD 110113

Author

Sara Seager, Ravit Helled, Rodrigo F. Díaz, Douglas A. Caldwell, Tansu Daylan, Stéphane Udry, Don Pollacco, J. F. Otegi, David R. Anderson, Keivan G. Stassun, Elisa Delgado-Mena, David J. Armstrong, D. W. Latham, H. P. Osborn, Jeffrey C. Smith, S. C. C. Barros, Edward M. Bryant, Nuno C. Santos, Diana Dragomir, David Barrado, Eric L. N. Jensen, Nicholas M. Law, N. Scott, Cesar Briceno, C. Ziegler, Benjamin V. Rackham, Daniel Bayliss, J. Villasenor, Jon M. Jenkins, Richard G. West, Andrew W. Mann, Peter J. Wheatley, George R. Ricker, Vardan Adibekyan, Magali Deleuil, Jorge Lillo-Box, Louise D. Nielsen, Christopher J. Burke, P. A. Strøm, Karen A. Collins, D. R. Rodriguez, Olivier Demangeon, D. J. A. Brown, Roland Vanderspek, A. Osborn, Coel Hellier, Sergio Hoyer, Joshua N. Winn, P. Figueira, Steve B. Howell, George W. King, Dana R. Louie, François Bouchy, Caroline Dorn, S. G. Sousa, Dennis M. Conti, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Dorn, C. [0000-0001-6110-4610], Anderson, D. [0000-0001-7416-7522], Barros, S. [0000-0003-2434-3625], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Armstrong, D. [0000-0002-5080-4117], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and UK Space Agency

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Planet, QB460, 0103 physical sciences, DETECTION [PLANETS AND SATELLITES], INDIVIDUAL: HD110113 [STARS], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QB600, QC, QB, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Stellar rotation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3 [https], Exoplanet, Radial velocity, Photometry (astronomy), Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Mini-Neptune, QB799, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We report the discovery of HD 110113 b (TOI-755.01), a transiting mini-Neptune exoplanet on a 2.5-day orbit around the solar-analogue HD 110113 (Teff = 5730K). Using TESS photometry and HARPS radial velocities gathered by the NCORES program, we find HD 110113 b has a radius of $2.05\pm0.12$ $R_\oplus$ and a mass of $4.55\pm0.62$ $M_\oplus$. The resulting density of $2.90^{+0.75}_{-0.59}$ g cm^{-3} is significantly lower than would be expected from a pure-rock world; therefore, HD 110113 b must be a mini-Neptune with a significant volatile atmosphere. The high incident flux places it within the so-called radius valley; however, HD 110113 b was able to hold onto a substantial (0.1-1\%) H-He atmosphere over its $\sim4$ Gyr lifetime. Through a novel simultaneous gaussian process fit to multiple activity indicators, we were also able to fit for the strong stellar rotation signal with period $20.8\pm1.2$ d from the RVs and confirm an additional non-transiting planet with a mass of $10.5\pm1.2$ $M_\oplus$ and a period of $6.744^{+0.008}_{-0.009}$ d., Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication at MNRAS. HARPS RVs available at https://dace.unige.ch/radialVelocities/?pattern=HD110113

Published
2021
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3. ESPRESSO high-resolution transmission spectroscopy of WASP-76 b

Author

Tabernero, H. M., Zapatero Osorio, M. R., Allart, R., Borsa, F., Casasayas Barris, N., Demangeon, O. D. S., Ehrenreich, D., Lillo Box, J., Lovis, C., Pallé, E., Sousa, S. G., Rebolo, R., Santos, N. C., Pepe, F., Cristiani, S., Adibekyan, V., Allende Prieto, C., Alibert, Y., Barros, S. C. C., Bouchy, F., Bourrier, V., D´Odorico, V., Dumusque, X., Faria, J. P., Figueira, P., Genova Santos, R., González Hernández, J. I., Hojjatpanah, S., Lo Curto, G., Lavie, B., Martins, C. J. A. P., Martins, J. H. C., Mehner, A., Micela, G., Molaro, P., Nunes, N. J., Poretti, E., Seidel, J. V., Sozzetti, A., Suárez Mascareño, A., Udry, S., Aliverti, M., Affolter, M., Alves, D., Amate, M., Ávila, G., Bandy, T., Benz, W., Bianco, A., Broeg, C., Cabral, A., Conconi, P., Coelho, J., Cumani, C., Deiries, S., Dekker, H., Delabre, B., Fragoso, A., Genoni, M., Genolet, L., Hughes, I., Knudstrup, J., Kerber, F., Landoni, M., Lizon, J. L., Maire, C., Manescau, A., Di Marcoantonio, P., Mégevand, D., Monteiro, M., Moschetti, M., Mueller, E., Modigliani, A., Oggioni, L., Oliveira, A., Pariani, G., Pasquini, L., Rasilla, J. L., Redaelli, E., Riva, M., Santana Tschudi, S., Santin, P., Santos, P., Segovia, A., Sosnowska, D., Spanò, P., Tenegi, F., Iwert, O., Zanutta, A., Zerbi, Filippo M., Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X], Monteiro, M. J. [0000-0003-0513-8116], Coelho, F. M. [0000-0002-4339-0550], Faria, J. [0000-0002-6728-244X], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], European Research Council (ERC), Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)

Subjects
individual: WASP-76b [Planets and satellites], atmospheres [Planets and satellites]
Abstract

Based on guaranteed time observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO programme 1102.C-0744 by the ESPRESSO Consortium. Aims. We report on ESPRESSO high-resolution transmission spectroscopic observations of two primary transits of the highly irradiated, ultra-hot Jupiter-sized planet, WASP-76b. We investigated the presence of several key atomic and molecular features of interest that may reveal the atmospheric properties of the planet. Methods. We extracted two transmission spectra of WASP-76b with R ≈ 140 000 using a procedure that allowed us to process the full ESPRESSO wavelength range (3800–7880 Å) simultaneously. We observed that at a high signal-to-noise ratio, the continuum of ESPRESSO spectra shows ‘wiggles’, which are likely caused by an interference pattern outside the spectrograph. To search for the planetary features, we visually analysed the extracted transmission spectra and cross-correlated the observations against theoretical spectra of different atomic and molecular species. Results. The following atomic features are detected: Li I, Na I, Mg I, Ca II, Mn I, K I, and Fe I. All are detected with a confidence level between 9.2 σ (Na I) and 2.8 σ (Mg I). We did not detect the following species: Ti I, Cr I, Ni I, TiO, VO, and ZrO. We impose the following 1 σ upper limits on their detectability: 60, 77, 122, 6, 8, and 8 ppm, respectively. Conclusions. We report the detection of Li I on WASP-76b for the first time. In addition, we confirm the presence of Na I and Fe I as previously reported in the literature. We show that the procedure employed in this work can detect features down to the level of ~0.1% in the transmission spectrum and ~10 ppm by means of a cross-correlation method. We discuss the presence of neutral and singly ionised features in the atmosphere of WASP-76b. This work was supported by FCT - FundacAo para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e InternacionalizacAo by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019; UIDB/04434/2020; UIDP/04434/2020; PTDC/FIS-AST/ 32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953; PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 & POCI-01- 0145-FEDER-028987. V.A., S.G.S., S.C.C.B. acknowledge support from FCT through Investigador FCT contracts ns degrees IF/00650/2015/CP1273/CT0001; IF/00028/2014/CP1215/CT0002; IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. S.G.S acknowledges the support from FCT through Investigador FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). J.P.F., O.D., and J.H.C.M. acknowledge support from FCT through national funds in the form of a work contract with the references DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0005; DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004; DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0007. H.M.T. and M.R.Z.O. acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MICIU) through project AYA2016-79425-C3-2. A.S.M., R.R., J.I.G.H., C.A.P. acknowledge financial support from the Spanish MICIU project AYA2017-86389-P. J.I.G.H. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish MICIU under the 2013 Ramon y Cajal program RYC-2013-14875. This work has been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. The INAF authors acknowledge financial support of the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research with PRIN 201278X4FL and the Progetti Premiali funding scheme. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (projectFOUR ACES; grant agreement No 724427). N.J.N. acknowledges support from FCT through Investigador FCT contract and exploratory project IF/00852/2015, and project PTDC/FIS-OUT/29048/2017. J.V.S. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project Four Aces; grant agreement No. 724427). Peerreview

Published
2021

4. The atmosphere of HD 209458b seen with ESPRESSO. No detectable planetary absorptions at high resolution

Author

Vardan Adibekyan, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, Yann Alibert, P. Di Marcantonio, François Bouchy, Cristina Martins, N. Casasayas-Barris, Francesco Borsa, Andrea Mehner, Giuseppina Micela, Paolo Molaro, S. Cristiani, Francesco Pepe, Nuno C. Santos, J. Lillo-Box, C. Lovis, Enric Palle, Vincent Bourrier, G. Lo Curto, Gang Chen, Rafael Rebolo, Fei Yan, O. D. S. Demangeon, J. I. González Hernández, V. D Odorico, Stéphane Udry, M. Stangret, S. G. Sousa, Mahmoudreza Oshagh, C. Allende Prieto, B. Lavie, A. Suárez Mascareño, P. Figueira, Alessandro Sozzetti, David Ehrenreich, R. Génova Santos, Romain Allart, Nelson J. Nunes, Hugo M. Tabernero, E. Poretti, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Yan, F. [0000-0001-9585-9034], Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X], Nunes, N. [0000-0002-3837-6914], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), European Research Council (ERC), Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), ITA, ESP, PRT, and CHE

Subjects
individual: HD 209458b [Planets and satellites], Absorption spectroscopy, Gas giant, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astronomical spectroscopy, spectroscopic [Techniques], Atmosphere, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, observational [Methods], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Line (formation), Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Atmospheric models, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Light curve, Wavelength, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, atmospheres [Planets and satellites], Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We observed two transits of the iconic gas giant HD 209458b between 380 and 780 nm, using the high-resolution ESPRESSO spectrograph. The derived planetary transmission spectrum exhibits features at all wavelengths where the parent star shows strong absorption lines, for example, NaI, MgI, FeI, FeII, CaI, VI, H$\alpha$, and KI. We interpreted these features as the signature of the deformation of the stellar line profiles due to the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect, combined with the centre-to-limb effects on the stellar surface, which is in agreement with similar reports recently presented in the literature. We also searched for species that might be present in the planetary atmosphere but not in the stellar spectra, such as TiO and VO, and obtained a negative result. Thus, we find no evidence of any planetary absorption, including previously reported NaI, in the atmosphere of HD 209458b. The high signal-to-noise ratio in the transmission spectrum allows us to compare the modelled deformation of the stellar lines in assuming different one-dimensional stellar atmospheric models. We conclude that the differences among various models and observations remain within the precision limits of the data. However, the transmission light curves are better explained when the centre-to-limb variation is not included in the computation and only the Rossiter-McLaughlin deformation is considered. This demonstrates that ESPRESSO is currently the best facility for spatially resolving the stellar surface spectrum in the optical range using transit observations and carrying out empirical validations of stellar models., Comment: 21 pages, 19 figures. Accepted

Published
2021

5. CHEOPS observations of the HD 108236 planetary system

Author

D. Segransan, Oscar Barragán, K. G. Isaak, I. Pagano, Monika Lendl, O. D. S. Demangeon, M. Beck, E. Hernandez, Thomas Beck, Luca Fossati, Sergio Hoyer, J. Cabrera, V. Van Eylen, I. Ribas, V. Nascimbeni, Giampaolo Piotto, Willy Benz, T. Kuntzer, L. Borsato, Vardan Adibekyan, Mario Salatti, T. Bandy, A. E. Simon, Heike Rauer, M. Steller, Matteo Munari, Jacopo Farinato, Gisbert Peter, Roi Alonso, Valérie Van Grootel, Luca Marafatto, J. Asquier, T. Bárczy, Alexander J. Mustill, B. Chazelas, Stéphane Udry, C. Corral Van Damme, Virginie Cessa, P. Guterman, Nicola Rando, Malcolm Fridlund, L. Delrez, Gy. M. Szabó, Anders Erikson, Alexis Brandeker, Harald Michaelis, D. Futyan, Nuno C. Santos, David Barrado, Enric Palle, Roberto Ragazzoni, Maria Bergomi, T. G. Wilson, S. Salmon, C. Broeg, M. Sordet, D. L. Pollacco, R. Rohlfs, N. A. Walton, M. J. Hooton, Didier Queloz, Davide Gandolfi, M. Gillon, Jacques Laskar, Valentina Viotto, Roland Ottensamer, B. O. Demory, A. Collier Cameron, Melvyn B. Davies, H. Ottacher, Pierre F. L. Maxted, S. C. C. Barros, Carina M. Persson, C. Lovis, Kevin Heng, L. Malvasio, Francois Wildi, X. Bonfils, M. Deleuil, M. Tschentscher, A. Lecavelier des Etangs, Hugh P. Osborn, Andrea Fortier, Daniele Piazza, László L. Kiss, S. G. Sousa, Martin Rieder, F. Ratti, G. Scandariato, S. Charnoz, A. García Muñoz, J. Hasiba, A. M. Smith, Ingo Walter, M.-D. Busch, G. Olofsson, F. Safa, David Ehrenreich, A. Bonfanti, Yann Alibert, G. Lacedelli, Nicolas Billot, A. Bekkelien, Wolfgang Baumjohann, Manuel Guedel, D. Wolter, Demetrio Magrin, N. Thomas, A. Tuson, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Université de Liège, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Swiss Space Office, Autoridade de Gestão do Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (Portugal), European Commission, Swedish National Space Agency, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Bonfanti, A. [0000-0002-1916-5935], Cameron, A. [0000-0002-8863-7828], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Mustill, A. J. [0000-0002-2086-3642], Swiss Space Office (SSO), La Silla Observatory, Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), European Research Council (ERC), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Generalitat de Catalunya, European Space Agency (ESA), Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO), Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Science & Technology Facilities Council, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Centre for Exoplanet Science, Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
planets and satellites: detection, Outer planets, Fundamental Parameters, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stellar mass, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Institut für Planetenforschung, fundamental parameters [Planets and satellites], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Ephemerides, Ephemeris, Planets and satellites: Detection, Planets and satellites: Fundamental parameters, Stars: Fundamental parameters, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, fundamental parameters [Stars], Planet, 0103 physical sciences, QB Astronomy, planets and satellites: fundamental parameters, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, QB, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], DAS, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planets and Satellites, Planetary system, Orbital period, Light curve, Stars, Photometry (astronomy), detection [Planets and satellites], Detection, QC Physics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, stars: fundamental parameters, Optik, Kalibrierung und Validierung, QB799, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Bonfati, A. et al. (Fermi-LAT Collaboration), [Context] The detection of a super-Earth and three mini-Neptunes transiting the bright (V = 9.2 mag) star HD 108236 (also known as TOI-1233) was recently reported on the basis of TESS and ground-based light curves. [Aims] We perform a first characterisation of the HD 108236 planetary system through high-precision CHEOPS photometry and improve the transit ephemerides and system parameters. [Methods] We characterise the host star through spectroscopic analysis and derive the radius with the infrared flux method. We constrain the stellar mass and age by combining the results obtained from two sets of stellar evolutionary tracks. We analyse the available TESS light curves and one CHEOPS transit light curve for each known planet in the system. [Results] We find that HD 108236 is a Sun-like star with R? = 0.877 ± 0.008 R? , M? = 0.869-0.048+0.050 M? , and an age of 6.7-5.1+4.0 Gyr. We report the serendipitous detection of an additional planet, HD 108236 f, in one of the CHEOPS light curves. For this planet, the combined analysis of the TESS and CHEOPS light curves leads to a tentative orbital period of about 29.5 days. From the light curve analysis, we obtain radii of 1.615 ± 0.051, 2.071 ± 0.052, 2.539-0.065+0.062, 3.083 ± 0.052, and 2.017-0.057+0.052 R? for planets HD 108236 b to HD 108236 f, respectively. These values are in agreement with previous TESS-based estimates, but with an improved precision of about a factor of two. We perform a stability analysis of the system, concluding that the planetary orbits most likely have eccentricities smaller than 0.1. We also employ a planetary atmospheric evolution framework to constrain the masses of the five planets, concluding that HD 108236 b and HD 108236 c should have an Earth-like density, while the outer planets should host a low mean molecular weight envelope. [Conclusions] The detection of the fifth planet makes HD 108236 the third system brighter than V = 10 mag to host more than four transiting planets. The longer time span enables us to significantly improve the orbital ephemerides such that the uncertainty on the transit times will be of the order of minutes for the years to come. A comparison of the results obtained from the TESS and CHEOPS light curves indicates that for a V - 9 mag solar-like star and a transit signal of -500 ppm, one CHEOPS transit light curve ensures the same level of photometric precision as eight TESS transits combined, although this conclusion depends on the length and position of the gaps in the light curve., National Science Foundation. Based on observations made with the ESO 3.6 m telescope at the La Silla Observatory under program ID 1102.C-0923. M.Le acknowledges support from the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) under project 859 724 “GRAPPA”. A.D. and D.E. acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project Four Aces; grant agreement No 724427). M.J.H. acknowledges the support of the Swiss National Fund under grant 200020172746. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-190080). The Spanish scientific participation in CHEOPS has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grants ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R, PGC2018-098153-B-C31, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, and MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu-Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), as well as by the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. The MOC activities have been supported by the ESA contract No. 4000124370. This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through national funds and by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) via COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacional-ização through the research grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019; UIDB/04434/2020; UIDP/04434/2020; PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953; PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987. S.C.C.B. and S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004, IF/00028/2014/CP1215/CT0002. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Liège through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. M.G. is F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. S.Sa has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 833925, project STAREX). G.M.S. acknowledges funding from the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003 and K-119517. For Italy, CHEOPS actvities have been supported by the Italian Space Agency, under the programs: ASI-INAF n. 2013-016-R.0 and ASI-INAF n. 2019-29-HH.0. L.B., G.P., I.P., G.S., and V.N. acknowledge the funding support from Italian Space Agency (ASI) regulated by “Accordo ASI-INAF n. 2013-016-R.0 del 9 luglio 2013 e integrazione del 9 luglio 2015”. G.La acknowledges support by CARIPARO Foundation, according to the agreement CARIPARO-Università degli Studi di Padova (Pratica n. 2018/0098). A.Mu acknowledges support from the Swedish National Space Agency (grant 120/19 C). The dynamical simulations were enabled by resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Lunarc partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2016-07213. Simulations in this paper made use of the REBOUND code which is freely available at http://github.com/hannorein/rebound. S.Ho acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837 319. K.G.I. is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. X.B., S.C., D.G., M.F., and J.L. acknowledge their roles as ESA-appointed CHEOPS science team members. A.B. acknowledges B. Akinsanmi, G. Bruno, M. Günther, R. Luque, F.J. Pozuelos Romero, and L.M. Serrano for the very fruitful discussions. We acknowledge T. Daylan for his help in planning the CHEOPS observations.

Published
2021
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6. Planetary system LHS 1140 revisited with ESPRESSO and TESS

Author

L. Acuña, Nathan Hara, Nuno C. Santos, David Barrado, João P. Faria, Emmanuel Marcq, Nicola Astudillo-Defru, Stéphane Udry, Xavier Bonfils, Francesco Pepe, Pedro Figueira, A. Leleu, Philippe Robutel, Alexandre C. M. Correia, Jorge Lillo-Box, S. G. Sousa, C. Lovis, Magali Deleuil, O. Mousis, Jose-Manuel Almenara, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), European Southern Observatory [Santiago] (ESO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IASTRO), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS (NCCR PlanetS), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern]-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Departamento de Física e Astronomia [Porto] (DFA/FCUP), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Universidade do Porto-Universidade do Porto, Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva [Switzerland], Centro de Física da Universidade de Coimbra (CFisUC), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Departamento de Matemática y Fı́sica Aplicadas [Concepcion] (DMFA), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Spanish StateResearch Agency (AEI) Projects No.ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R and No. MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia 'María de Maeztu' – Centro de Astrobiología(INTA-CSIC). This work was supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciênciae a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COM-PETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizaçãoby these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113, PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953. N.A.-D. acknowledges thesupport of FONDECYT project 3180063. X.B. and J.M.A. acknowledge fundingfrom the European Research Council under the ERC Grant Agreement n. 337591-ExTrA. A.C. acknowledges support by CFisUC projects (UIDB/04564/2020and UIDP/04564/2020), ENGAGE SKA (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022217), andPHOBOS (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029932), funded by COMPETE 2020 andFCT, Portugal. J.P.F. is supported in the form of a work contract funded bynational funds through FCT with reference DL57/2016/CP1364/CT0005, European Project: 337591,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-StG,EXTRA(2014), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto-Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faria, J. [0000-0002-6728-244X], Correia, A. C. M. [0000-0002-8946-8579], Leleu, A. [0000-0003-2051-7974], Lillo Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), FEDER through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT), European Research Council (ERC), ENGAGE SKA, PHOBOS, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), and European Commission (EC)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, polarimetric [Techniques], 01 natural sciences, Photometry (optics), planets and satellites: terrestrial planets, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, techniques: radial velocities, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], radial velocities [Techniques], planets and satellites: composition, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planetary system, Orbital period, interiors [Planets and satellites], Exoplanet, planets and satellites: interiors, planets and satellites: individual: LHS1140, Radial velocity, techniques: polarimetric, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, terrestrial planets [Planets and satellites], composition [Planets and satellites], individual: LHS1140 [Planets and satellites], [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Circumstellar habitable zone, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. LHS 1140 is an M dwarf known to host two transiting planets at orbital periods of 3.77 and 24.7 days. They were detected with HARPS and Spitzer. The external planet (LHS 1140 b) is a rocky super-Earth that is located in the middle of the habitable zone of this low-mass star. All these properties place this system at the forefront of the habitable exoplanet exploration, and it therefore constitutes a relevant case for further astrobiological studies, including atmospheric observations. Aims. We further characterize this system by improving the physical and orbital properties of the known planets, search for additional planetary-mass components in the system, and explore the possibility of co-orbitals. Methods. We collected 113 new high-precision radial velocity observations with ESPRESSO over a 1.5-yr time span with an average photon-noise precision of 1.07 m s-1. We performed an extensive analysis of the HARPS and ESPRESSO datasets and also analyzed them together with the new TESS photometry. We analyzed the Bayesian evidence of several models with different numbers of planets and orbital configurations. Results. We significantly improve our knowledge of the properties of the known planets LHS 1140 b (Pb ∼ 24.7 days) and LHS 1140 c (Pc ∼ 3.77 days). We determine new masses with a precision of 6% for LHS 1140 b (6.48 ± 0.46 Mpdbl) and 9% for LHS 1140 c (mc = 1.78 ± 0.17 Mpdbl). This reduces the uncertainties relative to previously published values by half. Although both planets have Earth-like bulk compositions, the internal structure analysis suggests that LHS 1140 b might be iron-enriched and LHS 1140 c might be a true Earth twin. In both cases, the water content is compatible to a maximum fraction of 10-12% in mass, which is equivalent to a deep ocean layer of 779 ± 650 km for the habitable-zone planet LHS 1140 b. Our results also provide evidence for a new planet candidate in the system (md = 4.8 ± 1.1Mpdbl) on a 78.9-day orbital period, which is detected through three independent methods. The analysis also allows us to discard other planets above 0.5 Mpdbl for periods shorter than 10 days and above 2 Mpdbl for periods up to one year. Finally, our co-orbital analysis discards co-orbital planets in the tadpole and horseshoe configurations of LHS 1140 b down to 1 Mpdbl with a 95% confidence level (twice better than with the previous HARPS dataset). Indications for a possible co-orbital signal in LHS 1140 c are detected in both radial velocity (alternatively explained by a high eccentricity) and photometric data (alternatively explained by systematics), however. Conclusions. The new precise measurements of the planet properties of the two transiting planets in LHS 1140 as well as the detection of the planet candidate LHS 1140 d make this system a key target for atmospheric studies of rocky worlds at different stellar irradiations., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)

Published
2020
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7. Mass determinations of the three mini-Neptunes transiting TOI-125

Author

Farzana Meru, Matías R. Díaz, John H. Livingston, Florian Rodler, Samuel N. Quinn, Pablo Rojas, Heike Rauer, Diana Kossakowski, Isabelle Boisse, George R. Ricker, P. T. Boyd, Ravit Helled, Judith Korth, S. C. C. Barros, L. A. dos Santos, A. P. Hatzes, S. Sabotta, Rafael Luque, M. Stalport, Andrew Vanderburg, Jason H. Steffen, Vincent Van Eylen, Edward M. Bryant, Jon M. Jenkins, David J. Armstrong, L. González-Cuesta, S. Hojjatpanah, Norio Narita, Felipe Murgas, Savita Mathur, J. F. Otegi, Paul Wilson, Iskra Georgieva, Nicolás T. Kurtovic, Sara Seager, Emeline Bolmont, Xavier Dumusque, Jose I. Vines, M. Esposito, Z. M. Berdinas, Sascha Grziwa, Olivier Demangeon, J. M. Almenara, O. Mousis, Julia V. Seidel, D. J. A. Brown, T. Lopez, A. Santerne, S. G. Sousa, Benjamin F. Cooke, Davide Gandolfi, R. A. Garcia, Eric B. Ting, Fei Dai, David W. Latham, Daniel Bayliss, Romain Allart, Peter J. Wheatley, François Bouchy, Christopher J. Burke, Vardan Adibekyan, Seth Redfield, Hugh P. Osborn, Natalia Guerrero, Joshua N. Winn, Malcolm Fridlund, Martin Turbet, Louise D. Nielsen, Chris Henze, Caroline Dorn, J. Dittman, K. W. F. Lam, Carina M. Persson, William D. Cochran, Jorge Lillo-Box, Rodrigo F. Díaz, Stéphane Udry, Nuno C. Santos, David Barrado, Enric Palle, James S. Jenkins, Roland Vanderspek, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Vanderburg, A. [0000-0001-7246-5438], Dos Santos, L. [0000-0002-2248-3838], Barrado, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242], Cochran, W. [0000-0001-9662-3496], Lillo Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987], Barros, S. [0000-0003-2434-3625], Stalport, M. [0000-0003-0996-6402], Dorn, C. [0000-0001-6110-4610], Nielsen, L. D. [0000-0002-5254-2499], Seidel, J. V. [0000-0002-7990-9596], Diaz, M. R. [0000-0002-2100-3257], Bolmont, E. [0000-0001-5657-4503], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Van Eylen, V. [0000-0001-5542-8870], Armstrong, D. [0000-0002-5080-4117], Korth, J. [0000-0002-0076-6239], Díaz, R. [0000-0001-9289-5160], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Luque, R. [0000-0002-4671-2957], Turbet, M. [0000-0003-2260-9856], Mathur, S. [0000-0002-0129-0316], Strom, P. A. [0000-0002-7823-1090], Sabotta, S. [0000-0001-9078-5574], Wheatley, P. [0000-0003-1452-2240], Hojjatpanah, S. [0000-0002-0417-1902], Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Swiss National Centre of Competence inResearch (NCCR), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), European Research Council (ERC), European Southern Observatory, STFC via an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship, FEDER -Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional through COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional, Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica CONICYT FONDECYT, German Research Foundation (DFG), Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, and Spanish Ministry under the Ramon y Cajal fellowship

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planets and satellites: detection, Planets and satellites: individual: (TOI-125, TIC 52368076), FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Neptune, Planet, TIC 52368076), 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], individual: TOI-125, TIC 52368076 [Planets and satellites], Ecliptic, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Planets and satellites: detection, Orbital period, Exoplanet, Radial velocity, detection [Planets and satellites], Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Planets and satellites: individual: (TOI-125
Abstract

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, TESS, is currently carrying out an all-sky search for small planets transiting bright stars. In the first year of the TESS survey, steady progress was made in achieving the mission's primary science goal of establishing bulk densities for 50 planets smaller than Neptune. During that year, TESS's observations were focused on the southern ecliptic hemisphere, resulting in the discovery of three mini-Neptunes orbiting the star TOI-125, a V=11.0 K0 dwarf. We present intensive HARPS radial velocity observations, yielding precise mass measurements for TOI-125b, TOI-125c and TOI-125d. TOI-125b has an orbital period of 4.65 days, a radius of $2.726 \pm 0.075 ~\mathrm{R_{\rm E}}$, a mass of $ 9.50 \pm 0.88 ~\mathrm{M_{\rm E}}$ and is near the 2:1 mean motion resonance with TOI-125c at 9.15 days. TOI-125c has a similar radius of $2.759 \pm 0.10 ~\mathrm{R_{\rm E}}$ and a mass of $ 6.63 \pm 0.99 ~\mathrm{M_{\rm E}}$, being the puffiest of the three planets. TOI-125d, has an orbital period of 19.98 days and a radius of $2.93 \pm 0.17~\mathrm{R_{\rm E}}$ and mass $13.6 \pm 1.2 ~\mathrm{M_{\rm E}}$. For TOI-125b and TOI-125d we find unusual high eccentricities of $0.19\pm 0.04$ and $0.17^{+0.08}_{-0.06}$, respectively. Our analysis also provides upper mass limits for the two low-SNR planet candidates in the system; for TOI-125.04 ($R_P=1.36 ~\mathrm{R_{\rm E}}$, $P=$0.53 days) we find a $2\sigma$ upper mass limit of $1.6~\mathrm{M_{\rm E}}$, whereas TOI-125.05 ( $R_P=4.2^{+2.4}_{-1.4} ~\mathrm{R_{\rm E}}$, $P=$ 13.28 days) is unlikely a viable planet candidate with upper mass limit $2.7~\mathrm{M_{\rm E}}$. We discuss the internal structure of the three confirmed planets, as well as dynamical stability and system architecture for this intriguing exoplanet system., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2020
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8. ESPRESSO highlights the binary nature of the ultra-metal-poor giant HE 0107-5240

Author

Vardan Adibekyan, Piercarlo Bonifacio, Giuseppina Micela, J. I. González Hernández, Alessandro Sozzetti, M. R. Zapatero-Osorio, Paolo Molaro, Nelson J. Nunes, Ivo Saviane, P. Figueira, Yann Alibert, A. Suarez-Mascareno, Andrea Mehner, Sérgio F. Sousa, Elisabetta Caffau, V. D'Odorico, R. Genova, Lorenzo Monaco, Stéphane Udry, Ennio Poretti, David Ehrenreich, Nuno C. Santos, C. Lovis, C. Allende Prieto, Francesco Pepe, Cristina Martins, David Aguado, S. Cristiani, G. Cupani, P. Di Marcantonio, G. Lo Curto, Rafael Rebolo, Martins, C.J.A.P., Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Molaro, P. [0000-0002-0571-4163], Monaco, L. [0000-0002-3148-9836], Nunes, N. J. [0000-0002-3837-6914], Suarez Mascareño, A. [0000-0002-3814-5323], Aguado, D. [0000-0001-5200-3973], González Hernández, J. I. [0000-0002-0264-7356], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852], Figueira, P. [0000-0001-8504-283X], Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Cupani, G. [0000-0002-6830-9093], Martins, C. J. A. P. [0000-0002-4886-9261], Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), European Research Council (ERC), ITA, GBR, FRA, ESP, CHL, PRT, CHE, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987, FEDER through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza.cao, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, IF/00650/2015/CP1273/CT0001, Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto (CAUP), Universidade do Porto, Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Universidad Andrés Bello [Santiago] (UNAB), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Binary number, abundances [Galaxy], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Galactic halo, Espresso, spectroscopic [Binaries], Space and Planetary Science, abundances [Stars], 0103 physical sciences, halo [Galaxy], Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. The vast majority of the known stars of ultra low metallicity ([Fe=H] >-4:5) are known to be enhanced in carbon, and belong to the 'low-carbon band' (A(C) = log(C=H) + 12 7:6). It is generally, although not universally, accepted that this peculiar chemical composition reflects the chemical composition of the gas cloud out of which these stars were formed. The first ultra-metalpoor star discovered, HE 0107-5240, is also enhanced in carbon and belongs to the 'low-carbon band'. It has recently been claimed to be a long-period binary, based on radial velocity measurements. It has also been claimed that this binarity may explain its peculiar composition as being due to mass transfer from a former AGB companion. Theoretically, low-mass ratios in binary systems are much more favoured amongst Pop III stars than they are amongst solar-metallicity stars. Any constraint on the mass ratio of a system of such low metallicity would shed light on the star formation mechanisms in this metallicity regime. Aims.We acquired one high precision spectrum withESPRESSO in order to check the reality of the radial velocity variations. In addition we analysed all the spectra of this star in the ESO archive obtained with UVES to have a set of homogenously measured radial velocities. Methods. The radial velocities were measured using cross correlation against a synthetic spectrum template. Due to the weakness of metallic lines in this star, the signal comes only from the CH molecular lines of the G-band. Results. The measurement obtained in 2018 from an ESPRESSO spectrum demonstrates unambiguously that the radial velocity of HE 0107-5240 has increased from 2001 to 2018. Closer inspection of the measurements based on UVES spectra in the interval 2001-2006 show that there is a 96% probability that the radial velocity correlates with time, hence the radial velocity variations can already be suspected from the UVES spectra alone. Conclusions.We confirm the earlier claims of radial velocity variations in HE0107-5240. The simplest explanation of such variations is that the star is indeed in a binary system with a long period. The nature of the companion is unconstrained and we consider it is equally probable that it is an unevolved companion or a white dwarf. Continued monitoring of the radial velocities of this star is strongly encouraged., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)

Published
2020
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9. The hot dayside and asymmetric transit of WASP-189 b seen by CHEOPS

Author

H. Ottacher, T. Kuntzer, M. Steller, Xavier Bonfils, A. García Muñoz, Don Pollacco, Ingo Walter, Gaetano Scandariato, A. Deline, Ignasi Ribas, J. Hasiba, T. Bandy, Bruno Chazelas, Yann Alibert, Luca Marafatto, Maria Bergomi, E. Hernandez, Michaël Gillon, Anders Erikson, O. Demangeon, Valerio Nascimbeni, Heike Rauer, N. Thomas, Virginie Cessa, G. Olofsson, F. Safa, R. Rohlfs, N. A. Walton, C. Broeg, Didier Queloz, C. Corral Van Damme, D. Futyan, Nicola Rando, Malcolm Fridlund, Federico Biondi, Roi Alonso, David Ehrenreich, T. Lüftinger, Stéphane Udry, László L. Kiss, K. G. Isaak, Wolfgang Baumjohann, Alexis M. S. Smith, Monika Lendl, D. Wolter, A. E. Simon, Thomas Beck, L. Malvasio, Nuno C. Santos, David Barrado, Demetrio Magrin, J. Asquier, V. Singh, Enric Palle, Damien Ségransan, Pierre F. L. Maxted, Roland Ottensamer, Gisbert Peter, M.-D. Busch, S. C. C. Barros, D. Kitzmann, Willy Benz, S. Hoyer, B. M. Morris, C. Lovis, Kevin Heng, Isabella Pagano, S. Salmon, Davide Gandolfi, Jacopo Farinato, Gy. M. Szabó, Sébastien Charnoz, Giampaolo Piotto, A. Bekkelien, Andrea Fortier, M. Sordet, A. Bonfanti, Nicolas Billot, Luca Fossati, Jacques Laskar, Francois Wildi, Szilard Csizmadia, Martin Rieder, M. Tschentscher, Valérie Van Grootel, Valentina Viotto, Vincent Bourrier, Roberto Ragazzoni, M. Beck, M. J. Hooton, F. Ratti, T. G. Wilson, T. Bárczy, L. Delrez, Daniele Piazza, A. Collier Cameron, Melvyn B. Davies, S. G. Sousa, B. O. Demory, Juan Cabrera, Alexis Brandeker, P. Guterman, M. Deleuil, A. Lecavelier des Etangs, Harald Michaelis, Matteo Munari, Swiss Space Office, University of Bern, Swiss National Science Foundation, Austrian Research Promotion Agency, German Research Foundation, European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Wilson, T. G. [0000-0001-8749-1962], Cameron, A. [0000-0002-8863-7828], Fridlund, M. [0000-0002-0855-8426], Cabrera, J. [0000-0001-6653-5487], Barros, S. [0000-0003-2434-3625], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Piotto, G. [0000-0002-9937-6387], Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), European Research Council (ERC), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), National Research Development and Innovation Office, Hungarian (NKFIH), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), European Space Agency (ESA), Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Centre for Exoplanet Science, Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute (STAR), Université de Liège, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), European Research Council (ERC) under European Union, European Commission (EU), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, European Space Agency, FEDER through COMPETE2020 Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao, Hungarian National Research, and Centre National D'etudes Spatiales

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics, atmospheres -planets and satellites, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Occultation, Planet, Planets and satellites: atmospheres, QB Astronomy, photometric -planets and satellites, individual, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, QB, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 16. Peace & justice, Exoplanet, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, individual: WASP- 189 b [Planets and satellites], atmospheres [Planets and satellites], Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Extrasolare Planeten und Atmosphären, Weltrauminstrumente, FOS: Physical sciences, WASP-189 b, Photometry (optics), 0103 physical sciences, Hot Jupiter, individual: WASP-189 b [Planets and satellites], Planets and satellites: individual: WASP-189 b, Techniques: photometric, Gravity darkening, planetary systems, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, abundance pattern, photometric [Techniques], Astronomy and Astrophysics, DAS, Light curve, Stars, QC Physics, Space and Planetary Science, exoplanet occultation, Planetare Sensorsysteme, techniques, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, QB799
Abstract

Full author list: Lendl, M., Csizmadia, S., Deline, A., Fossati, L., Kitzmann, D., Heng, K., Hoyer, S., Salmon, S., Benz, W., Broeg, C., Ehrenreich, D., Fortier, A., Queloz, D., Bonfanti, A., Brandeker, A., Collier Cameron, A., Delrez, L.a,g,l, Garcia Muñoz, A.m, Hooton, M.J.f, Maxted, P.F.L.i, Morris, B.M., Van Grootel, V., Wilson, T.G., Alibert, Y., Alonso, R., Asquier, J., Bandy, T.f, Bárczy, T.q, Barrado, D.r, Barros, S.C.C.s,t, Baumjohann, W.b, Beck, M., Beck, T., Bekkelien, A., Bergomi, M., Billot, N., Biondi, F., Bonfils, X., Bourrier, V., Busch, M.-D., Cabrera, J., Cessa, V., Charnoz, S., Chazelas, B., Corral Van Damme, C., Davies, M.B., Deleuil, M., Demangeon, O.D.S., Demory, B.-O., Erikson, A., Farinato, J., Fridlund, M., Futyan, D., Gandolfi, D., Gillon, M.l, Guterman, P., Hasiba, J., Hernandez, E., Isaak, K., Kiss, L., Kuntzer, T., Lecavelier Des Etangs, A., Lüftinger, T., Laskar, J., Lovis, C., Magrin, D., Malvasio, L., Marafatto, L., Michaelis, H., Munari, M., Nascimbeni, V., Olofsson, G., Ottacher, H., Ottensamer, R., Pagano, I., Pallé, E., Peter, G., Piazza, D., Piotto, G., Pollacco, D., Ratti, F., Rauer, H., Ragazzoni, R., Rando, N., Ribas, I., Rieder, M., Rohlfs, R., Safa, F., Santos, N.C., Scandariato, G., Ségransan, D., Simon, A.E., Singh, V., Smith, A.M.S., Sordet, M., Sousa, S.G., Steller, M., Szabó, G.M., Thomas, N., Tschentscher, M., Udry, S., Viotto, V., Walter, I., Walton, N.A., Wildi, F., Wolter, D., The CHEOPS space mission dedicated to exoplanet follow-up was launched in December 2019, equipped with the capacity to perform photometric measurements at the 20 ppm level. As CHEOPS carries out its observations in a broad optical passband, it can provide insights into the reflected light from exoplanets and constrain the short-wavelength thermal emission for the hottest of planets by observing occultations and phase curves. Here, we report the first CHEOPS observation of an occultation, namely, that of the hot Jupiter WASP-189 b, a MP ≈ 2MJ planet orbiting an A-type star. We detected the occultation of WASP-189 b at high significance in individual measurements and derived an occultation depth of dF = 87.9 ± 4.3 ppm based on four occultations. We compared these measurements to model predictions and we find that they are consistent with an unreflective atmosphere heated to a temperature of 3435 ± 27 K, when assuming inefficient heat redistribution. Furthermore, we present two transits of WASP-189 b observed by CHEOPS. These transits have an asymmetric shape that we attribute to gravity darkening of the host star caused by its high rotation rate. We used these measurements to refine the planetary parameters, finding a ~25% deeper transit compared to the discovery paper and updating the radius of WASP-189 b to 1.619 ± 0.021RJ. We further measured the projected orbital obliquity to be λ = 86.4-4.4+2.9°, a value that is in good agreement with a previous measurement from spectroscopic observations, and derived a true obliquity of ψ = 85.4 ± 4.3°. Finally, we provide reference values for the photometric precision attained by the CHEOPS satellite: for the V = 6.6 mag star, and using a 1-h binning, we obtain a residual RMS between 10 and 17 ppm on the individual light curves, and 5.7 ppm when combining the four visits., with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The Swiss participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Swiss Space Office (SSO) in the framework of the Prodex Programme and the Activités Nationales Complémentaires (ANC), the Universities of Bern and Geneva as well as well as of the NCCR PlanetS and the Swiss National Science Foundation. M.L.E. acknowledges support from the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) under project 859724 “GRAPPA”. Sz. Cs. thanks DFG Research Unit 2440: ‘Matter Under Planetary Interior Conditions: High Pressure, Planetary, and Plasma Physics’ for support. Sz. Cs. acknowledges support by DFG grants RA 714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992: “Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets”. A.D.E. and D.E.H. acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES; grant agreement no. 724427). M.J.H. acknowledges the support of the Swiss National Fund under grant 200020_172746. The Spanish scientific participation in CHEOPS has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grants ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R, PGC2018-098153-B-C31, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, and MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu–Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), as well as by the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. The MOC activities have been supported by the ESA contract No. 4000124370. This work was supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019; UIDB/04434/2020; UIDP/04434/2020; PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953; PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987. S.C.C.B. and S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004, IF/00028/2014/CP1215/CT0002. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Liege through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. M.G. is F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. S.S. has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 833925, project STAREX). Gy.S. acknowledges funding from the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003 and K-119517. For Italy, CHEOPS activities have been supported by the Italian Space Agency, under the programs: ASI-INAF n. 2013-016-R.0 and ASI-INAF n. 2019-29-HH.0. The team at LAM acknowledges CNES funding for the development of the CHEOPS DRP, including grants 124378 for O.D. and 837319 for S.H. X.B., S.C., D.G., M.F. and J.L. acknowledge their role as an ESA-appointed CHEOPS science team members.

Published
2020
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10. The EChO science case

Author

Tinetti, G., Drossart, P., Eccleston, P., Hartogh, P., Isaak, K., Linder, M., Lovis, C., Micela, G., Olliver, M., Puig, L., Ribas, I., De Sio, A., Frith, J., Justtanot, K., Showman, A., Alard, C., Yurchenko, S. N., Parviainen, H., Fouqué, P., Oliva, E., Bordé, P., Balado, A., Varley, R., Di Giorgio, A., Griffin, M., Maillard, J. P., Maggio, A., Lellouch, E., Strazzulla, G., Villaver, E., Griffith, C., Stamper, R., Amado, P. J., Rezac, L., Laken, B., Hargrave, P., Orton, G., Thompson, S., Morales, J. C., Wright, G., Massi, F., Lundgaard Rasmussen, I., Altieri, F., Covino, E., Coustenis, A., Moses, J., Lithgow Bertelloni, C., Demangeon, O., Fletcher, L., Morales Calderón, M., Lo Cicero, U., López Puertas, M., Capria, M. T., Danielski, C., Luntzer, A., Bulgarelli, A., González Hernández, J., Jacquemoud, S., MacTavish, C., Mall, U., Christian Jessen, N., Sanromá, E., Femenía Castella, B., Rocchetto, M., Miles Paez, P., Allard, F., Aylward, A., Leconte, J., Palla, F., White, G., Malaguti, G., Cavarroc, C., Lammer, H., Leto, G., Batista, V., Adybekian, V., Readorn, K., Polichtchouk, I., Petrov, R., García Piquer, A., Pancrazzi, M., Gómez Leal, I., Israelian, G., Rebolo López, R., Peralta, J., Giro, E., Tecsa, M., Haigh, J., Moro Martín, A., Pezzuto, S., Piskunov, N., Agnor, C., Hollis, M., Radioti, A., De Kok, R., Gear, W., Eymet, V., Achilleos, N., Koskinen, T., Maurin, A. S., Rank Lüftinger, T., Barlow, M., Figueira, P., Affer, L., Viti, S., Machado, P., Vakili, F., Burston, R., González Merino, B., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Smith, A., Sitek, P., Sánchez Lavega, A., Kerschbaum, F., Hoogeeven, R., Ballerini, P., Filacchione, G., Rodler, F., Stixrude, L., Parmentier, V., Del Val Borro, M., Vandenbussche, B., Tingley, B. W., Deeg, H. J., Tabernero, H. M., Shore, S., Fossey, S., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Santos, N., Tozzi, A., Kipping, D., Maruquette, J. B., Trifoglio, M., Scandaratio, G., Scuderi, S., Hébrard, E., Lodieu, N., Forget, F., Gustin, J., Poretti, E., Murgas Alcaino, F., Sicardy, B., Stiepen, A., Hubert, B., Grodent, D., Magnes, W., Tennyson, J., Temple, J., Galand, M., Barton, E. J., Winter, B., Valdivieso, M. L., Cordier, D., Heredero, R. L., Barrado, D., Mueller Wodarg, I., Giani, E., Correira, A., Widemann, T., Ward Thompson, D., Montañés Rodríguez, P., Moya Bedon, A., Venot, O., Prinja, R., Pinfield, D., Waldmann, I., Morello, G., Lim, T., Pallé, E., Waters, R., Wawer, P., Lognonné, P., Pietrzak, R., Fernández Hernández, Maite, Winek, W., Andersen, A., Monteiro, M., Liu, S. J., Rengel, M., Tanga, P., Yelle, R., Barstow, J. K., Maldonado, J., Irshad, R., Nelson, R., Colomé, J., De Witt, J., Lanza, N., Glasse, A., Coudé du Foresto, V., Branduardi Raymont, G., Beaulieu, J. P., Claudi, R., García López, Ramón, Eales, S., López Valverde, M. A., Turrini, D., Vinatier, S., Crook, J., Damasso, M., Ramos Zapata, G., Kovács, G., Banaszkiewicz, M., Focardi, M., Mauskopf, P., Guedel, M., Rebordao, J., Stolarski, M., Adriani, A., Norgaard Nielsen, H. U., Selig, A., Peña Ramírez, K. Y., Schmider, F. X., Baffa, C., Piccioni, G., Pantin, E., Bowles, N., Hornstrup, A., Pilat Lohinger, E., Buchhave, L. A., Soret, L., Börne, P., López Morales, M., Medvedev, A., Gesa, L., Jones, H., Pérez Hoyos, S., Gerard, J. C., Bellucci, G., Morais, H., Álvarez Iglesias, C. A., Abe, L., Pinsard, F., Tessenyi, M., Blecka, M., Wawrzaszk, A., Middleton, K., Martín Torres, J., Cho, J., Berry, D., Rataj, M., Schrader, J. R., Scholz, A., Watkins, C., Abreu, M., Testi, L., Decin, L., Sánz Forcada, J., Sozzetti, A., Lagage, P. O., Ade, P., Alcala, J., Sousa, S., Espinoza Contreras, M., Swinyard, B., Dobrijévic, M., Sánchez Béjar, V. J., Krupp, N., Bakos, G., Chamberlain, S., Chadney, J., Brown, L., Iro, N., Montalto, M., Sethenadh, J., Bouy, H., Ottensamer, R., Kehoe, T., Doel, P., Delgado Mena, E., Read, P., Coates, A., Cecchi Pestellini, C., Guillot, T., Budaj, J., Selsis, F., Jarchow, C., Del Vecchio, C., Cassan, A., Burleigh, M. R., Pagano, I., Ray, T., Gambicorti, L., Biondi, D., Cerulli, R., Ciaravella, A., Watson, D., Deroo, P., Collura, A., Graczyk, R., North, C., Ramos, A. A., Waltham, D., Montes, D., Gianotti, F., Thrastarson, H., Cockell, C., Pace, E., Bryson, I., Gómez, H., Esposito, M., Azzollini, R., Allende Prieto, C., Gillon, M., Fabrizio, N., Rickman, H., Rees, J. M., Pascale, E., Luzzi, D., Bonford, B., Cole, R., Gizon, L., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Agundez, M., Lahav, O., Zapatero Osorio, M. R., Gaulme, P., Encrenaz, T., Heyrovsky, D., Guàrdia, J., Prisinzano, L., Terenzi, L., Swain, M., Grassi, D., Eiroa, C., Maxted, P., Kerins, E., Yung, Y., Irwin, P., Herrero, E., Guio, P., Boisse, I., Claret, A., Kervella, P., Heiter, U., Bézard, B., Cabral, A., Michaut, C., Giuranna, M., Hersant, F., Hueso, R., Savini, G., Snellen, I. A., Charnoz, S., Jones, G., Belmonte Avilés, J. A., Barber, R. J., Wisniowski, T., Morgante, G., University College of London [London] (UCL), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique (LTM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dpto. de Organización de Empresas, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Leicester], University of Leicester, U.S. Army Research Laboratory [Adelphi, MD] (ARL), United States Army (U.S. Army), Royal Observatory Edinburgh (ROE), University of Edinburgh, Departamento de Fisica [Aveiro], Universidade de Aveiro, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Planetary Sciences [Tucson], University of Arizona, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Center for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Centre for Astrophysics Research [Hatfield], University of Hertfordshire [Hatfield] (UH), ECLIPSE 2015, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [UCL London], Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire (LPAP), Université de Liège, Centro de Astronomia e Astrofísica da Universidade de Lisboa (CAAUL), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units (ISW), University of Stuttgart, Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units (ISW), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Curie [Paris], Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University [Newcastle], foreign laboratories (FL), CERN [Genève], STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental, Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental, Centre for Planetary Sciences [UCL/Birkbeck] (CPS), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dark Cosmology Centre (DARK), Niels Bohr Institute [Copenhagen] (NBI), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] (STFC), Science & Technologie Facilities Council, Departamento de Astrofisica [Madrid], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Calar Alto Observatory, Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán, Department of Geoscience, Nelson Mandela University [Port Elizabeth], African Earth Observatory Network - Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute (AEON-ESSRI), Animal Genetics, Teagasc - The Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Teagasc), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovacao (INETI), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), CEA- Saclay (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Università di Salerno - Dipartimento di Matematica, Università degli Studi di Salerno = University of Salerno (UNISA), Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC)-Carolina Center for the Genome Sciences, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries = Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Department of Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), ASP 2015, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institute for Astronomy [Vienna], University of Vienna [Vienna], Institut de génétique et microbiologie [Orsay] (IGM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH = German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto (CAUP), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Dipartimento di Matematica 'Ulisse Dini', Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Université de Rennes (UR), Imperial College London, Laboratoire Hippolyte Fizeau (FIZEAU), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bradford, Instituto Universitario de Electroquimica, Universidad de Alicante, Centre de recherche en éducation de Nantes (CREN), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Nantes - UFR Lettres et Langages (UFRLL), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Departamento de Fisica Aplicada [Bilbao], Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea [Espagne] (UPV/EHU), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Osserv Astrofis Catania, Ist Nazl Astrofis, Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Consejo Super Invest Cient, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, ES-18080 Granada, Spain, Department of Rheumatology (LEIDEN - Rhumato), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Universiteit Leiden-Universiteit Leiden, Department of Rheumatology (COIMBRA - Rhumato), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des gaz et des plasmas (LPGP), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Department of Computer Science [Verona] (UNIVR | DI), Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona (UNIVR), IEB-UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA, Departamento de Física e Astronomia [Porto] (DFA/FCUP), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto-Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Bremer Institut für Produktion und Logistik GmbH (BIBA), Universität Bremen, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (OACT), Plasmon Nano-optics, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques [Castelldefels] (ICFO), Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Hong Kong Government Environmental Protection Department, Water Policy and Science Group, National Space Agencies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Agency, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA) - Grenoble-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), University of Oxford [Oxford], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut Curie, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa], AEON-ESSRI African Earth Observatory Network — Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovacco (INETI), Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Francois Rabelais [Tours], Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Università degli Studi di Salerno (UNISA), IRTA, Laboratoire d'astrophysique de l'observatoire de Besançon (LAOB), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Universidade do Porto [Porto], Università degli Studi di Firenze [Firenze], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche, culture, éducation, formation, travail (CIRCEFT), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Station biologique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Informatica [Verona], Università degli Studi di Verona, Departamento de Física e Astronomia [Porto], UMR5116, Centre Émile Durkheim (CED), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), Rebordao, J. [0000-0002-7418-0345], Kerschbaum, F. [0000-0001-6320-0980], Abreu, M. [0000-0002-0716-9568], Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298], López Puertas, M. [0000-0003-2941-7734], Jacquemoud, S. [0000-0002-1500-5256], Tennyson, J. [0000-0002-4994-5238], Focardi, M. [0000-0002-3806-4283], Leto, G. [0000-0002-0040-5011], Lodieu, N. [0000-0002-3612-8968], Tinetti, G. [0000-0001-6058-6654], Sanroma, E. [0000-0001-8859-7937], Poretti, E. [0000-0003-1200-0473], Deeg, H. [0000-0003-0047-4241], Grassi, D. [0000-0003-1653-3066], Piccioni, G. [0000-0002-7893-6808], Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312], Coates, A. [0000-0002-6185-3125], García Ramón, J. [0000-0002-8204-6832], Bouy, H. [0000-0002-7084-487X[, Lognonne, P. [0000-0002-1014-920X], Demangeon, O. [0000-0001-7918-0355], Morales, J. C. [0000-0003-0061-518X], Ray, T. [0000-0002-2110-1068], Guio, P. [0000-0002-1607-5862], Tanga, P. [0000-0002-2718-997X], Prisinzano, L. [0000-0002-8893-2210], Barstow, J. [0000-0003-3726-5419], Balado, A. [0000-0003-4268-2516], Lithgow Bertelloni, C. [0000-0003-0924-6587], Barton, E. [0000-0001-5945-9244], Delgado, M. E. [0000-0003-4434-2195], Affer, L. [0000-0001-5600-3778], Ciaravella, A. [0000-0002-3127-8078], Barrado Navascues, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242], Figueira, P. [0000-0001-8504-283X], Covino, E. [0000-0002-6187-6685], Venot, O. [0000-0003-2854-765X], Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X], Watson, D. [0000-0002-4465-8264], Morales Calderon, M. [0000-0001-9526-9499], Ward Thompson, D. [0000-0003-1140-2761], Rebolo, R. [0000-0003-3767-7085], López Valverde, M. A. [0000-0002-7989-4267], Gillon, M. [0000-0003-1462-7739], Morgante, G. [0000-0001-9234-7412], Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852], Bulgarelli, A. [0000-0001-6347-0649], Pena Ramírez, K. [0000-0002-5855-401X], Galand, M. [0000-0001-5797-914X], Pancrazzi, M. [0000-0002-3789-2482], Malaguti, G. [0000-0001-9872-3378], Sánchez Lavega, A. [0000-0001-7234-7634], Waldmann, I. [0000-0002-4205-5267], Kovacs, G. [0000-0002-2365-2330], Guillot, T. [0000-0002-7188-8428], Turrini, D. [0000-0002-1923-7740], Altieri, F. [0000-0002-6338-8300], Bellucci, G. [0000-0003-0867-8679], Baffa, C. [0000-0002-4935-100X], Olivia, E. [0000-0002-9123-0412], Selsis, F. [0000-0001-9619-5356], Scuderi, Salvatore [0000-0002-8637-2109], Hersant, F. [0000-0002-2687-7500], Gear, W. [0000-0001-6789-6196], Damasso, M. [0000-0001-9984-4278], Tizzi, A. [0000-0002-6725-3825], Pinfield, D. [0000-0002-7804-4260], Kipping, D. [0000-0002-4365-7366], Maldonado, J. [0000-0002-4282-1072], Pace, E. [0000-0001-5870-1772], Burleigh, M. [0000-0003-0684-7803], Monteiro, M. [0000-0001-5644-0898], Pilat Lohinger, E. [0000-0002-5292-1923], Chadney, J. [0000-0002-5174-2114], Moro Martín, A. [0000-0001-9504-8426], Claret, A. [0000-0002-4045-8134], Gómez, H. [0000-0003-3398-0052], Maldonado, J. [0000-0002-2218-5689], Michaut, C. [0000-0002-2578-0117], Hornstrup, A. [0000-0002-3363-0936], Scholz, A. [0000-0001-8993-5053], Irwin, P. [0000-0002-6772-384X], Bezard, B. [0000-0002-5433-5661], López Heredero, R. [0000-0002-2197-8388], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Danielski, C. [0000-0002-3729-2663], Sousa, S. [0000-0001-9047-2965], Medved, A. [0000-0003-2713-8977], Bakos, G. [0000-0001-7204-6727], Ade, P. [0000-0002-5127-0401], Vandenbussche, B. [0000-0002-1368-3109], Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236], Correira, A. [0000-0002-8946-8579], Haigh, J. [0000-0001-5504-4754], Scandariato, G. [0000-0003-2029-0626], Guedel, M. [0000-0001-9818-0588], Sánchez Bejar, V. [0000-0002-5086-4232], Rodríguez, P. [0000-0002-6855-9682], Piskunov, N. [0000-0001-5742-7767], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0001-9797-4917], Kervella, P. [0000-0003-0626-1749], Pascale, E. [0000-0002-3242-8154], Claudi, R. [0000-0001-7707-5105], Filacchione, G. [0000-0001-9567-0055], Rickman, H. [0000-0002-9603-6619], Amado, P. J. [0000-0002-8388-6040], Maggio, A. [0000-0001-5154-6108], Agundez, M. [0000-0003-3248-3564], Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X], Fletcher, L. [0000-0001-5834-9588], Stixrude, L. [0000-0003-3778-2432], Morais, M. H. [0000-0001-5333-2736], Hueso, R. [0000-0003-0169-123X], Yurchenko, S. [0000-0001-9286-9501], Rataj, M. [0000-0002-2978-9629], Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0002-2587-4682], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Peralta, J. [0000-0002-6823-1695], Budaj, J. [0000-0002-9125-7340], Barlow, M. [0000-0002-3875-1171], Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universidade do Porto, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Verona (UNIVR), Universidade do Porto-Universidade do Porto, Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université de Nantes - UFR Lettres et Langages (UFRLL), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Le Mans Université (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze], COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique ( LESIA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - 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Subjects
Astrofísica, Solar System, Computer science, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], HOT-JUPITER ATMOSPHERES, 7. Clean energy, Space missions, law.invention, Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, Planet, law, Observatory, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Transit (astronomy), Atmospheric science, Exoplanets, IR astronomy, Spectroscopy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, QC, QB, Eclipse, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), education.field_of_study, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Exoplanet, GIANT PLANETS, Physical Sciences, ENERGY-BALANCE, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Population, MU-M, FOS: Physical sciences, F500, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Telescope, INFRARED-EMISSION-SPECTRUM, education, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], EXTRASOLAR PLANET ATMOSPHERE, Science & Technology, Astronomy, EXOPLANET HD 189733B, HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE, Astronomía, TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, WATER-VAPOR, astro-ph.EP, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The discovery of almost 2000 exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? What causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) has been designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large and diverse planet sample within its four-year mission lifetime. EChO can target the atmospheres of super-Earths, Neptune-like, and Jupiter-like planets, in the very hot to temperate zones (planet temperatures of 300K-3000K) of F to M-type host stars. Over the next ten years, several new ground- and space-based transit surveys will come on-line (e.g. NGTS, CHEOPS, TESS, PLATO), which will specifically focus on finding bright, nearby systems. The current rapid rate of discovery would allow the target list to be further optimised in the years prior to EChO's launch and enable the atmospheric characterisation of hundreds of planets. Placing the satellite at L2 provides a cold and stable thermal environment, as well as a large field of regard to allow efficient time-critical observation of targets randomly distributed over the sky. A 1m class telescope is sufficiently large to achieve the necessary spectro-photometric precision. The spectral coverage (0.5-11 micron, goal 16 micron) and SNR to be achieved by EChO, thanks to its high stability and dedicated design, would enable a very accurate measurement of the atmospheric composition and structure of hundreds of exoplanets., Comment: 50 pages, 30 figures. Experimental Astronomy

Published
2015
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11. Nightside condensation of iron in an ultrahot giant exoplanet

Author

Claudio Cumani, João Coelho, Alessandro Sozzetti, David Alves, S. Deiries, Alessio Zanutta, Alexandre Cabral, Andrea Mehner, Luca Pasquini, Paolo Di Marcantonio, Luca Oggioni, Cristina Martins, Nelson J. Nunes, Andrea Modigliani, Antonio Manescau, Olivier Demangeon, Monika Lendl, Christophe Lovis, Matteo Aliverti, Emeline Bolmont, François Bouchy, Jonay I. González Hernández, Gaspare Lo Curto, Bernard Delabre, Heather M. Cegla, V. Baldini, Igor Coretti, Gerardo Avila, Willy Benz, Pedro Santos, Eric Müller, Hugo M. Tabernero, Olaf Iwert, Roberto Cirami, Francesco Pepe, F. Tenegi, Paolo Conconi, Mário J. P. F. G. Monteiro, Marco Landoni, Matteo Genoni, Paolo Spanò, Manuel Abreu, Stéphane Udry, M. Moschetti, Jean-Louis Lizon, Xavier Dumusque, J. Knudstrup, Valentina D'Odorico, Romain Allart, M. Affolter, Núria Casasayas-Barris, Baptiste Lavie, Sérgio F. Sousa, Christopher Broeg, Denis Mégevand, Nuno C. Santos, Marco Riva, Enric Palle, Giorgio Pariani, Edoardo Maria Alberto Redaelli, Vincent Bourrier, Filippo Maria Zerbi, Alex Segovia Milla, Florian Kerber, Damien Ségransan, Rafael Rebolo, I. Hughes, Francesco Borsa, Paolo Santin, Samuel Santana Tschudi, Antonio Gouveia Oliveira, Giuseppina Micela, Pedro Figueira, Charles Maire, Andrea Bianco, Maria Rosa Zapatero Osorio, Danuta Sosnowska, Nathan Hara, Ricardo Génova Santos, David Ehrenreich, Paolo Molaro, Vardan Adibekyan, T. Bandy, Yann Alibert, Jose Luis Rasilla, M. A. Monteiro, Carlos Allende Prieto, L. Genolet, Stefano Cristiani, A. Fragoso, Alejandro Suárez Mascareño, Julia V. Seidel, Ennio Poretti, M. Amate, Hans Dekker, Giorgio Calderone, G. Cupani, Suárez Mascareño, A. [0000-0002-3814-5323], Abreu, M. [0000-0002-0716-9568], Coelho, P. [0000-0002-4339-0550], Monteiro, M. J. [0000-0003-0513-8116], Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298], Nunes, N. J. [0000-0002-3837-6914], Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X], Molaro, P. [0000-0002-0571-4163], Redaelli, E. M. A. [0000-0001-8185-2122], Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852], Castro Alves, D. [0000-0001-7026-2514], Seidel, J. V. [0000-0002-7990-9596], Martins, C. J. A. P. [0000-0002-4886-9261], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Zerbi, F. M. [0000-0002-9996-973X], Monteiro, M. [0000-0001-5644-0898], Mehner, A. [0000-0002-9564-3302], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Cegla, H. [0000-0001-8934-7315], Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X], Allart, R. [0000-0002-1199-9759], Landoni, M. [0000-0001-5570-5081], Coretti, I. [0000-0001-9374-3249], FEDER, Portuguese funds through FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia), Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU), MICIU under the 2013 Ramon y Cajal programme MICIU, Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, João M. P. Coelho. [0000-0002-4339-0550], European Research Council (ERC), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), ITA, DEU, ESP, CHL, PRT, and CHE

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Terminator (solar), Condensation, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Exoplanet, Article, Starlight, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Space Physics, Transit (astronomy), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Spectroscopy, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Ehrenreich, D.et al., Ultrahot giant exoplanets receive thousands of times Earth’s insolation. Their high-temperature atmospheres (greater than 2,000 kelvin) are ideal laboratories for studying extreme planetary climates and chemistry. Daysides are predicted to be cloud-free, dominated by atomic species and much hotter than nightsides. Atoms are expected to recombine into molecules over the nightside, resulting in different day and night chemistries. Although metallic elements and a large temperature contrast have been observed, no chemical gradient has been measured across the surface of such an exoplanet. Different atmospheric chemistry between the day-to-night (‘evening’) and night-to-day (‘morning’) terminators could, however, be revealed as an asymmetric absorption signature during transit. Here we report the detection of an asymmetric atmospheric signature in the ultrahot exoplanet WASP-76b. We spectrally and temporally resolve this signature using a combination of high-dispersion spectroscopy with a large photon-collecting area. The absorption signal, attributed to neutral iron, is blueshifted by −11 ± 0.7 kilometres per second on the trailing limb, which can be explained by a combination of planetary rotation and wind blowing from the hot dayside. In contrast, no signal arises from the nightside close to the morning terminator, showing that atomic iron is not absorbing starlight there. We conclude that iron must therefore condense during its journey across the nightside., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)

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