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Introduction: Shoulder pain is the third most common cause of musculoskeletal consultation causing significant pain and disability in performing tasks for daily living. For the diagnosis of shoulder joint pathologies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arthroscopy are commonly used. Currently arthroscopy is the gold standard in diagnosing shoulder pathologies. Also, many studies have reported MRI to be sensitive and accurate tool for investigations. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of MRI and arthroscopy in the diagnosis of shoulder pathologies and find the correlation between MRI and arthroscopic finding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective, comparative study was conducted between January 2020 and July 2021; patients presenting to the institute with chronic shoulder pain were included in the study after applying selection criteria. MRI followed by shoulder arthroscopy was performed for all patients, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results: Synovitis (65.9%) was the most common pathology. MRI reported high specificity (100%) for full-thickness rotator cuff tear, rotator cuff tendinitis, subacromial bursitis, and Bankart’s lesion followed by superior labrum, anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesion (96.6%), and bicep tendinitis (95.8%) while moderate specificity for synovitis (78.6%) and partial rotator cuff tear (66.7%). MRI reported to have high sensitivity for Hill–Sachs lesion, subacromial bursitis, and partial-thickness rotator cuff tear and Bankart’s lesion and low sensitivity for full-thickness rotator cuff tear, synovitis, SLAP lesions, and bicep tendinitis. MRI detected subacromial bursitis (0.807), Bankart’s lesion (0.792), and Hill–Sachs lesion (0.707) with substantial correlation whereas it detected synovitis (0.064) with only slight correlation. The accuracy of MRI was highest in diagnosing subacromial bursitis (0.90) and Bankart’s lesion (0.90) and lowest for synovitis (0.46). Conclusion: MRI is an effective technique for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears, subacromial bursitis, synovitis, and rotator cuff tendinitis but was less effective in detecting SLAP lesions and less in differentiating the partial or complete rotator cuff tear.

Introduction: The study has been conducted to evaluate the functional outcome of acute tibial eminence fractures treated arthroscopically with a pull-through suture technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted between December 2020 and September 2022 on patients with Meyers and Mckeever II and III anterior tibial spine fractures treated arthroscopically using a pull-through suture technique. Results: Of the 20 patients included in the study, the majority of the patients, i.e., 40%, ranged in age from 20 to 30 years and 90% were male patients. The most common cause of injury was road traffic accidents among 60% of cases, followed by falls from bicycles or stairs and rest owing to sports injuries. In the current study, majority of the patients, i.e., 65%, operated were of Meyers and Mckeever type 3 injury. There was substantial improvement between the mean preoperative Lysholm score of 51.05 and the mean postoperative Lysholm score of 92.10 after 9 months with 95% of patients having good-to-excellent result in the end. Conclusion: Using an arthroscopic pull-through suture approach to treat acute tibial eminence fractures results in good rigid fixation and improves the functional outcome.

Recombinant technology-based vaccines have emerged as a highly effective way to prevent a wide range of illnesses. The technology improved vaccine manufacturing, rendering it more efficient and economical. These vaccines have multiple advantages compared to conventional vaccines. The pandemic has heightened awareness of the advantages of these vaccine technologies; trust and acceptance of these vaccines are steadily growing globally. This work offers an overview of the prospects and advantages associated with recombinant vaccines. Additionally, it discusses some of the challenges likely to arise in the future. Their ability to target diverse pathogen classes underscores their contributions to preventing previously untreatable diseases (especially vector-borne and emerging diseases) and hurdles faced throughout the vaccine development process, especially in enhancing the effectiveness of these vaccines. Moreover, their compatibility with emerging vaccination platforms of the future like virus-like particles and CRISPR/Cas9 for the production of next-generation vaccines may offer many prospects. This review also reviewed the hurdles faced throughout the vaccine development process, especially in enhancing the effectiveness of these vaccines against vector-borne diseases, emerging diseases, and untreatable diseases with high mortality rates like AIDS as well as cancer.

Purpose Orbital cellulitis is an acute post-septal orbital infection caused mostly by bacteria. This may result in serious complications including blindness, meningitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, brain abscess, and even death. The delay in treatment increases morbidity and mortality. The purpose of present study was to review cases of orbital cellulitis in recent years regarding its clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment policy, complications, and disabilities. The outcome of study will help in early diagnosis and better management of orbital cellulitis cases. Materials and Method Total 20 cases of orbital cellulitis in children from March 2021 to February 2024 were evaluated and analyzed in department of ophthalmology, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna. Result Total 20 children with ages

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV2). The impact of the pandemic is becoming more apparent now on various tissues and body organs. Limited knowledge is present about the characteristics, duration, and long-term sequelae of ocular problems post-COVID-19 infection. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and analyze the ocular problems occurring in healthcare workers after COVID-19 infection. Material and Method: This was a cross-sectional survey study conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna. The participants were healthcare workers who were exposed to COVID-19 infection ≥6 months back. A questionnaire was prepared. Responses were evaluated and analyzed. Patient consent and institutional committee permission were taken as per norms. Result: A total of 210 healthcare workers who were infected with COVID-19 >6 months back responded with complete answers. The maximum number of respondents was between the ages of 31 and 60 (73.3%). The pre-covid ocular problems were present in 25% of the participants, especially in those having chronic diseases (such as diabetes, hypertension, or both). Post-ocular problems were faced by 60% of the participants, which was significant (P < 0.01). Dry eye, itching, and foreign body sensations were present in 60% of those facing ocular problems (P < 0.01). Ocular surface manifestations were more common. Conclusion: A knowledge, understanding, and awareness about ocular problems and their long-term sequelae in post-COVID-19-infected patients will help in early diagnosis and better management of such patients.

Introduction: Shoulder instability is defined as a symptomatic translation of the humeral head about the glenoid fossa during active shoulder motion. Anteroinferior glenoid bone loss or labrum avulsion is most often a consistent finding in recurrent dislocation. The modified open Latarjet procedure is one of the most effective methods of treatment for patients with recurrent shoulder instability with glenoid bone loss. Aim: To determine the functional outcome of the congruent arc modification of the open Latarjet procedure. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary healthcare centre in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India between January 2018 and December 2020. A total of 25 patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation underwent treatment using the modified open Latarjet procedure. Two patients were lost to follow-up, resulting in the evaluation of 23 patients. All patients underwent a 3D Computed Tomography (CT) scan to document glenoid bone loss. The intensity of pain, activity level, strength of abduction, and Range of Motion (ROM) were assessed to calculate the Constant Shoulder Score for pre- and postoperative evaluation of functional outcomes. Follow-ups were conducted at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. The data was analysed using the Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to identify associations between various variables. Results: A total of 23 male patients aged between 18 and 63 years were included. The average age of patients was 30.35±11.27 years. Preoperatively, only 3 patients (13.04%) had good to excellent Constant Shoulder Scores. However, no statistically significant variation in Constant Score was observed three months after surgery. Six months post-surgery, 17 patients (73.92%) showed good to excellent scores. Nearly one year after surgery, 21 patients (91.3%) had good to excellent outcomes. At the final follow-up, 22 patients (95.65%) demonstrated good to excellent outcomes. A statistically significant improvement in good to excellent scores was noted six months postoperatively (p-value

The objective of the study was to evaluate the synergistic action of edible antimicrobial packaging with MAP to extend the shelf life of composite dairy confection. GRAS-approved- nisin and natamycin incorporated edible films were tried for their efficacy against Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus niger, in comparison with control films (without antibacterial agents) under MAP environment (N2 and CO2; 70:30) followed by refrigeration storage (4±2 °C). Results depicted a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference in the shelf-life of control and treated samples with reduced microbial proliferation, better sensory scores, and thereby achieving the shelf-life for treated samples of 42 days in contrast to 21 days in control. However, the variation between the two different antimicrobial films remained non-significant (p ≤ 0.05). The treated product remained significantly (p ≤ 0.05) more acceptable in terms of microbiological, physic-chemical, and sensory quality compared to control. Therefore, the developed antimicrobial edible films could be successfully used along with MAP for shelf-life extension of composite dairy foods.

Introduction: The lockdown was implemented nationally for six weeks, followed by another two weeks of graded lockdown in districts in India as a means to prevent spread of infection. During this period, there was restriction of movement of residents except for those engaged in providing essential services. Aim: To find out socio-demographic profile of patients along with the impact of lockdown and spread of Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) infection post-lockdown. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study conducted in Bairagarh, a suburban area of Bhopal. The study was conducted for three months i.e. from 9th April 2020 to 9th July 2020. A contact tracing questionnaire was used for data collection. The data was collected by actual visiting the patient’s address. The data collected was compiled and analysed using Microsoft Excel 2020. The patients were instructed to inform the data collector of any post-viral symptoms after 15 days of diagnosis to find out any post-viral complaints. Percentages and proportions were derived using Epi info-7.0. Results: During the study period of three months, in total 90 patients were interviewed. Almost 85.5% cases were found post-lockdown. Most common age group to be involved was 31-45 years. Males were more commonly infected. Only 14.44% patients who worked during lockdown were infected. Almost 26.6% patients were involved in cloth merchandise business which was closed during lockdown and had a sudden upsurge in business during unlock. In total 47.7% patients were asymptomatic when tested. Relative Risk (RR) of acquiring infection post-lockdown was 1.13. Doubling rate of infection among study population during lockdown was found to be 14.05 days compared to 5.35 days post-lockdown. Almost 80% patients did not have any postviral symptoms. The most common symptom seen was nose block. Conclusion: The lockdown was found to be effective strategy in controlling spread of COVID-19 infection as post-lockdown there was sudden increase in number positive cases.

Introduction: Nepal is one of the countries which has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic and has resulted in high morbidity and mortality across all age groups including neonates. There has been a paucity of studies regarding maternal to neonatal COVID-19 transmission and the published studies also have a poor sample size to reach any definite conclusion. Hence this study was carried out to see the clinical profiles of neonates born to COVID-19 mothers. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study was conducted at a tertiary care centre over the period of one year from April 2020 to March 2021 after taking ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee with reference number drs2105211526. Convenient sampling was done. All neonates born to COVID-19 positive mothers who were diagnosed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction of the nasopharyngeal swab during the time of delivery were included in the study. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20 using appropriate tools. Results: A total of 105 babies born to COVID-19 positive mothers who were tested for COVID-19 infection were included in the study. Ten (9.5%) (3.89-15.10 at 95% Confidence Interval) of neonates born to COVID-19 positive mothers were positive for the COVID-19 virus. All the neonates born to COVID-19 positive mothers were discharged home except one case who had other comorbidities. Fever was present in four (40%) of COVID-19 positive neonates. Conclusions: There is a possibility of vertical transmission of coronavirus in neonates although the outcome is favourable.

Introduction: Trauma is the major cause of death and disability in developing country, is responsible for more years of life lost than most human diseases. This study aims to establish the value of a trauma registry by measuring, monitoring, and analyzing etiological factors of common musculoskeletal injuries caused due to several forms of trauma. Materials and Methods: This study has been conducted retrospectively. The patients attending the emergency department in tertiary care hospital were included in this study. Personal data and pattern of injuries sustained were extracted from the casualty admission register of emergency department and trauma unit, case records, and operation records. Results: A total of 6574 injured patients were seen in the emergency department. The most common injury was bony injury (65.38%, n = 4298) and soft-tissue injury 34.62% (n = 2276) and the most common sites were lower limbs in 41.39% of cases, amputation/crush injury in 7.82%, and 32.03% of cases (n = 1377) were of compound fractures. The most common soft-tissue injury was lacerated wound 45.21%. Most commonly associated injury was the head injury in 5.53% of cases. Maximum cases were in the age group of 30-59. Conclusion: Fractures were the most common pattern of injuries frequently associated with other injuries, especially head injuries, particular age group, and time period need special attention, and we need more such institutes near highways.

Background: Hemophilia A, an X-linked recessive disorder of coagulation, caused due to the deficiency of coagulation factor-VIII and hemophilia-B caused due to the deficiency of factor-IX cause spontaneous and traumatic bleeding episodes, leading to various musculoskeletal complications. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedics, Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal, for 2 years. After obtaining ethical clearance and consent from the participants, a total of 101 hemophiliac patients were clinically examined, and blood investigations and radiological evaluation were done. Their data were collected using a preformed pro forma. Results: Of the 101 patients, 91 (90.10%) patients had hemophilia A and 10 (9.90%) patients had hemophilia type-B. The mean age of the study population was 20.87 years. Severe (Grade III) hemophilia was more common, with 59.34% cases of hemophilia A and 60% cases of hemophilia B. Fifty-four (53.47%) patients were from rural area. The most common complication was hemarthrosis in 91 patients followed by hemophilic arthropathy in 64 patients, synovitis in 33 patients, and muscle hematoma in 18 patients. Among the 101 patients, 184 joints involved as target joints. Knee joint was the most commonly involved joint (51.09%) followed by elbow (25.54%) and ankle (15.76%). The most common muscle hematoma was psoas muscle hematoma in six (31.58%) patients followed by calf muscle hematoma in four (21.05%) patients. Conclusion: Hemophilia A is most common type causing bleeding in the knee joint and produces arthropathy. It needs prompt factor infusion and physiotherapy to reduce complications.

A valid CFD model is employed to show the impact on heat transfer of one-dimensional laminar non-isoviscous flow through pipe subjected to forced transverse vibration. Through transverse vibration, which produces the chaotic fluid motion and swirling effects, adequate radial mixing across the tube can be achieved which leads to the great addition in heat transfer. Thermal boundary layer developed more quickly and thus, temperature profile developed wilder than steady flow under the effect of vibration in both radial and axial direction, considerably for low Reynolds Number; as Reynolds number increases that effectively reduced. In this study, these impacts are quantitatively exhibited for Newtonian and shear-thinning liquid at various Reynolds numbers; and found that application of superimposed vibrational flow limited to considerably for small: Reynolds number and flow behavior index of shear thinning fluids.

In middle Gangetic plain, high arsenic concentration is present in water, which causes a significant health risk. Total 48 morphologically distinct arsenite resistant bacteria were isolated from middle Gangetic plain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of arsenite varied widely in the range 1–15 mM of the isolates. On the basis of their MIC, two isolates, AK1 (KY569423) and AK9 (KY569424) were selected. The analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of selected isolates revealed that they are belong to the genus Pseudomonas. The AgNO3 test based microplate method revealed that isolates, AK1 and AK9, have potential in transformation of arsenic species. Further, the presence of aoxR, aoxB and aoxC genes in the both isolated strain AK1 and AK9 was confirmed, which play an important role in arsenic bioremediation by arsenite oxidation. Isolated strains also showed heavy metal resistance against Cr(IV), Ni(II), Co(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Hg(II), Ag(I) and Cd(II).

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family proteins are sensors for pain, which sense a variety of thermal and noxious chemicals. Sensory neurons innervating the gut abundantly express TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels and are in close proximity of gut microbes. Emerging evidence indicates a bi-directional gut–brain cross-talk in several entero-neuronal pathologies; however, the direct evidence of TRP channels interacting with gut microbial populations is lacking. Herein, we examine whether and how the knockout (KO) of TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels individually or combined TRPA1/V1 double-knockout (dKO) impacts the gut microbiome in mice. We detect distinct microbiome clusters among the three KO mouse models versus wild-type (WT) mice. All three TRP-KO models have reduced microbial diversity, harbor higher abundance of Bacteroidetes, and a reduced proportion of Firmicutes. Specifically distinct arrays in the KO models are determined mainly by S24-7, Bacteroidaceae, Clostridiales, Prevotellaceae, Helicobacteriaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Ruminococcaceae. A1KO mice have lower Prevotella, Desulfovibrio, Bacteroides, Helicobacter and higher Rikenellaceae and Tenericutes; V1KO mice demonstrate higher Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus, Desulfovibrio and Mucispirillum; and A1V1dKO mice exhibit higher Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides and S24-7 and lower Firmicutes, Ruminococcaceae, Oscillospira, Lactobacillus and Sutterella abundance. Furthermore, the abundance of taxa involved in biosynthesis of lipids and primary and secondary bile acids is higher while that of fatty acid biosynthesis-associated taxa is lower in all KO groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating distinct gut microbiome signatures in TRPA1, V1 and dKO models and should facilitate prospective studies exploring novel diagnostic/ therapeutic modalities regarding the pathophysiology of TRP channel proteins.

It has always been the subject of interest and research to find out most efficient method to minimize the frictional loss of any mating surface in any mechanism. But it has been identified that only improvement of lubricating material cannot help much. For this reason research on design modification was started and still going on to optimize the design of mating surfaces so that losses be minimum. In this paper a research has been done on the design of bearing surface of a journal bearing. Journal bearing is a very important part of many machines specially turbines used in Power generation and rolling mills used in steel making sectors. By modifying the design of the bearing surface, load carrying capacity of a journal bearing can be increased and thus its performance can be improved. It is proved by many researches that, by putting cylindrical dimples on bearing surface the performance of a journal bearing can be increased. To measure the performance of a journal bearing three parameters are usually used. Those are, (i) Load Carrying Capacity, (ii) Frictional resisting force and (iii) Ratio of Frictional resistance and Load carrying capacity, which is called Frictional coefficient. In this work a modification has been done on the work of Cupillard. Cupillard considered only the cylindrical dimples for the sake of manufacturing simplicity, but in this work a different configuration of dimple has been considered and its influence on bearing performance has been studied. It is proved by many researches that, by putting cylindrical dimples on bearing surface the performance of a journal bearing can be increased. To measure the performance of a journal bearing three parameters are usually used. Those are, (i) Load Carrying Capacity, (ii) Frictional resisting force and (iii) Ratio of Frictional resistance and Load carrying capacity, which is called Frictional coefficient. In this work a modification has been done on the work of Cupillard at all (reference [9]). Cupillard considered only the cylindrical dimples for the sake of manufacturing simplicity, but in this work a different configuration of dimple has been considered and its influence on bearing performance has been studied.