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The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and the effectiveness of Cd/ANZ, Cr/ANZ, and Cd-Cr/ANZ catalysts on conversion process of glycerol to ethanol. Zeolite was activated using 1% HF and refluxed with 6 M HCl and 1 M NH4Cl. Catalysts of Cd/ANZ, Cr/ANZ, and Cd-Cr/ANZ are white granules with a size of 100 mesh. The Catalysts were characterized using XRD, XRF, surface area analysis, and catalyst acidity test. Conversion of glycerol to ethanol by ultrasonic assistance was done in various time of 2, 4, and 6 hours. The result of XRF and XRD characterization showed that natural zeolite is mordenite. Specific surface area of catalyst of Natural Zeolite, H-ANZ, Cd/ANZ, Cr/ANZ, and Cd-Cr/ANZ were 140.06, 129.66, 124,534, 126.348, and 135.218 m2/g respectively. The total acidity level of Activated Natural Zeolite, H-ANZ, Cd/ANZ, Cr/ANZ, and Cd-Cr/ANZ catalysts were 0.74, 1.41, 0.49, 0.47, and 0.43 mmol/g respectively. The highest glycerol conversion was obtained when Cd-Cr/ANZ catalyst was used and in a sonication time of 6 hours with yield of 43.84% wt ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp farming in Prigi Bay adjacent the seawater produces ammonia organic waste which has the potential to cause marine pollution. To identify and map the ammonia content of shrimp ponds around the sea, we investigated the ammonia content in sludge sediment. Identification of ammonia in sediments were used and applied the Phenate and Nessler methods, respectively and then mapped using Arcgis software. Ammonia contents by Phenate identification was chosen as a method with good linearity (r = 0.999), which is higher than the Nessler method (r = 0.994). The results of accuracy and precision in this method reached ∼100% of recovery and 1.23% of RSD. This method is very suitable for mapping ammonia as a marine pollution. The results of the shrimp pond ammonia levels showed from 2.899 to 23.270 mg/L. The results of the analysis of shrimp pond waste sediment exceeds the quality standard of ammonia which has the potential to pollute the sea. Mapping of the potential for ammonia pollution is clearly divided into several polluted zones, indicating alarm pollution in the seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is classified as a high demand energy in Indonesia, so the production process needs to be optimized to be effective and efficient. Biodiesel production through the transesterification reaction always produces waste as a by-product, such as glycerol, residual fatty acids, residual alcohol, and residual alkaline species. The problem is that the separation of the mixture is still difficult to do. Many studies use traditional methods (such as washing and evaporation) and they cause to be ineffective. Alternatively, research needs to be expanded on the synthesis of materials with special designs for the separation of the mixture resulting from the transesterification reaction. Therefore, we review a unique material design, namely amphiphilic material. By design, this material is made as a heterogeneous inorganic material and it only has two solubility active sites, such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic. This material has been studied about the used method, the success of the synthesis, and its structural properties. Next, we have described the challenges and problems in the synthesis of this material. In addition, we have formulated a catalysis system design for the separation of the transesterified mixture, so that it can estimate the steps of the catalysis process of biodiesel synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZSM-5-based catalysis are versatile catalytic systems for a wide range of laboratory studies. The chemical composition, ion exchange, and pore size structure attributes of zeolites are responsible for their extensive catalytic applications. Generally, ZSM-5 catalysis are used with variation of impregnation of transition metal for esterification and transesterification process. Esterification and transesterification are both of the important and routinely processes in diverse fields of organic synthesis. It has a long history in laboratory work due to its versatility for biodiesel production. This review intends to give a detailed insight into the significance of ZSM-5-based catalysis for biodiesel production, such as the used method of its synthesis, the structural characterization with XRD, XRF, and SEM instrument. Then, this article describes about the potential of ZSM-5-based catalysis for biodiesel production with its yield. So, we can get the information of the optimization of ZSM-5-based catalysis that can catalysis in esterification and transesterification process for biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the conversion of glycerol into ethanol using an Ag-Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst with ultrasonic assistance at a temperature of 60 oC with variations in sonication time of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. This research was carried out in 4 stages, namely: (1) activation of ZSM-5 with NH4Cl, (2) Impregnation of Ag metal, Zn metal and a mixture of Logan Ag and Zn metal, (3) Characterization of ZSM-5 catalyst resulting from activation and impregnation, (4) ultrasonic-assisted conversion of glycerol to ethanol with time variations. The characterization of the catalyst used XRF, XRD, acidity and surface area analysis, while the GC tool was used to analyze the results of the conversion of glycerol into ethanol. The results showed that the Zeolite ZSM-5 was successfully impregnated with a mixture of Ag and Zn metals as evidenced by XRD analysis, namely that there was a similarity of peaks at an angle of 2θ with the JCPDS standard and the results of XRF analysis were obtained that impregnated Ag and Zn metals were 13.3 wt% and 10.7 wt%. Optimum degradation time for glycerol conversion glycerol to ethanol using Ag-Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst with ultrasonic assistance at a temperature of 60 oC is 4 hours with a yield of 45 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted the desalination process of seawater into clean water using silica produced from natural sediment. The sediment contains Si-O-Si and Si-OH groups in the silica to absorb NaCl substances in the seawater. Silica from natural sediment was purified from heavy metals using acid reflux and then measured physical and chemical characterization. The XRF analysis, calcination process, FTIR and AAS analysis were investigated to produce and optimize silica from a sediment sample. The application of silica was applied to absorb NaCl in Prigi Seawater. The results indicated the white silica adsorbent had a typical peak stretching vibration of Si–OH groups visible at wave number 3200-3400 cm−1 as the potential situs of Na+ ion adsorbent. The effective temperature in the produced silica sediment was at 800°C with adsorbed Na+ ion on the artificial seawater of 25 mg/L (16.7%) while the Prigi seawater sample was 60.8 mg/L (10.7%). The produced silica can reduce the salt content of Prigi Seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica in Prigi marine sediments can be used as an adsorbent. Previous studies confirm silica inability to absorb Na+ ions optimally. Thus, a study on other adsorbent combinations for the performance of silica in samples on a laboratory scale is required. One of the adsorbent combinations that need to be considered is activated carbon. The combination of activated carbon and silica in the manufacture of membranes is used for seawater filtration and simultaneous adsorption in the seawater desalination process. This study aims to investigate the effect of the addition of activated carbon on the manufacture of silica membrane and its performance in the process of absorbing Na+ ions in Prigi seawater. The sediment content of Prigi Bay, Indonesia, contains silica which has Si-O-Si and Si-OH, so that it is expected that the sediment can absorb Na+ ions. This research determined the sampling point, took and prepared sediment samples, then investigated it using XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDX, sediment ashing, extraction of silica from sediment ash, manufactured of sedimentary silica membrane for Na+ ion analysis, characterized of activated carbon silica membrane by FTIR, as well as membrane applications in the Na+ ion test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted based on the manufacture of chitosan membrane in the process of adding silica to adsorb Na+ ions. The added silica comes from the natural sediments of the Prigi Bay. The content of the sediment is silica, which has Si-O-Si and Si-OH groups so that the sediment is expected to be able to absorb Na+ ions. This study aims to understand the addition of silica in the chitosan membrane in the level of absorption of Na+ ions. Furthermore, modification of the chitosan membrane is carried out to produce a membrane that has better characteristics. For example, it can increase the stability in the membrane, can reduce the pore size so that the separation of a solution by the membrane becomes more effective. The design of this study is to determine the sampling point, take and prepare sediment samples, XRF testing, XRD testing, SEM-EDX testing, sediment ashing, silica extraction from sediment ash, membrane making with the addition of chitosan for Na+ion adsorption, membrane characterization with FTIR, and application membrane in the Na+ ion test. The results obtained from this study are silica from marine sediments, which are white in color which has a characteristic peak of stretching vibration of the -OH group which appears at wavenumber 3200-3400 cm-1, and the addition of silica can increase the performance of the membrane in the absorption rate of Na+ ions. The optimization level of the membrane on the maximum adsorption power of Na+ ions is 96.90 % on a laboratory scale, and Prigi seawater is 84.32%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]