5,963 results on '"Sapindales"'
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2. Burseraceae in the Latest Cretaceous of India: Sahniocarpon Chitaley & Patil.
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Manchester, Steven R., Kapgate, Dashrath K., and Judd, Walter S.
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STONE fruit , *FRUIT seeds , *BOSWELLIA , *FRUIT , *ANGIOSPERMS - Abstract
We reinvestigated the distinctive pentalocular fruits known as Sahniocarpon from the latest Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) Deccan Intertrappean beds of central India, whose familial affinities within the angiosperms have previously been elusive. Using micro–computed tomography scanning to produce digital sections and surface renderings of the fruits and the contained seeds, supplementing the traditional thin section and peel methods, we discovered new characters useful in establishing affinities with the Burseraceae. The fruit is pedicellate with a hypogynous perianth, and each of the five locules contains a single-seeded pyrene, which bears narrow lateral wings similar to those of extant Boswellia (frankincense). Sahniocarpon fruits opened by the shedding of five septifragal valves, in the manner of dehiscent drupes in the Burseraceae. Co-occurring fruits, previously known as Cremocarpon deccanii Karanjekar, show a similar organization but differ by their smaller size. We consider the larger- and smaller-fruited species to represent two members of the same genus: S. harrisii Chitaley & Patil and S. deccanensis (Karanjekar) Manch., Kapgate & Judd comb. nov. These fruits, together with those of Bursericarpum indica Kumar et al. and others as yet undescribed, indicate that the Burseraceae were well represented in the vegetation of central India near the end of the Cretaceous and in the early Cenozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. TRICHILIA PALLENS (MELIACEAE) NUEVA CITA PARA LA FLORA ARGENTINA Y NOVEDADES NOMENCLATURALES PARA EL GÉNERO.
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Panizza, Adela M. and Keller, Héctor A.
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BOTANY , *PHENOLOGY , *MELIACEAE , *SPECIES , *PICTURES - Abstract
Trichilia is one of the most diverse genera of the family Meliaceae, currently with five species for the argentine flora, including Trichilia pallens, which is reported for the first time. A morphological description of the species is presented as well as field pictures, its geographic distribution, habitat, phenology, vernacular names, uses, conservation status, diagnostic characters, and the first key for to the species of Trichilia in Argentina. In addition, lectotypes are designated for Trichilia brachythyrsus, T. petiolulata, T. glabriramea, and T. puberulanthera, including nomenclatural notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. First fossil woods and palm stems from the mid‐Paleocene of Myanmar and implications for biogeography and wood anatomy.
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Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, De Franceschi, Dario, Win, Zaw, Aung, Day Wa, Dupont‐Nivet, Guillaume, and Boura, Anaïs
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FOSSIL trees , *WOOD , *BIOGEOGRAPHY , *RAIN forests , *PALMS , *ANATOMY - Abstract
Premise: The rise of angiosperm‐dominated tropical rainforests has been proposed to have occurred shortly after the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition. Paleocene fossil wood assemblages are rare yet provide important data for understanding these forests and whether their wood anatomical features can be used to document the changes that occurred during this transition. Methods: We used standard techniques to section 11 fossil wood specimens of Paleocene‐age, described the anatomy using standard terminology, and investigated their affinities to present‐day taxa. Results: We report here the first middle Paleocene fossil wood specimens from Myanmar, which at the time was near the equator and anchored to India. Some fossils share affinities with Arecaceae, Sapindales (Anacardiaceae, Meliaceae) and Moraceae and possibly Fabaceae or Lauraceae. One specimen is described as a new species and genus: Compitoxylon paleocenicum gen. et sp. nov. Conclusions: This assemblage reveals the long‐lasting presence of these aforementioned groups in South Asia and suggests the early presence of multiple taxa of Laurasian affinity in Myanmar and India. The wood anatomical features of the dicotyledonous specimens reveal that both "modern" and "primitive" features (in a Baileyan scheme) are present with proportions similar to features in specimens from Paleocene Indian localities. Their anatomical diversity corroborates that tropical flora display "modern" features early in the history of angiosperms and that their high diversity remained steady afterward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Efficacy of the Botanical Extracts, Azadirachta indica (Sapindales: Meliaceae) and Tagetes minuta (Asterales: Asteraceae) in the Control of Cabbage Insect Pests in Iringa District, Tanzania.
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Rwegoshora, Levocatus M., Tairo, Vendeline E., and Olotu, Moses I.
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NEEM ,MARIGOLDS ,SAPINDALES ,GOATS ,CABBAGE - Abstract
Although botanical extracts have been widely studied globally, the efficacy of neem and Mexican marigold against cabbage insect pests is scanty. Field experiments were conducted at Kalenga and Mgera in 2022 using a randomized complete block design. Four treatments (neem, Mexican marigold, a mixture of the two extracts and untreated) were replicated three times. In Kalenga, damage levels for treated plots varied significantly from 3.33 to 9.20% and 5.0 to 18.33%, while for untreated plots varied from 37.70 to 45.85% during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively (F(3, 499) = 111.71, p < 0.05). A similar trend was recorded in Mgera, the damage levels varied significantly between treated (4.44-15.83%) and untreated plots (34.40-46.60%) (F(3, 449) = 94.23, p < 0.05). Treated plots had higher marketable cabbage yields (30.6-43.10 t/ha) than untreated plots (4.78-11.20 t/ha), which differed significantly in Kalenga (F (3, 67) = 141.79, p < 0.05) and Mgera (F (3, 67) = 53.36, p < 0.05). These extracts have shown insecticidal properties, can serve as promising candidates for further studies aimed at isolating active compounds for scaling up ecologically friendly strategies of controlling pests and improve the quality of cabbage products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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6. Fruits of Anacardiaceae from the Paleogene of the Paris Basin, France.
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Del Rio, Cédric, Tosal, Aixa, Kara, Eliise, Manchester, Steven R., Herrera, Fabiany, Collinson, Margaret E., and De Franceschi, Dario
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ANACARDIACEAE , *PALEOGENE , *FOSSILS , *EOCENE Epoch , *FRUIT , *COMPUTED tomography , *PALEOECOLOGY , *PALEOCENE Epoch - Abstract
Premise of research. The Anacardiaceae family is distributed throughout the vegetated continents. The fossil record indicates extensive diversification of the family during the Paleogene and, in particular, during the Eocene. Despite the abundant fossil record of this period, there are only a few reliable anacardiaceous fossils in the Paris Basin. Here, we aim to document newly recognized fossils of Anacardiaceae from the Paris Basin, understand their paleoecology, and discuss their biogeographic history. Methodology. Thirty-three lignite fruits were examined from two sites, one before and one after the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (i.e., Petit Pâtis [Rivecourt] and Le Quesnoy [Houdancourt]). The specimens were photographed, and anatomy was studied using computed tomography and histological sections. Comparative analyses were undertaken using available descriptions of fossil and modern fruits of Anacardiaceae. Pivotal results. A new species, Cyrtocarpa biapertura sp. nov., is described on the basis of a unilocular fruit with two prominent apertures present on the ventral side of the endocarp, protruding into two lacunae surrounding the locule. Taphonomic analysis indicates that this plant grew close to riverbanks. Furthermore, a new record of " Lannea " europaea (Reid and Chandler) Chandler is reported for the Eocene site. Conclusions. The occurrence of Cyrtocarpa in both the Paleocene and the Eocene floras in the Paris Basin suggests similar vegetation during both time intervals. It is likely that both floras grew under similar subtropical climates. Moreover, it appears that the early Eocene shows an enrichment of the paleodiversity of Anacardiaceae and other plant families in the Paris Basin. The presence of Cyrtocarpa documents a rarely reported disjunction between the Paleogene of Europe and the recent tropical flora of South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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7. Taxonomic recircumscriptions in the Aglaia elaeagnoidea complex (Meliaceae).
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Joyce, E. M., Crayn, D. M., Rossetto, M., Yap, J. Y. S., Thiele, K. R., and Pannell, C. M.
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MELIACEAE , *TAXONOMISTS , *MOLECULAR phylogeny - Abstract
Aglaia is the most widespread and species-rich genus in Meliaceae, comprising 124 species. Aglaia elaeagnoidea has presented a longstanding dilemma for taxonomists; it is highly morphologically and ecologically variable, and has a range extending across India, Southeast Asia, Australia and islands of the western Pacific Ocean. Previous work has examined molecular variation in the eastern part of the species' range; however, molecular variation in the western half of its distribution remained uncharacterised, precluding taxonomic resolution of the complex. In this study, we used DArT-seq analysis to investigate genetic structure in A. elaeagnoidea from India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Thailand, Java and Bali. We find a strong genetic disjunction between Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, suggesting that western A. elaeagnoidea comprises two taxa. On the basis of these results, in combination with morphology and previous molecular work on eastern A. elaeagnoidea, we resolve A. elaeagnoidea into three species, retaining A. elaeagnoidea for the eastern (type) species, and reinstating A. wallichii for a species in Bangladesh, Thailand, Java and Bali, and A. roxburghiana for a species occurring in India and Sri Lanka. We provide descriptions for each taxon and a key to the species, thereby resolving a previously difficult species group in a notoriously complex genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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8. Unlocking the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of flavone and amide-rich fractions from Conchocarpus macrocarpus (Rutaceae) leaves
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Silveira, Elielson Rodrigo, Torres, Priscila Bezerra, Scortecci, Katia Castanho, Rocha, Hugo Alexandre Oliveira, Suffredini, Ivana Barbosa, de Souza Silva, Jefferson, and dos Santos, Déborah Yara Alves Cursino
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- 2023
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9. Hidden Species of Anacardiaceae in the Andean Cloud Forests: A Revision of Schinus Section Myrtifolia.
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da Silva Luz, Cíntia Luíza, Mitchell, John Daniel, Daly, Douglas C., Bitencourt, Camila, Oliveira Pierre, Patrícia Maria, Pell, Susan K., and Pirani, José Rubens
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CLOUD forests , *ANACARDIACEAE , *SPECIES - Abstract
Schinus comprises 42 species distributed across a broad range of vegetation types in southern South America. The previous phylogenetic study recovered eight well-supported lineages in Schinus. The simple-leaved species were grouped in a strongly supported clade that was resolved into five internal clades, one of which is Schinus sect. Myrtifolia. This is a group with some species reaching the highest elevations attained by Anacardiaceae. The 11 species of this section are mostly endemic to Andean cloud forests from Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. Here, we present a taxonomic revision of Schinus section Myrtifolia and provide an identification key, descriptions of taxa including four new species: Schinus congestiflora, Schinus obliqua, Schinus tarijensis, and Schinus villosa, recognize a variety at species level and a new name at a new rank, as well as present synonyms and designate three lectotypes. We also include illustrations, distribution maps, comments on the taxonomy and nomenclature, preliminary conservation assessments, and pollen characterization for three species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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10. A new endemic species of Amyris (Rutaceae) from the Magdalena River Valley in Colombia.
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Londoño-Echeverri, Yeison, Trujillo-López, Ana M., and Gereau, Roy E.
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RUTACEAE , *ENDANGERED species , *SPECIES , *HABITATS , *PLANT classification , *VEINS , *PHENOLOGY - Abstract
Amyris pacis, a new species from the Magdalena River Valley in Colombia, is described and illustrated, including comments about its geographical distribution, habitat, phenology, conservation status and taxonomic affinities. The new species appears to be closely related to A. trimera due to its unifoliolate leaves and trimerous flowers, but differs from it by its longer leaflet blades with the base rounded to subtruncate, or occasionally subcordate (vs. cuneate), and secondary veins slightly ascending (vs. more strongly ascending). Being a threatened and endemic species, and one of the few species with trimerous flowers, it should be included in further studies to determine appropriate conservation plans and to improve knowledge about the morphology of species with trimerous flowers in Neotropical Rutaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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11. Sapindaceae of Southern South America
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Fred A. Barkley
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Sapindales ,Sapindaceae ,morphology ,taxonomy ,distribution ,South America ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
The author studies the Sapindaceae of Southern South America, giving keys to genera and geographic distribution. He creates 16 new taxa and establishes 6 new combinations and states.
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- 2022
12. Conchocarpus kallunkiae (Rutaceae: Galipeinae), a new endemic species from the tropical rainforest in the Magdalena River Valley in Colombia.
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Londoño-Echeverri, Yeison, Trujillo-López, Ana María, Pérez-Zabala, Jorge Andrés, and Groppo, Milton
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RAIN forests , *VALLEYS , *RUTACEAE , *SPECIES , *PLANT classification , *MOLECULAR phylogeny - Abstract
Conchocarpus kallunkiae (Rutaceae: Galipeinae), a new species from the Magdalena River Valley region in Colombia, is described and illustrated and comments about its geographical distribution, phenology, conservation status, and taxonomic affinities are provided. The new species differs from any other species in the genus by the combination of remarkably bullate blades, basally appendaged anthers, and a 4-carpellate ovary. Based on inflorescences and flowers, it seems closely related to Conchocarpus macrophyllus (type species of the genus) with which it shares foliaceus primary bracts, partial inflorescences developing as scaly short-shoots, zygomorphic flowers, an androecium of two stamens and five staminodes, and a glabrous ovary. Because it is endemic to the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia and exhibits some traits uncommon among the Galipeinae (for example, anthers connate by their basal appendages), including this species in future evolutionary studies may provide insights about the geographical and morphological histories of the genus and the subtribe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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13. The monoploid chromosome complement of reconstructed ancestral genomes in a phylogeny.
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Xu, Qiaoji, Zhang, Xiaomeng, Zhang, Yue, Zheng, Chunfang, Leebens-Mack, James H., Jin, Lingling, and Sankoff, David
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CHROMOSOMES , *PHYLOGENY , *WOODY plants , *GENOMES - Abstract
Using RACCROCHE, a method for reconstructing gene content and order of ancestral chromosomes from a phylogeny of extant genomes represented by the gene orders on their chromosomes, we study the evolution of three orders of woody plants. The method retrieves the monoploid complement of each Ancestor in a phylogeny, consisting a complete set of distinct chromosomes, despite some of the extant genomes being recently or historically polyploidized. The three orders are the Sapindales, the Fagales and the Malvales. All of these are independently estimated to have ancestral monoploid number X = 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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14. Flower Structure and Development of Spondias tuberosa and Tapirira guianensis (Spondioideae): Implications for the Evolution of the Unisexual Flowers and Pseudomonomery in Anacardiaceae.
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Tölke, Elisabeth Dantas, Demarco, Diego, Carmello-Guerreiro, Sandra Maria, and Bachelier, Julien B.
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FLOWER development , *POLLINATION , *FLOWERS , *ANACARDIACEAE , *POLLINATORS , *CARPEL , *SCANNING electron microscopy , *GYNOECIUM - Abstract
Premise of research. Anacardiaceae comprise two subfamilies (Anacardioideae and Spondioideae) with small nectariferous flowers that are typically morphologically bisexual, whereas sometimes only the androecium or gynoecium is functional. In most Spondioideae, flowers are typically polysymmetric and obdiplostemonous, with as many antepetalous carpels as there are sepals (or petals), but frequently not all carpels are fertile, and the gynoecium can also be pseudomonomerous or more rarely monomerous. Pseudomonomery has received little or no attention in Spondioideae, and here we compare flowers of Spondias tuberosa , where all carpels form a locule but only one yields a fully developed ovule, and Tapirira guianensis , where only one carpel is fertile. Methodology. In these two species, we studied the flower structure and development using microtome serial sections, and light and scanning electron microscopy. Pivotal results. Both species share morphologically bisexual flowers with a similar floral bauplan and developmental pathway toward functionally male flowers. Their gynoecia share a syncarpous and entirely synascidiate ovary with the former center of the floral apex exposed between the free (and entirely plicate) styles and stigmas. In addition, the position of their single fertile locule varies in each flower and in S. tuberosa remains unclear until the development of the ovules. Conclusions. Functionally unisexual flowers and pseudomonomery likely evolved independently several times in Spondioideae and Anacardiaceae as a whole, and the structural differences between pseudomonomerous gynoecia in each subfamily are the results of heterochronic development. The evolutionary and functional significance of pseudomonomerous gynoecium in Anacardiaceae remains to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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15. Systematic anatomy of the woods of the Burseraceae
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Irma Eleanor Schimdt Webber
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Sapindales ,Burseraceae ,morphology ,log anatomy ,systematics ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
The author describes the anatomy of the Burseraceae log and compares it with that of Anacardiaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae and Meliaceae. The similarities in the structure of his logs suggest the possibility of a common origin; those of Meliaceae show greater specialization than those of Simaroubaceae and Rutaceae, which in turn are more specialized than those of Burseraceae and Anacardiaceae. The traumatic intercellular cavities of the Rutaceae and Simaroubaceae rays seem to suggest the origin of these families from plants such as Burseraceae and Anacardiaceaes, which have normal intercellular channels in their rays.
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- 2021
16. A new species of Picrasma, P. nanophylla (Simaroubaceae), from the Dominican Republic.
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Majure, Lucas C., Clase, Teodoro, Blankenship, Allison, and Noa-Monzón, Alfredo
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SIMAROUBACEAE , *TROPICAL dry forests , *SPECIES - Abstract
Recent collections in the Sierra Martín García represent a new species of the genus Picrasma, which because of its small leaves in comparison with closely related species, we describe as P. nanophylla. We document its phylogenetic position within the clade, compare it with close relatives and phenetically similar species, provide an illustration of the species and provide an identification key for the Greater Antillean species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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17. An updated infra‐familial classification of Sapindaceae based on targeted enrichment data.
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Buerki, Sven, Callmander, Martin W., Acevedo‐Rodriguez, Pedro, Lowry, Porter P., Munzinger, Jérôme, Bailey, Paul, Maurin, Olivier, Brewer, Grace E., Epitawalage, Niroshini, Baker, William J., and Forest, Félix
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SAPINDACEAE , *DNA sequencing , *NUCLEAR DNA , *NUCLEOTIDE sequence , *CLASSIFICATION - Abstract
Premise: The economically important, cosmopolitan soapberry family (Sapindaceae) comprises ca. 1900 species in 144 genera. Since the seminal work of Radlkofer, several authors have attempted to overcome challenges presented by the family's complex infra‐familial classification. With the advent of molecular systematics, revisions of the various proposed groupings have provided significant momentum, but we still lack a formal classification system rooted in an evolutionary framework. Methods: Nuclear DNA sequence data were generated for 123 genera (86%) of Sapindaceae using target sequence capture with the Angiosperms353 universal probe set. HybPiper was used to produce aligned DNA matrices. Phylogenetic inferences were obtained using coalescence‐based and concatenated methods. The clades recovered are discussed in light of both benchmark studies to identify synapomorphies and distributional evidence to underpin an updated infra‐familial classification. Key Results: Coalescence‐based and concatenated phylogenetic trees had identical topologies and node support, except for the placement of Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. Twenty‐one clades were recovered, which serve as the basis for a revised infra‐familial classification. Conclusions: Twenty tribes are recognized in four subfamilies: two tribes in Hippocastanoideae, two in Dodonaeoideae, and 16 in Sapindoideae (no tribes are recognized in the monotypic subfamily Xanthoceratoideae). Within Sapindoideae, six new tribes are described: Blomieae Buerki & Callm.; Guindilieae Buerki, Callm. & Acev.‐Rodr.; Haplocoeleae Buerki & Callm.; Stadmanieae Buerki & Callm.; Tristiropsideae Buerki & Callm.; and Ungnadieae Buerki & Callm. This updated classification provides a backbone for further research and conservation efforts on this family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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18. Secretory ducts in Anacardiaceae revisited: Updated concepts and new findings based on histochemical evidence.
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Tölke, E.D., Lacchia, A.P.S., Lima, E.A., Demarco, D., Ascensão, L., and Carmello-Guerreiro, S.M.
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GENITALIA , *ANACARDIACEAE , *PLANT metabolism , *INDUSTRIAL location , *GUMS & resins , *PHLOEM - Abstract
• Secretory ducts of Anacardiaceae produce a heterogeneous secretion. • Two kinds of ducts are mainly present in Anacardiaceae: resin and gum ducts. • The kind of duct is linked to its location and origin in the plant body. Secretory ducts in vegetative and reproductive organs of Anacardiaceae have long been documented. However, despite the numerous studies on the anatomy and ultrastructure of these ducts, our knowledge about a possible diversity of duct metabolism in a same plant is scarce. In this study, we aimed to revisit the structure, distribution and metabolic diversity of ducts in vegetative and reproductive organs of Anacardiaceae. The distribution and anatomy of the secretory ducts in the stem, leaves, flowers and fruits of four species of Anacardiaceae were studied and their secretions histochemically characterized. Differences in the composition of the secretion according to the distribution of the ducts were detected, and more than one type of duct can occur in the same organ. In vegetative organs all the phloem ducts produce a complex, mixed resin mostly composed of lipophilic compounds (resin sensu lato). Medullary ducts of Anacardium and Spondias produce only gum, while in Tapirira they have a mixed resin. In reproductive organs, the secretion has a similar composition to the vegetative organs in each species, except in the fruits of Anacardium , where the ducts produce only lipids (resin sensu stricto). The general morphology of the ducts and the production of resins are conservative not only in Anacardiaceae, but also in other Sapindalean families. Our findings demonstrated for the first time in Anacardiaceae the presence of two kinds of ducts, which produce different classes of compounds depending on their origin and distribution. Earlier descriptions referring Anacardiaceae gum-resin and/or latex ducts are in the current article denominate as resin ducts sensu lato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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19. Evolution of reproductive traits in the mahagony family (Meliaceae).
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Laino Gama, Rebeca, Muellner‐Riehl, Alexandra Nora, Demarco, Diego, and Pirani, José Rubens
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MELIACEAE , *STAMEN , *SYSTEMS biology , *HOMOPLASY , *SIMAROUBACEAE - Abstract
Meliaceae are a mostly pantropical family in the Sapindales, bearing flowers typically provided with a staminal tube, formed by filaments that are fused partially or totally. Nevertheless, several genera of subfamily Cedreloideae have free stamens, which may be adnate to an androgynophore in some taxa. The fact that the family exhibits a wide diversity of floral and fruit features, as well as of sexual systems and pollination syndromes, presents interesting questions on the evolutionary processes that might have taken place during its history. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of 20 reproductive morphological traits of Meliaceae, upon an available molecular phylogenetic framework, using 31 terminals from the family's two main clades (Cedreloideae and Melioideae), plus six Simaroubaceae taxa as outgroup. We aimed to identify and/or confirm synapomorphies for clades within the family and to develop hypotheses on floral evolution and sexual systems in the group. Our reconstruction suggests that the ancestor of Meliaceae was possibly provided with united stamens and unisexual flowers in dioecious individuals, with a subsequent change to free stamens and monoecy in the ancestor of Cedreloideae. Most characters studied show some degree of homoplasy, but some are unique synapomorphies of clades, such as the haplostemonous androecium. An androgynophore defines the Cedrela‐Toona clade. The comparative approach of our study and the evolutionary hypotheses generated herein reveal several aspects demanding further structural investigation, and possible evolutionary pathways of the reproductive structures along with the lineages' diversification, mostly related to the specialization of sexual systems, floral biology, and dispersal strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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20. Endophytic Colletotrichum (Sordariomycetes, Glomerellaceae) species associated with Citrus grandis cv. 'Tomentosa' in China
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Jia-Wei Liu, Ishara S. Manawasinghe, Xuan-Ni Liao, Jin Mao, Zhang-Yong Dong, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe, Yong-Xin Shu, and Mei Luo
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Citrus ,Glomerellaceae ,Fungi ,Aurantioideae ,two new species ,new ascomycete ,phylogeny ,Biota ,Sapindales ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,taxonomy ,Ascomycota ,Chinese traditional medicinal plants ,Sordariomycetes ,Colletotrichum ,six new host records ,Citrus grandis ,Plantae ,Rutaceae ,Glomerellales ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Colletotrichum species are well-known plant pathogens, saprobes, endophytes, human pathogens and entomopathogens. However, little is known about Colletotrichum as endophytes of plants and cultivars including Citrus grandis cv. “Tomentosa”. In the present study, 12 endophytic Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from this host in Huazhou, Guangdong Province (China) in 2019. Based on morphology and combined multigene phylogeny [nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), chitin synthase 1 (chs-1), histone H3 (his3) actin (act), beta-tubulin (β-tubulin) and glutamine synthetase (gs)], six Colletotrichum species were identified, including two new species, namely Colletotrichum guangdongense and C. tomentosae. Colletotrichum asianum, C. plurivorum, C. siamense and C. tainanense are identified as being the first reports on C. grandis cv. “Tomentosa” worldwide. This study is the first comprehensive study on endophytic Colletotrichum species on C. grandis cv. “Tomentosa” in China.
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- 2023
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21. Plastid genomes of the North American Rhus integrifolia-ovata complex and phylogenomic implications of inverted repeat structural evolution in Rhus L.
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Craig F. Barrett
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Sumac ,Chloroplast genome ,Phylogeny ,SNP ,Anacardiaceae ,Sapindales ,Medicine ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Plastid genomes (plastomes) represent rich sources of information for phylogenomics, from higher-level studies to below the species level. The genus Rhus (sumac) has received a significant amount of study from phylogenetic and biogeographic perspectives, but genomic studies in this genus are lacking. Rhus integrifolia and R. ovata are two shrubby species of high ecological importance in the southwestern USA and Mexico, where they occupy coastal scrub and chaparral habitats. They hybridize frequently, representing a fascinating system in which to investigate the opposing effects of hybridization and divergent selection, yet are poorly characterized from a genomic perspective. In this study, complete plastid genomes were sequenced for one accession of R. integrifolia and one each of R. ovata from California and Arizona. Sequence variation among these three accessions was characterized, and PCR primers potentially useful in phylogeographic studies were designed. Phylogenomic analyses were conducted based on a robustly supported phylogenetic framework based on 52 complete plastomes across the order Sapindales. Repeat content, rather than the size of the inverted repeat, had a stronger relative association with total plastome length across Sapindales when analyzed with phylogenetic least squares regression. Variation at the inverted repeat boundary within Rhus was striking, resulting in major shifts and independent gene losses. Specifically, rps19 was lost independently in the R. integrifolia-ovata complex and in R. chinensis, with a further loss of rps22 and a major contraction of the inverted repeat in two accessions of the latter. Rhus represents a promising novel system to study plastome structural variation of photosynthetic angiosperms at and below the species level.
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- 2020
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22. Fruit Anatomy of the Canarieae (Burseraceae)
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María C. Martínez-Habibe
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articulated plate ,Burseraceae ,Canarieae ,fruit anatomy ,resin ,Sapindales ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
Fruits historically have been the key character for delimitation of tribes in the Burseraceae. However, fruit structure is incompletely known within the family, thus the importance of this character is unclear. This study of fruit anatomy in the traditional tribe Canarieae examines the distribution of the tissues that correspond to the exo-, meso-, and endocarp. The detailed arrangement and measurement of the tissues are reported here for the first time in all eight genera in the tribe. The evidence suggests that in all cases except Pseudodacryodes, the endocarp has at least one layer of parenchyma cells within which a sclereid layer is evident and, in some cases, an inner epidermis. All Canarieae fruits exhibit secretory canals, and some taxa have epidermal glands with resin-like contents. Evidence of carpellar sutures was found for all Canarieae, and in Dacryodes, Haplolobus, Rosselia, and Santiria, an articulated plate is present that corresponds to an abortive locule. The anatomical and morphological characters presented here are useful in delimiting genera within Canarieae.
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- 2022
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23. A new species of Thinouia (Paullinieae, Sapindaceae) from the Amazon and its phylogenetic placement.
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Medeiros, Herison, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, and Campostrini Forzza, Rafaela
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SAPINDACEAE , *SPECIES , *LIANAS , *INFLORESCENCES , *CLIMBING plants - Abstract
Thinouia is a Neotropical genus of lianas with approximately 12 species and is the only genus in tribe Paullinieae with actinomorphic flowers. During a taxonomic revision of the genus and fieldwork in southwestern Amazonia, we found a new species that appears similar to Thinouia trifoliata (ex Allosanthus) because of its racemiform inflorescence. However, before describing the new species, we had to confirm that Allosanthus was congeneric with Thinouia so we could place the new species in the correct genus. The results of the phylogenetic analysis, based on molecular data (trnL intron and ITS sequences), show that Allosanthus should be included in Thinouia. Thus, the new taxon is described here as Thinouia cazumbensis sp. nov. The new species is described, illustrated and phylogenetic trees showing relationships within supertribe Paulliniodae and Thinouia and the congeneric Allosanthus are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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24. Wood anatomy of the neotropical liana lineage Paullinia L. (Sapindaceae).
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Chery, Joyce G., da Cunha Neto, Israel L., Pace, Marcelo R., Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, Specht, Chelsea D., and Rothfels, Carl J.
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SAPINDACEAE , *LIANAS , *ANATOMY , *FOREST conservation , *CONVERGENT evolution , *WOOD products , *BROMELIACEAE , *CLIMBING plants - Abstract
The liana genus Paullinia L. is one of the most speciose in the neotropics and is unusual in its diversity of stem macromorphologies and cambial conformations. These so-called "vascular cambial variants" are morphologically disparate, evolutionarily labile, and are implicated in injury repair and flexibility. In this study, we explore at the finer scale how wood anatomy translates into functions related to the climbing habit. We present the wood anatomy of Paullinia and discuss the functional implications of key anatomical features. Wood anatomy characters were surveyed for 21 Paullinia species through detailed anatomical study. Paullinia woods have dimorphic vessels, rays of two size classes, and both septate and non-septate fibers. Fibriform vessels, fusiform axial parenchyma, and elements morphologically intermediate between fibers and axial parenchyma were observed. Prismatic crystals are common in the axial and/or ray parenchyma, and laticifers are present in the cortex and/or the early-formed secondary phloem. Some features appear as unique to Paullinia or the Sapindaceae, such as the paucity of axial parenchyma and the abundance of starch storing fibers. Although many features are conserved across the genus, the Paullinia wood anatomy converges on several features of the liana-specific functional anatomy expressed across distantly related lianas, demonstrating an example of convergent evolution. Hence, the conservation of wood anatomy in Paullinia suggests a combination of phylogenetic constraint as a member of Sapindaceae and functional constraint from the liana habit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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25. DIVERSITY OF ENDEMIC SUCCULENT PLANTS OF NILGIRIS, SOUTHERN WESTERN GHATS, INDIA.
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PECHIMUTHU, MUTHULAKSHMI PECHIAMMAL and ARUMUGAM, RAJENDRAN
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PLANT diversity ,ENDEMIC plants ,SUCCULENT plants ,BALSAMINACEAE ,SAPINDALES - Abstract
The present study was done for the assessment of endemic succulent plant wealth of Nilgiris. The survey was conducted during 2017 - 2020. The survey in different localities of Nilgiris resulted in identifying a total of 48 succulent flowering plants belonging to 15 families and 27 genera. Among the different families Orchidaceae was leading by 35.4% (17 Spp.) of total endemic plant species followed by Balsaminaceae by 27 % (13 Spp.). Five endangered species explored in the genus are Impatiens neobarnesii C. E. C. Fisch., Impatiens pendula Heyne ex Wight & Arn., Impatiens nilagirica C.E.C.Fisch., Conchidium nanum (A.Rich.) Brieger and Gloriosa superba L. It is concluded that there are no previous reports on the endemic succulent flora in the Southern Western Ghats of Nilgiris, India. Hence, the locality should be further analysed to design conservation measures for the management of these endemic species with environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
26. Plastid genomes of the North American Rhus integrifolia-ovata complex and phylogenomic implications of inverted repeat structural evolution in Rhus L.
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Barrett, Craig F.
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INVERTED repeats (Genetics) ,GENOMES ,INFORMATION resources ,CHLOROPLAST DNA ,SPECIES hybridization - Abstract
Plastid genomes (plastomes) represent rich sources of information for phylogenomics, from higher-level studies to below the species level. The genus Rhus (sumac) has received a significant amount of study from phylogenetic and biogeographic perspectives, but genomic studies in this genus are lacking. Rhus integrifolia and R. ovata are two shrubby species of high ecological importance in the southwestern USA and Mexico, where they occupy coastal scrub and chaparral habitats. They hybridize frequently, representing a fascinating system in which to investigate the opposing effects of hybridization and divergent selection, yet are poorly characterized from a genomic perspective. In this study, complete plastid genomes were sequenced for one accession of R. integrifolia and one each of R. ovata from California and Arizona. Sequence variation among these three accessions was characterized, and PCR primers potentially useful in phylogeographic studies were designed. Phylogenomic analyses were conducted based on a robustly supported phylogenetic framework based on 52 complete plastomes across the order Sapindales. Repeat content, rather than the size of the inverted repeat, had a stronger relative association with total plastome length across Sapindales when analyzed with phylogenetic least squares regression. Variation at the inverted repeat boundary within Rhus was striking, resulting in major shifts and independent gene losses. Specifically, rps19 was lost independently in the R. integrifolia-ovata complex and in R. chinensis, with a further loss of rps22 and a major contraction of the inverted repeat in two accessions of the latter. Rhus represents a promising novel system to study plastome structural variation of photosynthetic angiosperms at and below the species level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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27. Structural and temporal modes of heterodichogamy and similar patterns across angiosperms.
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Endress, Peter K
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CARYOPHYLLALES , *ROSALES , *FLOWERING time , *ZINGIBERACEAE , *SYNCHRONIZATION , *FLOWERING of plants - Abstract
Different kinds of synchronization of flowering, and of male and female function, have evolved in many angiosperms. The most complex patterns are heterodichogamy, pseudoheterodichogamy and duodichogamy. In this review, their occurrence across angiosperms is shown and the diversity in heterodichogamy and duodichogamy is outlined. Heterodichogamy is characterized by the occurrence of two temporally complementary genetic morphs, whereas in peudoheterodichogamy and duodichogamy only one morph occurs. In duodichogamy, the two phases result from alternating periods of several days of the same phase three or more times during a flowering season; however, they are of irregular length. In pseudoheterodichogamy, the two phases result from repeated flushes of flowering within individuals always with one or two flowerless days in between. In contrast to duodichogamy, the male and female phases alternate in a daily rhythm coordinated with the day-night rhythm. Heterodichogamy and similar patterns of synchronization are scattered across angiosperms; however, they are especially common in the Magnoliales, Laurales, Canellales, Zingiberales, Ranunculales, Trochodendrales, Fagales, Rosales, Malpighiales, Malvales, Sapindales, Caryophyllales and Apiales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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28. Fossil evidence for a Cretaceous rise of the mahogany family.
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Atkinson, Brian A.
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MAHOGANY , *RAIN forests , *FOSSILS , *BAYESIAN analysis , *MELIACEAE - Abstract
Premise: The mahogany family (Meliaceae) is an angiosperm lineage comprising many species that are important elements in tropical ecosystems, and is often used as a study system to understand the evolution of tropical rainforests. While divergence time studies have estimated a Cretaceous origin for the family, no unequivocal fossils of that age have been described. Here, the first Cretaceous evidence for Meliaceae is reported, based on an exceptionally well‐preserved fruit from the Upper Cretaceous (79–72 Ma, Campanian) of North America. Methods: The fossil fruit was prepared using traditional paleobotanical techniques. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses using morphological and molecular data were conducted to assess the phylogenetic position of the Cretaceous fruit in Meliaceae and to assess the effect of morphology for inferring the overall pattern of phylogeny for the family. Results: The fruit consists of a fleshy mesocarp and a woody endocarp with a hollow center, nine locules, loculicidal sutures, and one subapically attached seed per locule that has an enlarged sarcotesta near the hilum. The combination of characters in this fruit is strikingly similar to the genus Melia L. Phylogenetic analyses recover the Cretaceous fruit as being closely related to Melia and highlights the effect of fruit morphological data for inferring the overall pattern of phylogeny in Meliaceae. There are a few structural differences between the fossil fruit of this study and Melia; thus, the newly characterized Cretaceous taxon is named Manchestercarpa vancouverensis gen. et sp. nov. Discussion: These results clearly confirm a Cretaceous origin for Meliaceae and that important tropical families were present prior to the development of modern tropical ecosystems in the Cenozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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29. A new combination in Serjania (Sapindaceae, Paullinieae) endemic to Minas Gerais, Brazil
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María Silvia Ferrucci and Juan Domingo Urdampilleta
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Sapindales ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Sapindaceae ,Biodiversity ,Plant Science ,Plantae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Taxonomy - Abstract
A new combination, Serjania urvilleoides based on Cardiospermum urvilleoides (Sapindaceae, Paullinieae) is proposed. We are able to establish this new combination, on the basis of recent molecular evidence, complemented with carpological and seminal characters which are described for the first time. This species is endemic to Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is compared to its putative closest relative. In addition, illustrations, micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis, distribution map and conservation status are provided.
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- 2022
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30. Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini)
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Stiller, Michael and Webb, Michael D.
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Cicadellidae ,Insecta ,Arthropoda ,Biodiversity ,Hemiptera ,Sapindales ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Animalia ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Plantae ,Rutaceae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Taxonomy - Abstract
The following leafhoppers (Deltocephalinae: Bonaspeiini) of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa are treated: Colistra parvulus (Linnavuori, 1961) is redescribed and three new species of Colistra Davies are described, i.e., C. acapitatus sp. n., C. bucapitatus sp. n. and C. semialius sp. n.; four species of Proekoides Stiller, 1986 are reviewed with the addition of P. postspina sp. n.; Proekes cephaleus (Naudé, 1926) is redescribed with details of the female ovipositor, and three new species, i.e., P. hemiplatyphalis sp. n., P. tetracaphalis sp. n., P. diacaphalis sp. n.; a new genus, Xhoreus gen. n. is described with one new species, X. ulosentus sp. n. All species are of similar appearance, size and with reduced hind wings. Two species, C. acapitatus and C. bucapitatus, were collected on Rooibos tea. Keys are provided to species of Colistra, Proekes and Proekoides. Distribution models show limited ranges in the Western Cape province and confined to the Fynbos Biome while Xhoreus ulosentus is possibly endemic to the Cape Peninsula. The validity of the tribe Bonaspeiini is discussed.
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- 2022
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31. A new species of Conchocarpus and first record of Euxylophora (Galipeinae, Zanthoxyloideae, Rutaceae) from Colombia
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Londoño-Echeverri, Yeison, Trujillo-López, Ana María, and Pérez-Zabala, Jorge Andrés
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Sapindales ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Biodiversity ,Plantae ,Rutaceae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Londoño-Echeverri, Yeison, Trujillo-López, Ana María, Pérez-Zabala, Jorge Andrés (2023): A new species of Conchocarpus and first record of Euxylophora (Galipeinae, Zanthoxyloideae, Rutaceae) from Colombia. Phytotaxa 601 (2): 174-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.601.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.601.2.4
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- 2023
32. Euxylophora paraensis Huber 1909
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Londoño-Echeverri, Yeison, Trujillo-López, Ana María, and Pérez-Zabala, Jorge Andrés
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Sapindales ,Euxylophora paraensis ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Biodiversity ,Euxylophora ,Plantae ,Rutaceae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Euxylophora paraensis Huber (1909: 85) Emergent tree up to 50 m tall, native to the Amazon region, previously only registered in Brazil. For Colombia it is here reported from a hitherto unidentified specimen collected by Richard Evans Schultes and Isidoro Cabrera in the year 1951 in the Amazon region (Figs. 3 & 4). This species is under the category EN-Endangered according to the IUCN criteria (Fernandez et al. 2020), and it is considered a well-known timber species in the Brazilian Amazon. Further field exploration and research will be needed for establishing the actual distribution area and the regional conservation status. Specimen examined:— COLOMBIA. Amazonas-Vaupés: Río Apaporis, entre el río Pacoa y el río Kananarí, Soratama, 250 m, 28 September 1951 (fr), R.E. Schultes & I. Cabrera 14160 (COL-60226!)., Published as part of Londoño-Echeverri, Yeison, Trujillo-López, Ana María & Pérez-Zabala, Jorge Andrés, 2023, A new species of Conchocarpus and first record of Euxylophora (Galipeinae, Zanthoxyloideae, Rutaceae) from Colombia, pp. 174-184 in Phytotaxa 601 (2) on page 181, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.601.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8129605, {"references":["Huber, J. (1909) Novitates Florae Amazonicae. Boletim do Museo Goeldi de Historia Natural e Ethnographia 6: 60 - 90.","Fernandez, E., Amorim, E., Martinelli, G. & Gomes, M. (2020) Euxylophora paraensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e. T 61958701 A 176125940. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2020 - 3. RLTS. T 61958701 A 176125940. pt"]}
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- 2023
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33. Conchocarpus cardenasii Londono-Ech., A. M
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Londoño-Echeverri, Yeison, Trujillo-López, Ana María, and Pérez-Zabala, Jorge Andrés
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Sapindales ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Conchocarpus ,Biodiversity ,Plantae ,Conchocarpus cardenasii ,Rutaceae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Conchocarpus cardenasii Londoño-Ech., A.M. Trujillo & Pérez-Zab., sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2) Type:— COLOMBIA. Chocó: Mun. Riosucio, zona de Urabá, Cerros Del Cuchillo, camino La Eugenia (Nova) a la cumbre sureste, 50–300 m, 19 April 1988 (bud & fl), D. Cárdenas 1735 (holotype: JAUM-015131!). Diagnosis:— Conchocarpus cardenasii is morphologically similar to Conchocarpus grandis Kallunki in Kallunki & Pirani (1998: 299), Conchocarpus jirajaranus Kallunki & W. Meier (2019: 196) and in minor degree to Conchocarpus guyanensis (Pulle 1912: 142) Kallunki & Pirani (1998: 300). C. cardenasii can be distinguished from the former two species by its shorter petioles, up to 3.3 cm long (versus up to 12 cm long in C. grandis, up to 7.5 cm long in C. jirajaranus), its longer flowering pedicels 0.7–1 cm long (vs. 0.3–0.6 cm long in C. grandis, ca. 0.2 cm long in C. jirajaranus), its anthers basally and apically sterile (vs. anthers only apically sterile), its smaller mericarps ca. 1.2 × 0.9–1.1 cm (vs. 2–2.5 × 1.7–2 cm in C. grandis, 1.5–2 × 1.5–1.8 cm in C. jirajaranus) and its ovary glabrous (only different respect to C. jirajaranus with ovary densely strigulose). From C. guyanensis, the new species can be distinguished by its racemiform thyrses, bearing 15–26 sessile cymules along rachis (vs. long-pedunculate and corymbiform thyrses bearing 3–4 partial inflorescences near apex, each stalked, ca. 2 cm long) and its seeds with plano-convex cotyledons (vs. plicate-conduplicate cotyledons). Tree 5–10 m tall, branchlets with internodes evident, velvety to densely short-strigose, glabrescent, longitudinally ridged. Leaves 1-foliolate, alternate, the petiole (0.7–) 1.6–3.3 cm long, canaliculate adaxially, short-strigose, glabrescent, ridged longitudinally, transversely striate, swollen at the base and apex; blade (7–)15.5–26 × (3.4–) 5.6– 11.4 cm, elliptic, basally obtuse and cuneate to convex; apically acute and slightly acuminate; sparsely short-strigose on both surfaces, glabrescent; surface pellucid-punctate, the glands visible as dark dots; the margin entire, slightly revolute; secondary veins 12–17 pairs, eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous distally, raised on both surfaces, more distinct abaxially, intersecondary veins present; tertiary veins percurrent, raised on both surfaces, more distinct abaxially. Inflorescence a racemiform thyrse, 4.7–19.1 cm long (including peduncle), short-strigose and puberulous, slightly ridged longitudinally, apparently supra-axillary (originating from a terminal meristem but reoriented laterally by the sympodial growth), the axillar vegetative bud persisting below; the peduncle 0.9–4.8 cm long, the flowering portion 2.5–14.3 cm long, bearing 15–26 flowering nodes, each a dense and sessile cymule, 1–3-flowered, the axes indiscernible; the primary bracts 1–2 × 1 mm, ovate, subtending each cymule, densely short-strigose on abaxial surface and on adaxial surface only towards the margin (glabrous toward the middle portion); the secondary bracts 0.2–0.5 × 0.2–0.5 mm, ovate, subtending some pedicels, densely short-strigose on abaxial surface and on adaxial surface only towards the margin (glabrous towards the middle portion), pedicels 0.7–1 cm long, short-strigose and puberulous, glabrescent. Flowers 5(–6)-merous, calyx cupular, 1.5–1.9 mm high, 5-dentate, the teeth glandular ca. 0.2 × 0.2 mm, densely to sparsely short-strigose abaxially, glabrous adaxially; corolla actinomorphic, cochlear, white, short-tubular by capillinection, the tube ca. 4.5 mm high; petals 7–9.6 × 1–1.6 mm, oblong, apically obtuse and rounded to slightly acuminate, coherent into a tube among them, tomentose abaxially, adaxially glabrous at the base and near to the portion adnate to the filaments, the rest of surface tomentose, on the mouth of tube mixed with little short-villous indumentum, pellucid-punctate more noticeably abaxially; androecium 5(–6)-merous, all stamens fertile, filaments 3–3.7 × 0.6–0.8 mm, oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, coherent among them by capillinection, adherent to the corolla at the base and adnate to it only by a small dorsal portion at the tube throat (perhaps postgenital fusion, see discussion), abaxially tomentose, glabrous near to the portion adnate to the corolla, adaxially glabrous at the base, the rest of surface tomentose, mixed with short-villous indumentum at the throat; anthers 3.2–4 × 0.5–0.7 mm, narrowly lanceolate, broadly attached to the filaments, sterile at the base and at the apex, eglandular at the connective, not exserted along their whole length from the corolla tube; thecae with a basal sterile portion of 0.2–0.4 mm long, a middle fertile portion of 1.5–2.1 mm long, abaxially sparsely short-villous, adaxially short-villous; the apical sterile portion 1.3–1.6 mm long, flattened, curved in anthesis, abaxially sparsely tomentose, adaxially sparsely tomentose mixed with little short-villous indumentum; disc ca. 0.7 mm high, glabrous, slightly shorter than the ovary, margin sinuate; gynoecium 5-merous, apocarpic, glabrous, not exserted from the throat at anthesis, ovary 0.8–0.9 mm high, ca. 0.8 mm diam., umbilicate, style ca. 0.3 mm long (measured over ovary apex), stigma 0.2–0.3 mm long, capitate. Fruits composed by a single mericarp, ca. 1.2 × 0.9–1.1 cm, semi-orbicular laterally, ventrally straight, dorsally rounded, very sparsely short-strigose, pellucid-punctate, transversely ridged. Seed 1 per carpel, ca. 1 × 0.8 cm, glabrous, slightly rugulose, testa papery, embryo straight, cotyledons plano-convex, thick. Distribution and habitat:— Conchocarpus cardenasii is endemic to Colombia. It has been collected only in a hill named as “Cerro del Cuchillo” on the Riosucio municipality of the Chocó department (Fig. 3). The Cerro del Cuchillo is a small and isolated hill on the Pacific Biogeographical Region (sensu Bernal 2016) in a range of elevation of 20–450 m, with annual precipitation between 4.000 to 8.000 mm (Cárdenas-López 2003). This region is considered under the Equatorial Rainforest climate (Af climate type sensu Kottek et al. 2006). Phenology:— Herbarium vouchers indicate blooming time in April and fruiting time in June. Etymology:— The epithet honors to Dairon Cárdenas, a noteworthy Colombian botanist who dedicated most of his career to improving knowledge of the Colombian Amazonian flora. The only known specimens for the new species were collected by Dairon early in his career. This is a modest acknowledgment to Dairon, for his assiduous work that rendered so many contributions to the knowledge of the flora, also to his kindness and friendship with the authors when they visited the COAH herbarium. Preliminary conservation status:— Conchocarpus cardenasii is only known by a subpopulation with AOO= 4 km 2. The forest that inhabits is a small fragment i.e., the unique known population is severe fragmented and under continuous decrease of habitat quality). Although it can be classified as “Critically endangered” according to the criteria B: B2ab(iii) of IUCN (2012), the Cerro del Cuchillo is currently a protected area, which decreases the effect from any threat. It should be rather considered as “Endangered” species, due to its small and restricted geographical distribution, surrounded by livestock pastures with null ecological connectivity with near forests. Additional specimens examined (paratype):— COLOMBIA. Chocó: Mun. Riosucio, zona de Urabá, Cerros Del Cuchillo, camino de Cidon a la Cumbre sureste, 50–100 m, 23 June 1988 (fr), D. Cárdenas 2090 (JAUM-015132!). Notes:— Conchocarpus cardenasii has a close resemblance to C. grandis and C. jirajaranus. These three species share the 1-foliolate leaves, the racemiform thyrses with partial inflorescences sessile (only stalked at the lowermost ones in C. grandis), the cupular calyx, the actinomorphic corolla (not verified for C. grandis), the all-fertile stamens, the lanceolate and apically sterile anthers, the umbilicate ovary (not verified for C. jirajaranus) and the seeds with plano-convex cotyledons. On the other hand, C. guyanensis shares with the new species the unique in the genus presence of anthers with thecae basally sterile, but can be easily differentiated from it and the other two species above mentioned by its long-pedunculate and corymbiform thyrses and seeds with plicate-conduplicate cotyledons. Other features are relatively similar among the four species discussed (Kallunki & Pirani 1998, Kallunki & Meier 2019), see Table 1. aMeasures or features in parentheses were taken from synonyms protologues (Ducke 1922, Porter & Elias 1979). For complete synonymy see Kallunki & Pirani (1998). bMeasures or features in parentheses were taken from synonyms protologues (Cuatrecasas 1952, McPherson 1988). cKallunki & Pirani (1998) noted the cotyledons of C. toxicarius as “conduplicate, not plicate and thick”, clearly differencing it from plicate-conduplicate “conduplicate, plicate and thin” or plano-convex “plano-convex and thick”. Subsequently, Groppo et al. (2017) noted it under the character state “cotyledons plane or plane-convex”. The filaments of Conchocarpus cardenasii are here described as adnate to the corolla only by a small dorsal portion at the tube throat, because they are strongly united and hardly detachable without being torn apart. El Ottra et al. (2019) recently reported a kind of postgenital floral fusion in Galipeinae consisting in the union by papillae or cuticular projections; whether this is the situation responsible for the structure here observed in C. cardenasii remains a matter depending on further anatomical studies. The cotyledons plano-convex in Conchocarpus cardenasii, C. grandis and C. jirajaranus are morphologically atypical for Conchocarpus sensu stricto, and its taxonomic relevance could be tested in further phylogenetic studies. Similarly, other species currently under Conchocarpus have uncommon features that could support new classification proposals. For example, Conchocarpus nicaraguensis [Standley & Williams (1953: 206–207)] Kallunki & Pirani (1998: 314) and Conchocarpus ucayalinus [Huber (1906: 573–574)] Kallunki & Pirani (1998: 323) from northwestern South America, Central America and western Amazonia, resemble at first glance species of Dryades because their calyx lobes imbricate and overlapping even after anthesis. However, not all diagnostic features of Dryades are present in C. nicaraguensis and C. ucayalinus and these species have not been included in phylogenetic analyses. Added to the morphological relevance of the cotyledons in the classification of Conchocarpus sensu lato, Groppo et al. (2017) found Conchocarpus toxicarius [Spruce ex Engler (1874: 114–115)] Kallunki & Pirani (1998: 322), phylogenetically segregated from Conchocarpus s.s. and Dryades (this genus not segregated yet in Groppo et al. 2017), besides noting it under the character state “cotyledons plane or plane-convex” (see Table 1), which suggest that this species perhaps might be recognized under another genus when a more complete sampling becomes available (Groppo, pers. comm. 2018). Interestingly, although Conchocarpus toxicarius can be distinguished by its leaves 5–7-foliolate from C. cardenasii, C. grandis and C. jirajaranus, all four species share their androecium with all stamens fertile, lanceolate anthers and in a sensu lato, their actinomorphic corolla, umbilicate ovary and plano-convex cotyledons (see Table 1). Remarkably, one of the two syntypes of C. toxicarius belongs to Conchocarpus heterophyllus [A. Saint-Hilaire (1823: 131)] Kallunki & Pirani (1998: 300), an inconsistence solved by Kallunki & Pirani (1998); thus, although the protologue of C. toxicarius indicated only three fertile stamens, Kallunki & Pirani (1998) indicated that it have five stamens fertile, which is according to the original illustration at the complete flower drawings [see Engler (1874: t.24, fig. 1) and the lectotype Spruce 2171 (K barcode 000531071 [digital image!]); note the original illustration at stamens details drawings showing those lanceolate anthers of C. toxicarius as staminodes and probably, those of C. heterophyllus as fertile stamens. Currently, the recognition of other segregate groups from Conchocarpus is not definitive considering the lack of sampling species with deviating morphological combinations in molecular analyses (e.g., actinomorphic corolla, five stamens fertile, lanceolate anthers and plano-convex cotyledons). Despite of the fact that Conchocarpus cardenasii could undergo nomenclatural and taxonomic changes if the splitting of Conchocarpus is supported in future phylogenetic studies, its morphological features fits into the current circumscription of the genus. Considering the remarkably presence of cotyledons plano-convex and anthers basally sterile, C. cardenasii may be a critical species to be included in future morphological and DNA systematics studies of the genus. Finally, given its condition of being a restricted endemic and endangered species, this formal taxonomic recognition is fundamental for supporting current and future conservation actions at the unique Cerros del Cuchillo remnant forests., Published as part of Londoño-Echeverri, Yeison, Trujillo-López, Ana María & Pérez-Zabala, Jorge Andrés, 2023, A new species of Conchocarpus and first record of Euxylophora (Galipeinae, Zanthoxyloideae, Rutaceae) from Colombia, pp. 174-184 in Phytotaxa 601 (2) on pages 175-181, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.601.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8129605, {"references":["Kallunki, J. A. & Pirani, J. R. (1998) Synopses of Angostura Roem. & Schult. and Conchocarpus J. C. Mikan (Rutaceae). Kew Bulletin 53 (2): 257 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4114501","Pulle, A. (1912) Neue Beitrage zur Flora Surinams III. Mit zwei Tafeln. Recuei des Travaux Botaniques Neerlandais 9 (2): 125 - 169.","Bernal, R. (2016) Geografia de Colombia. In: Bernal, R., Gradstein, S. R. & Celis, M. (Eds.) Catalogo de plantas y liquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, pp. 19 - 32.","Cardenas-Lopez, D. (2003) Inventario floristico en el Cerro del Cuchillo, Tapon del Darien colombiano. Caldasia 25 (1): 101 - 117.","Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B. & Rubel, F. (2006) World map of the Koppen Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrif 15 (3): 259 - 263. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2006 / 0130","IUCN. (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England, 32 pp.","Kallunki, J. A. & Meier, W. (2019) Conchocarpus jirajaranus (Rutaceae), a new endemic species of the Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela. Brittonia 71 (2): 196 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12228 - 019 - 09572 - 1","Ducke, W. A. (1922) Plantes nouvelles ou peu connues de la region amazonienne (II partie). Archivos do Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 3 - 269.","Porter, D. M. & Elias, T. S. (1979) Flora of Panama Part VI. Family 89. Rutaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66 (2): 123 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2398906","Cuatrecasas, J. (1952) Notas a la Flora de Colombia XII. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 8 (32): 464 - 488.","McPherson, G. (1988) New and noteworthy taxa from Panama. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75 (1): 373 - 378.","Groppo, M., Bruniera, C. P., Ferreira, P. L., Ferreira, C., Pirani, J. R. & Kallunki, J. A. (2017) Phylogeny and delimitation of Galipeeae (Rutaceae, Sapindales) based on molecular data: insights on the evolution of zygomorphic flowers and staminodes. XIX International Botanical Congress, Shenzhen.","El Ottra, J. H. L., Demarco, D. & Pirani, J. R. (2019) Comparative floral structure and evolution in Galipeinae (Galipeeae: Rutaceae) and its implications at different systematic levels. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 30 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / boz 029","Standley, P. C. & Williams, L. O. (1953) Plantae Centrali-Americanae V. Ceiba 3 (3): 187 - 220.","Huber, J. (1906) Materiaes para a flora amazonica VI. Plantas vasculares colligidas e observadas no baixo Ucayali e no Pampa del Sacramento, nos mezes de outubro a dezembro de 1898. Boletim do Museo Goeldi de Historia Natural e Ethnographia 4: 510 - 619.","Engler, H. G. A. (1874) Rutaceae. In: Martius, C. F. P. & Eichler, A. G. (eds.) Flora Brasiliensis, enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detectarum 12 (2). Lipsiae [Liepzig]: Apud Frid. Fleischer in Comm. pp. 77 - 196.","Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. (1823) Description de principaux genres nouveaux et de especes nouvelles de la Flore de Bresil, cites das le Memoire sur le Gynobase. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societe Philomatique de Paris 1823: 129 - 133."]}
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34. Revisiting pericarp structure, dehiscence and seed dispersal in Galipeeae (Zanthoxyloideae, Rutaceae)
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Paschoalini, Guilherme de Ornellas, Pirani, José Rubens, Demarco, Diego, and El Ottra, Juliana Hanna Leite
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- 2022
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35. What reproductive traits tell us about the evolution and diversification of the tree-of-heaven family, Simaroubaceae
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Alves, Gisele Gomes Nogueira, Fonseca, Luiz Henrique Martins, Devecchi, Marcelo Fernando, El Ottra, Juliana Hanna Leite, Demarco, Diego, and Pirani, José Rubens
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- 2022
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36. Gynodioecy in Trichilia (Meliaceae) and a peculiar case of male sterility due to tapetal necrotic cell death
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Gama, Rebeca Laino, El Ottra, Juliana Hanna Leite, Pirani, José Rubens, and Demarco, Diego
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- 2022
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37. An updated account of Simaroubaceae with emphasis on American taxa
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Pirani, José Rubens, Majure, Lucas C., and Devecchi, Marcelo Fernando
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- 2022
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38. Esenbeckia (Pilocarpinae, Rutaceae): chemical constituents and biological activities
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Carvalho, Juliana C. S., Pirani, José R., and Ferreira, Marcelo J. P.
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- 2022
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39. Contrasting leaf cuticular wax composition of Conchocarpus and Dryades species (Rutaceae) from the Atlantic Forest and “Restinga”
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Silveira, Elielson Rodrigo, Roma, Lucas Paradizo, Pirani, José Rubens, and dos Santos, Déborah Yara Alves Cursino
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- 2022
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40. Castela (Simaroubaceae), an impressive New World radiation of thorny shrubs destined for edaphically dry habitats
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Majure, Lucas C., Blankenship, Allison, Grinage, Ayress, and Noa-Monzón, Alfredo
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- 2022
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41. A new species of Trichilia (Meliaceae) from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil
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Thiago Bevilacqua Flores, Vinicius Castro Souza, and Rubens Luiz Gayoso Coelho
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Espírito Santo ,Sapindales ,Southeastern Brazil ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
Abstract A new species of Trichilia (Meliaceae) from Southeastern Brazil is here described, illustrated and compared to its closest related species. Trichilia arenaria sp. nov. is morphologically similar to T. casaretti, T. elegans and T. pallens. An identification key and comparison table for T. arenaria and those three species from Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo are also presented.
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- 2019
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42. Acer decandrum Merr
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Lin, Yun, Bi, Hai-Yan, Sun, Jun, and Sun, Qian
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Sapindales ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Sapindaceae ,Acer decandrum ,Acer ,Biodiversity ,Plantae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
1. Acer decandrum Merr. (Aceraceae) in Lingnan Sci. J. 11(1): 47. 1932. TYPE:— CHINA. Hainan: Hongmao Shan, 6 June 1929, W. T. Tsang & H. Fung 253 (i.e. Lingnan University Herbarium 17787) (holotype: NY 00337730 image!; isotype: A 00050399 image!, A 00050400 image!). Tsang & Fung 17787 (NY) was the only gathering cited inthe protologue of the name Acer decandrum Merr. (Merrill, 1932).However, the collecting number on the label of the holotype specimen is 253, while its herbarium number is Lingnan University Herbarium 17787. Thus, the collecting number cited in the protologue is to be corrected., Published as part of Lin, Yun, Bi, Hai-Yan, Sun, Jun & Sun, Qian, 2023, Correction of collecting number errors in the protologues of sixty-four taxon names from China, pp. 271-282 in Phytotaxa 598 (4) on page 272, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7983799, {"references":["Merrill, E. D. (1932) A fourth supplementary list of Hainan plants. Lingnan Science Journal 11 (1): 37 - 61."]}
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- 2023
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43. Evodia hainanensis Merr
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Lin, Yun, Bi, Hai-Yan, Sun, Jun, and Sun, Qian
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Sapindales ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Evodia hainanensis ,Biodiversity ,Plantae ,Rutaceae ,Taxonomy ,Evodia - Abstract
23. Evodia hainanensis Merr. (Rutaceae) in Philipp. J. Sci. 21(4): 346. 1922. TYPE:— CHINA. Hainan: Wuzhishan, Wuzhi Shan, alt. 1000 m, 7 December 1921, F. A. McClure 1891 (i.e. Canton Christian College Herbarium 8449) (syntype: PNH, destroyed, A 00044060 image!, A 00105566 image!, ECON 00061246 image!). Merrill (1922a) validly published the name Evodia hainanensis Merr. with only one gathering, McClure 8449, cited in the protologue. However, the collecting number on the labels of the syntype specimens is 1891, while the herbarium number is Canton Christian College Herbarium 8449. Therefore, the erroneous collecting number is to be corrected., Published as part of Lin, Yun, Bi, Hai-Yan, Sun, Jun & Sun, Qian, 2023, Correction of collecting number errors in the protologues of sixty-four taxon names from China, pp. 271-282 in Phytotaxa 598 (4) on page 275, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7983799, {"references":["Merrill, E. D. (1922 a) Diagnoses of Hainan Plants. The Philippine Journal of Science 21 (4): 337 - 355."]}
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- 2023
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44. Xerospermum topengii Merr
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Lin, Yun, Bi, Hai-Yan, Sun, Jun, and Sun, Qian
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Sapindales ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Xerospermum ,Sapindaceae ,Biodiversity ,Plantae ,Xerospermum topengii ,Taxonomy - Abstract
64. Xerospermum topengii Merr. (Sapindaceae) in Philipp.J. Sci. 23(3): 250. 1923. TYPE:— CHINA. Hainan: Wuzhishan, Wuzhi Shan, 5 May 1922, F. A. McClure 2901 (i.e. Canton Christian College Herbarium 9455) (syntype: PNH, destroyed, A 00051012 image!, A 00051013 image!, ECON 00249540 image!). McClure 9455 was the only gathering cited in the protologue of the name Xerospermum topengii Merr. (Merrill, 1923). However, the collecting number on the labels of the syntype specimens is 2901, while the herbarium number is Canton Christian College Herbarium 9455. Thus, the collecting number cited in the protologue is to be corrected., Published as part of Lin, Yun, Bi, Hai-Yan, Sun, Jun & Sun, Qian, 2023, Correction of collecting number errors in the protologues of sixty-four taxon names from China, pp. 271-282 in Phytotaxa 598 (4) on page 281, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7983799, {"references":["Merrill, E. D. (1923) Diagnoses of Hainan Plants, II. The Philippine Journal of Science 23 (3): 237 - 268."]}
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- 2023
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45. Clausena moningerae Merr
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Lin, Yun, Bi, Hai-Yan, Sun, Jun, and Sun, Qian
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Sapindales ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Clausena moningerae ,Clausena ,Biodiversity ,Plantae ,Rutaceae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
15. Clausena moningerae Merr. (Rutaceae) in Philipp. J. Sci. 23(3): 247. 1923. TYPE:— CHINA. Hainan: Tai Wan San Hui, 9 April 1922, F. A. McClure 2550 (i.e. Canton Christian College Herbarium 8995) (syntype: PNH, destroyed, A 00044032 image!). The name Clausena moningerae Merr. was validly published with a gathering “ McClure 8995 ” designated as the type (Merrill, 1923). However, on the label of the syntype specimen exists in A, the collecting number is 2550 and the herbarium number is Canton Christian College Herbarium 8995. Therefore, the erroneous collecting number in the designation of type is to be corrected., Published as part of Lin, Yun, Bi, Hai-Yan, Sun, Jun & Sun, Qian, 2023, Correction of collecting number errors in the protologues of sixty-four taxon names from China, pp. 271-282 in Phytotaxa 598 (4) on page 274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7983799, {"references":["Merrill, E. D. (1923) Diagnoses of Hainan Plants, II. The Philippine Journal of Science 23 (3): 237 - 268."]}
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- 2023
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46. A new species and a new record for Cedrela (Meliaceae, Sapindales) in Ecuador: morphological, molecular, and distribution evidence
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WALTER A. PALACIOS, MARIA DE LOURDES TORRES, MARTINA ALBUJA QUINTANA, PACARINA ASADOBAY, JUAN IGLESIAS, RICHARD QUILLUPANGUI, ESTEFANIA ROJAS, JANETH SANTIANA, AUGUSTO SOLA, and GONZALO RIVAS-TORRES
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Sapindales ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Plant Science ,Biodiversity ,Meliaceae ,Plantae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Taxonomy - Abstract
A new Cedrela (Meliaceae) species, Cedrela angusticarpa, is described through a combination of taxonomic, morphological, and molecular analyses. Cedrela kuelapensis, originally described as an endemic species of northern Peru, is also reported here as a new record for Ecuador. Cedrela angusticarpa has oblong or oblong-lanceolate glabrous leaflets, rounded at the base. Inflorescences are up to 70 cm long, and flowers present a cupuliform calyx with five regular teeth. Fruits are narrowly obovoid capsules. Through molecular analyses using nine microsatellite loci, it is evident that samples from C. angusticarpa form their own genetic cluster when compared to the most morphologically similar species, C. odorata, suggesting that they belong to a new separate species. Additionally, here we report that C. angusticarpa has a very narrow geographic range, recorded between 550 and 1300 m in elevation, and restricted to the relatively small areas of northwestern Ecuador. Climatic niche modelling techniques were used as a proxy for assessing potential distributions and habitat loss percentages for both C. angusticarpa and C. kuelapensis. Finally, IUCN Red List categories and criteria were applied to assess the conservation status of both Cedrela species analyzed here.
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- 2023
47. Cedrela kuelapensis T. D. Penn. & A. Daza 2010
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Palacios, Walter A., Torres, Maria De Lourdes, Quintana, Martina Albuja, Asadobay, Pacarina, Iglesias, Juan, Quillupangui, Richard, Rojas, Estefania, Santiana, Janeth, Sola, Augusto, and Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo
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Sapindales ,Cedrela kuelapensis ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Cedrela ,Biodiversity ,Meliaceae ,Plantae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Cedrela kuelapensis T.D. Penn. & Daza (2010: 65–68). Cedrela has been considered endemic to northern Peru (Pennington & Muellner (2010), however, today it is known to be widely distributed, also, in the Loja province of Ecuador (Figure 5). Field characteristics: —Tree up to 18 m high and 65 cm dbh, slightly fissured grayish bark, rounded crown. The flowers have pink petals with margin cream. Flowering and phenology: — The species shows asynchronous phenology, as happens with other species of the genus in Ecuador. In December of 2017, for example, in the northeast of Loja, some trees had leaves and others were defoliated, while towards the central part of the province, a few trees had flowers and others were presenting young leaves. In August 2018 on the other hand, when a strong dry season was present in the central and southern part of the province (e.g., in Nambacola and Cariamanga sites), the trees were defoliated and some had old fruits; meanwhile, towards the northeast of Loja, the trees presented leaves and very young inflorescences. Distribution and habitat: —Until now, the species was considered endemic to Peru (Pennington & Muellner 2010). In Ecuador, C. kuelapensis inhabits only the seasonally semi-deciduous forests of southern Ecuador, in the province of Loja, northern Peruvian border. The first collections of this species in Ecuador were made in 1995, in forest remnants occurring ~ 1600m in elevation, between Malacatos and El Tambo localities. Recent collections during this investigation (Table 1) expand the distribution of the species, which is now reported between 700 and 1600m in elevation. All the collected individuals were found in degraded areas along roads, pastures, and forest remnants. In Loja, this species occurs in ecosystems like those where it grows in Peru; it grows associated with Jacaranda sparrei A.H. Gentry (1977: 138) and Vachellia macracantha (Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow 1806: 1080) Seigler & Ebinger (2005: 160), but it has also been located at about 700m in elevation, usually growing on the banks of watercourses, in dry forests dominated by Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willdenow 1809: 720) Sprengel (1895: 596). Conservation status: — Cedrela kuelapensis has a potential distribution area that covers a large part of the province of Loja (Figure 3), which significantly increases the previously known distribution area in Peru. However, it must be considered that the forests of this Ecuadorian province are mainly at secondary succession stages. Also (and according to resulting maps, Figure 3), the species faces a habitat loss of 54%, calculated after applying criterion A, an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 1,167.182 km ², and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 20 km ². These data, which were analyzed under the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2019), suggest that the species could be evaluated as Endangered. However, considering that the potential reduction in its population size is at least 61% and a maximum of approximately 80% (W. Palacios pers. obs.), and that the trees mainly occur in secondary forests and are sparse and distant from each other, the species should be evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR A2c) for the country. Specimens examined: — ECUADOR. Loja: Cantón Olmedo, vía a Surapo, 1660 m, October–November 2018, Sanchez & Gonzaga 124 (LOJA). Malacatos-El Tambo road, near the village El Era, 1600 m, 16 May 1995, Borgtoft et al. 104298 (LOJA, QCA). Km 12 Malacatos-Gonzanamá, 1280 m, 4°12’S, 78°21’W, 21 November 1995, Merino et al. 4617 (LOJA). Catamayo, vía intervalles Malacatos-Catamayo, 2 km antes de El Tambo, 1533 m, 4°04’S, 79°18’W, 24 December 2017, Palacios 18284, 18285 (QCNE). Cariamanga, Vía Cariamanga-Colaisaca, aprox. 7 km, sector San Pedro, 1835 m, 4°20’06’’S, 79°06’W, 24 December 2017, Palacios 18292 (QCNE). Macará, Sabiango, lecho de quebrada, hacia el NW de Sabiango, Bosque seco, 760 m, 4°21’S, 79°49’W, 27 December 2017, Palacios 18288 (QCNE). NC: cedro blanco., Published as part of Palacios, Walter A., Torres, Maria De Lourdes, Quintana, Martina Albuja, Asadobay, Pacarina, Iglesias, Juan, Quillupangui, Richard, Rojas, Estefania, Santiana, Janeth, Sola, Augusto & Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo, 2023, A new species and a new record for Cedrela (Meliaceae, Sapindales) in Ecuador: morphological, molecular, and distribution evidence, pp. 127-138 in Phytotaxa 595 (2) on pages 136-137, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.595.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7905812, {"references":["Pennington, T. D. & Muellner, A. N. (2010) A monograph of Cedrela (Meliaceae). Dh books, Milborne Port, 112 pp.","Gentry, A. H. (1977) A new Jacaranda (Bignoniaceae) from Ecuador and Peru. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 64: 138 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2395242","Willdenow, C. L. von (1809) Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis 2. 75 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 165500","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (4 May 2023)"]}
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- 2023
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48. Cedrela angusticarpa W. Palacios 2023, sp. nov
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Palacios, Walter A., Torres, Maria De Lourdes, Quintana, Martina Albuja, Asadobay, Pacarina, Iglesias, Juan, Quillupangui, Richard, Rojas, Estefania, Santiana, Janeth, Sola, Augusto, and Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo
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Sapindales ,Cedrela angusticarpa ,Tracheophyta ,Magnoliopsida ,Cedrela ,Biodiversity ,Meliaceae ,Plantae ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Cedrela angusticarpa W. Palacios, sp. nov. (Figures 1 & 2). Type:— ECUADOR. Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Rosa Zárate, Reserva FCAT, El Descanso, 513 m, 0°22’N, 79°40’W, 23 January 2022, fl., few old fruits attached to the branches, W. Palacios, F. Castillo & J. Olivo 18755 (holotype: QCNE 260031 - leaves and inflorescence; QCNE 260032 - leaves and fruits, isotype: MO). Diagnosis: — Cedrela angusticarpa is related to C. odorata. The distinctive characteristics of these species are: a) leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, base obtuse or rounded, (8–)9–15 × (4–)5–6 (–7) cm in C. angusticarpa vs leaflets oblong, oblong-falcate, base usually strongly asymmetric and rounded on one side, acute or obtuse on the other, 7–14 × 2.5–4 cm in C. odorata; b) inflorescence a robust-erect panicle, 40–70 cm long in C.angusticarpa vs a curved panicle, 15–40 cm long in C. odorata; c) calyx with five teeth in C. angusticarpa vs calyx 2–3-lobed in C. odorata; d) fruits narrowly obovoid, 1.3–1.8 cm in diameter, base acute, sometimes slightly 5-angled when dry in C. angusticarpa vs fruits oblong or ellipsoid, 1.8–2.6 cm in diameter, base rounded or obtuse in C. odorata. Trees up to 30 m high; young branches 0.8–1.1 cm in diameter, glabrous, with circular or elliptic, scattered lenticels; young buds puberulent, covered by ovate scales 0.4–0.6 mm long. Leaves paripinnate, 45–70 (75) cm long; petiole 9–15 cm long, terete, glabrous, lenticellate; rachis 30–70(–80) cm long, terete, glabrous, lenticellate. Leaflets (6–)8– 10(–13) pairs, (8–)9–15 × (4–)5–6 (–7) cm, opposite or sub-opposite, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, rarely slightly falcate, coriaceous, glabrous or with very short and scattered trichomes, shinning above; apex acuminate; base rounded, symmetric or, less frequently, with a slightly uneven side; venation eucamptodromous; secondary veins 9–14 pairs, parallel to each other and curved towards the margin; intersecondary veins absent or inconspicuous, or only present between few pairs of secondary veins; tertiary veins inconspicuous or not visible to the naked eye; petiolules 3–5 mm long, terete. Inflorescence is a broadly pyramidal panicle, 40–70 cm long, curved; lateral branches up to ca. 35 cm long; peduncle and rachis lenticellate, glabrous. Flowers 8–9 mm long; pedicel 0.8–1 mm long; calyx cyathiform, 2–2.3 mm long, puberulent, 5-dentate, teeth ovate with acute apex, symmetric, 0.8–1.1 mm long, with obtuse or rounded apex; petals 5, oblong, oblong-spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, 7–7.5 × 1.8–2.1 mm, adnate to androgynophore in the lower half, moderately puberulent inside, densely puberulent outside; stamens (free portion) 1.9–2.1 mm long, glabrous; ovary broadly ovoid, glabrous, style with thick discoid head. Capsule narrowly obovoid and tapering towards the base, apex rounded, base acute, sometimes slightly 5-angulated in dry condition, 3.5–5.5 × 1.4–1.8 cm in diameter, with scattered lenticels; valves 0.7–1.1 cm wide. Seeds 3–3.5 cm long. Flowering and fruiting period: —Flowering occurs in the dry season, between July and September. The fruits are mature about seven months after flowering. Distribution and habitat: — Cedrela angusticarpa is restricted to the foothill forests of the western Andes Mountain Range of northern Ecuador, between 550 and 1300m in elevation mainly between the cantons of San Miguel de los Bancos and Santo Domingo, along the Las Mercedes road and in the mountains of Mache (canton Quinindé) between 400 and 700 m. As a result of the climatic modeling, it was observed that C. angusticarpa shows a relatively small potential distribution area in the provinces of Pichincha, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, and Esmeraldas.Within this distribution, some individuals of this species can also be recorded in grasslands as part of the tree vegetation that farmers leave as shade or to keep individuals for high-quality wood provision (Figure 3). Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the narrow fruits recorded in this taxon, although the length is equivalent to that of other species. Conservation status of Cedrela angusticarpa: —Endemic to Ecuador. The modeled geographic distribution showed that the species’ habitat has been lost by ~80% due to the expansion of agricultural and livestock frontiers. As mentioned before, where found, most of C. angusticarpa individuals are growing in secondary forests. Calculated Extent of Occurrence (EOO) resulted in 1,607.06 km ², and the area of occupancy (AOO) was calculated to be 36 km ² for this species. Due to the habitat loss and its restricted distribution, and using IUCN Categories and Criteria (2019), the species should be considered as Critically Endangered (CR A2cd). This conclusion is validated by W. Palacios, Meliaceae specialist for Ecuador. Field characteristics: — Cedrela angusticarpa is a tree that reaches up to 30 m in height and ca. 1.6 m in dbh. Adult trees have rough or superficially cracked bark (Fig. 2A). In open places, the crown is wide, rounded, and dense (i.e. many leaflets and leaves), with a dark green color. Common names and local uses:—Local name: “cedro”. Farmers of the Santo Domingo and San Miguel de los Bancos use this species as wood provision (for building houses) and as cattle shading. On the other hand, in the mountains of Mache, where it seems that the populations were more abundant, between 1995 and 2005, the peasants sold the adult trees to merchants who, in turn, sold the wood in the national market. Taxonomic relationships:—Vegetatively, C. angusticarpa is close to C. odorata L. The taxonomic differences between these species are detailed in the diagnosis. At this point, one must remember that Pennington & Muellner (2010) indicate that C. odorata may be treated as a compound of species that include three taxonomic entities, one of which occurs in Ecuador and Guyanas. This observation was corroborated by Cavers et al. (2013), who used several molecular markers for phylogenetic analyses of Cedrela, with an emphasis on C. odorata. Using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data obtained from a large sample of C. odorata from Central and South America and the Caribbean, and following the work done by Pennington & Muellner (2010), Cavers et al. (2013) identified 22 haplotypes, four of them corresponding to specimens from the coast of Ecuador, which formed a clade with C. montana Moritz ex Turczaninow (1858: 415) and C. angustifolia DC. (1824: 624), both of which are montane species. Despite having a close genetic affinity with these two montane species, most of the specimens analyzed by Cavers et al. (2013) were obtained from trees showing a clear C. odorata morphology. One of the specimens (Perez et al. 3255, QCA 133167) cited by Cavers et al. (2013) as belonging to C. odorata was analyzed here and placed under C. angusticarpa. Specimens examined: — ECUADOR. Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Santa Isabel, Refugio del Gavilán, REMACH, 541 m, 648298W, 41878N, 27 August 2020, Palacios et al. 18745 (QCNE); January 2023, Palacios et al. 18831, 18832 (QCNE). Pichincha: San Miguel de Los Bancos, vía principal a Quito, cerca del sector Solaya, aprox. 5 km antes de Los Bancos, 1100 m, 1180, 0°01’33’’N, 78°51’34’’O, 5 Jun 2019, Palacios 18435, 18445 (QCNE). Los Bancos-Las Mercedes, 605 m, 0°10’03’’S, 79°05’13’’W, 18 March 2007, Pérez et al. 3255 (QCA). Vía a Santo Domingo, sector 23 de June, potreros, 1191, 0°1’16’’S, 78°53’09’’W, 7 April 2019, Palacios et al. 18406 (QCNE). San Miguel de Los Bancos, sector Nuevo Amanecer, 857 m, 0°2’36’’S, 78°57’37’’W, 4 April 2019, Palacios et al. 18407 (QCNE). Vía a Santo Domingo, entre Mulaute y Las Mercedes, 698 m, 0°07’09’’S, 79°0’15’’W, 13 June 2018, Palacios et al. 18408 (QCNE). Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas: vía a Santo Domingo, sector Las Mercedes, 751 m, 0°10’44’’S, 79°01’50’’W, 6 June 2018, Palacios et al. 18466 (QCNE); sector río Achotillo, potreros, 581 m, 0°08’58’’S, 79°05’09’’W, 7 June 2018, Palacios et al. 18412, 18413, 18414 (QCNE). Molecular evidence supporting the differentiation of C. angusticarpa from C. odorata :—The PCoA, based on nine microsatellite loci, produced a two-dimensional plot for the first two principal coordinates (Figure 4), which accounted for 42.9% of the data variation. The samples of C. angusticarpa clearly formed their own genetic cluster when compared to C. odorata populations located in the Coast and Amazon regions in Ecuador, suggesting that they belong to a new, separate species., Published as part of Palacios, Walter A., Torres, Maria De Lourdes, Quintana, Martina Albuja, Asadobay, Pacarina, Iglesias, Juan, Quillupangui, Richard, Rojas, Estefania, Santiana, Janeth, Sola, Augusto & Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo, 2023, A new species and a new record for Cedrela (Meliaceae, Sapindales) in Ecuador: morphological, molecular, and distribution evidence, pp. 127-138 in Phytotaxa 595 (2) on pages 131-135, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.595.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7905812, {"references":["Pennington, T. D. & Muellner, A. N. (2010) A monograph of Cedrela (Meliaceae). Dh books, Milborne Port, 112 pp.","Cavers, S., Telford, A., Arenal-C, F., Perez-C, A. J., Valencia, R., Navarro, C., Buonamici, A., Lowe, A. J. & & Vendramin, G. G. (2013) Cryptic species and phylogeographical structure in the tree Cedrela odorata L. throughout the Neotropics. Journal of Biogeography 40: 732 - 746. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 12086"]}
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- 2023
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49. Picrasma pauciflora (Simaroubaceae), a new species from the NE coast of Cuba.
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NOA-MONZÓN, ALFREDO and GONZÁLEZ-GUTIÉRREZ, PEDRO ALEJANDRO
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SIMAROUBACEAE , *SPECIES , *COASTS , *INFLORESCENCES , *PAMPHLETS , *FLOWERS - Abstract
Picrasma pauciflora, a new species from the NE coastal fringe of Cuba, is described and compared with other species of the genus occurring in Cuba, from which it differs by being a tree, by the number of leaflets and by having fewer flowers per inflorescence. Aspects of its distribution and habitat are provided as well as an identification key to the Cuban species of Picrasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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50. Phylogeny of Schinus L. (Anacardiaceae) with a new infrageneric classification and insights into evolution of spinescence and floral traits.
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Silva-Luz, Cíntia Luíza da, Pirani, José Rubens, Mitchell, John Daniel, Daly, Douglas, Capelli, Natalie do Valle, Demarco, Diego, Pell, Susan K., and Plunkett, Gregory M.
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ANACARDIACEAE , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *PLANT defenses , *INTRODUCED species , *NUCLEOTIDE sequence , *SCHINUS - Abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights • Schinus is monophyletic, but most of its infrageneric categories are polyphyletic. • We propose a novel infrageneric classification recognizing eight sections. • New sections are correlated with particular geographic and ecological areas. • The cage-like arrangement may be a plant defense against mammalian herbivores. • Petal to stamen size ratio is mostly correlated with distinct geographical areas. Abstract Schinus , best known by its few cultivated and invasive species, is the largest genus of Anacardiaceae in southern South America. It is remarkably diverse compared to closely related genera, with approximately 42 species, most of which occur in several arid vegetation types and extend into Andean and Atlantic moist forests. The most comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus dates to 1957, recognizing S. subg. Schinus and S. subg. Duvaua , the latter of which were further divided into two sections. Subsequent studies have highlighted morphological inconsistencies in this infrageneric classification, and species delimitation remains a challenge. Schinus has been poorly sampled in previous phylogenetic studies of Anacardiaceae, and thus any assumptions about its monophyly and relationships remain untested. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 44 Schinus taxa and sampled 122 specimens, including the outgroup, using nine nuclear and two plastid DNA sequence regions, most of them developed recently for Commiphora (Burseraceae, sister to Anacardiaceae). We used maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference to infer relationships among species. We also constructed a morphological dataset, including vegetative anatomical features, and compared these characters to hypotheses based on molecular evidence in order to achieve a better understanding of the relationships among the species of Schinus and to related genera, aiming also to identify morphological characters and putative synapomorphies for major clades, and to discuss hypotheses regarding the evolution of structural traits in the genus. Our analyses strongly support the monophyly of Schinus , but also indicate that S. subg. Schinus and the sections of S. subg. Duvaua are polyphyletic. The phylogenetic relationships that emerged from our analyses include eight relatively well-supported lineages, but relationships among closely related species remain unclear in some clades. Ancestral state reconstructions demonstrate that several morphological and leaf-anatomical characters are valuable in characterizing some lineages. By contrast, most of the traits that have traditionally been used to circumscribe groups in Schinus show high levels of homoplasy. In light of these results, we present a novel sectional classification of Schinus based on a combination of character states associated with geographic distribution, corresponding to lineages that are mostly allopatric or at least ecologically distinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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