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We report on the surprising observation of a unique perforated lamellar (PL) morphology in a mixture of an asymmetric polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) block copolymer and CdSe−CdS quantum dots (QDs). The PL morphology formed by the PS-b-P4VP/CdSe−CdS composites consisted of alternating layers of PS and P4VP, where the layer formed by the minority PS block contained cylindrical perforations of the majority P4VP block. Most interestingly, the CdSe−CdS QDs were localized exclusively in the P4VP perforations. The swelling of the bulk samples in a P4VP selective solvent also allowed the isolation of the perforated PS nanosheets, with QDs localized in the perforations, which further provided strong evidence for the formation of the unique PL morphology. The observed PL morphology was, plausibly, energetically stabilized because of the localization of QDs within the P4VP perforations, which allowed for the conformational entropy minimization of the majority P4VP block. The present work reveals possibilities for the discovery of novel hierarchical structures in block copolymer/nanoparticle composite systems and also provides new opportunities for the application of such materials in nanotechnology.

Background\ud \ud Health economic models are critical tools to inform reimbursement agencies on health care interventions. Many clinical trials report outcomes using the frequency of an event over a set period of time, for example, the primary efficacy outcome in most clinical trials of migraine prevention is mean change in the frequency of migraine days (MDs) per 28 days (monthly MDs [MMD]) relative to baseline for active treatment versus placebo. Using these cohort-level endpoints in economic models, accounting for variation among patients is challenging. In this analysis, parametric models of change in MMD for migraine preventives were assessed using data from erenumab clinical studies.\ud \ud Methods\ud \ud MMD observations from the double-blind phases of two studies of erenumab were used: one in episodic migraine (EM) (NCT02456740) and one in chronic migraine (CM) (NCT02066415). For each trial, two longitudinal regression models were fitted: negative binomial and beta binomial. For a thorough comparison we also present the fitting from the standard multilevel Poisson and the zero inflated negative binomial.\ud \ud Results\ud \ud Using the erenumab study data, both the negative binomial and beta-binomial models provided unbiased estimates relative to observed trial data with well-fitting distribution at various time points.\ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud This proposed methodology, which has not been previously applied in migraine, has shown that these models may be suitable for estimating MMD frequency. Modelling MMD using negative binomial and beta-binomial distributions can be advantageous because these models can capture intra- and inter-patient variability so that trial observations can be modelled parametrically for the purposes of economic evaluation of migraine prevention. Such models have implications for use in a wide range of disease areas when assessing repeated measured utility values.

Although chalcones symbolize an important pharmacophore for variety of biological actions, however their analogues are also reported to be equally important for plethora of biological actions. In the present review, a comprehensive study of chalcones derived molecules (like pyrazoles, isoxazoles, pyridine, pyrimidine) their pharmacological actions, mechanism of action, structure activity relationship studies have been described.