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Families face significant mental health challenges after preterm birth. However, there are few low-cost and sustainable services to help with mental health challenges.To understand suggestions for low-cost and sustainable mental health supports to help families.This was an internet-based survey made available to preterm families through the Canadian Premature Babies Foundation social media (Facebook private parents' group).Families reported that peer support, such as connecting with other parents and families who experience preterm birth, was most beneficial. Parents also reported ways to allow families to access the existing mental health services, such as providing child care options and improving advertisement of available resources.Our results can help implement beneficial low-cost and sustainable mental health supports across many contexts (eg, hospitals and community organization) both in-person and online.

A cognitive aid is a tool used to help people perform actions accurately and efficiently. Similarly themed cognitive aids may be collated into a manual to provide relevant information for a specific context (e.g., operating room emergencies). Expert content and design are paramount to facilitate the utility of a cognitive aid, especially during a crisis when accessible memory may be limited and distractions may impair task completion. A cognitive aid distinctly does not represent a rigid approach to problem solving or a replacement for decision making. Successful cognitive aid implementation requires dedicated training, access, and culture integration. Here we present a set of evidence-based cognitive aids for thoracic anesthesia emergencies developed by a Canadian Thoracic Taskforce.

This study aimed at determining the proportion of women who receive antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) within the optimal time window before birth based on the indication for ACS, and to explore in more detail indications that are associated with suboptimal timing.A retrospective cohort study of all women who received ACS in a single tertiary center between 2014 and 2017. The primary outcome was an ACS-to-birth interval ≤ 7 days. Secondary outcomes were ACS-to-birth interval of ≤ 14 days, and the proportion women who received ACS but ultimately gave birth at term (≥ 37A total of 1261 women met the study criteria, of whom 401 (31.8%) and 569 (45.1%) received ACS within ≤ 7 days and ≤ 14 days before birth, respectively, and 203 (16.1%) ultimately gave birth at term. The proportion of women who received ACS within 7 days before birth was highest for women with preeclampsia (50.4%), and was lowest for women with an incidental finding of a short cervix (8.4%). In the subgroup of women with an incidental finding of a short cervix, the likelihood of optimal timing was not related to the magnitude of cervical shortening, history of preterm birth, multifetal gestation, presence of cervical funneling, or the presence of cervical cerclage.Over two-thirds of infants who are exposed to ACS do not get the maximal benefit from this intervention. The current study identified clinical indications for ACS that are associated with suboptimal timing of ACS where more research is needed to develop quantitative, indication-specific prediction models to guide the timing of ACS.

Multiple courses versus a single course of antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) have been associated with mild respiratory benefits but also adverse outcomes like smaller head circumference and birth weight. Long-term effects warrant study. We systematically reviewed long-term outcomes (≥1 year) in both preterm and term birth after exposure to preterm multiple courses (including a rescue dose or course) versus a single course. We searched seven databases from January 2000 to October 2021. We included follow-up studies of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies with births occurring in/after the year 2000, given advances in perinatal care. Two reviewers assessed titles/abstracts, articles, quality, and outcomes including psychological disorders, neurodevelopment, and anthropometry. Six follow-up studies of three RCTs and two cohort studies (over 2,860 children total) met inclusion criteria. Among children born preterm, randomization to multiple courses versus a single course of ACS was not associated with adjusted beneficial or adverse neurodevelopmental/psychological or other outcomes, but data are scant after a rescue dose (120 and 139 children, respectively, low certainty) and nonexistent after a rescue course. For children born at term (i.e., 27% of the multiple courses of ACS 5-year follow-up study of 1,728 preterm/term born children), preterm randomization to multiple courses (at least one additional course) versus a single course was significantly associated with elevated odds of neurosensory impairment (adjusted odds ratio = 3.70, 95% confidence interval: 1.57–8.75; 212 and 247 children, respectively, moderate certainty). In this systematic review of long-term outcomes after multiple courses versus a single course of ACS, there were no significant benefits or risks regarding neurodevelopment in children born preterm but little data after one rescue dose and none after a rescue course. However, multiple courses (i.e., at least one additional course) should be considered cautiously: after term birth, there are no long-term benefits but neurosensory harms.Key Points

Background: Cannabis use among pregnant and lactating people is increasing, despite clinical evidence showing that cannabis use may be associated with low birth weight and childhood developmental deficits. Our objective was to understand why pregnant and lactating people use cannabis and how these motivations change across perinatal stages. Methods: Using qualitative, constructivist grounded theory methodology, we conducted telephone and virtual interviews with 52 individuals from across Canada. We selected participants using maximum variation and theoretical sampling. They were eligible if they had been pregnant or lactating within the past year and had decided to continue, cease or decrease their cannabis use during the perinatal period. Results: We identified 3 categories of reasons that people use cannabis during pregnancy and lactation: sensation-seeking for fun and enjoyment; symptom management of chronic conditions and conditions related to pregnancy; and coping with the unpleasant, but nonpathologized, experiences of life. Before pregnancy, participants endorsed reasons for using cannabis in these 3 categories in similar proportions, with many offering multiple reasons for use. During pregnancy, reasons for use shifted primarily to symptom management. During lactation, reasons returned to resemble those expressed before pregnancy. Interpretation: In this study, we showed that pregnant and lactating people use cannabis for many reasons, particularly for symptom management. Reasons for cannabis use changed across reproductive stages. The dynamic nature of the reasons for use across stages speaks to participant perception of benefits and risks, and perhaps a desire to cast cannabis use during pregnancy as therapeutic because of perceived stigma.

Background In women, preeclampsia has a known association with increased long-term cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, it is unknown whether it is associated with increased postoperative cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women. We aimed to determine if preeclampsia is an independent risk factor for myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) and postoperative 30-day mortality. Methods This study was a large international multicentre cohort study of a representative sample of 40,004 patients recruited from August 2007 to November 2013. Participants were ≥ 45 years of age and underwent inpatient noncardiac surgery. Within this cohort, our study examined women with a history of pregnancy. Using multivariable models, we explored the association between a history of pregnancy affected by preeclampsia and our primary outcome of MINS and secondary outcome of postoperative mortality within 30 days. MINS was defined as prognostically relevant myocardial injury due to ischemia that occurred during or within 30 days after noncardiac surgery. Results Analyses were restricted to the 13,902 participants with a history of pregnancy. Among these women, 976 (7.0%) had a history of preeclampsia. A history of preeclampsia was associated with an increased risk of MINS, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.26 (95% confidence interval 1.03-1.53; P = 0.02). Preeclampsia was not significantly associated with 30-day mortality. Conclusions Preeclampsia is a risk factor for MINS and should be considered in the preoperative cardiovascular risk assessment of women.

Background Perinatal cannabis use is increasing, and clinician counselling is an important aspect of reducing the potential harm of cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation. To understand current counselling practices, we conducted a systematic review and integrative mixed-methods synthesis to determine “how do perinatal clinicians respond to pregnant and lactating patients who use cannabis?” Methods We searched 6 databases up until 2021-05-31. Eligible studies described the attitudes, perceptions, or beliefs of perinatal clinician about cannabis use during pregnancy or lactation. Eligible clinicians were those whose practice particularly focusses on pregnant and postpartum patients. The search was not limited by study design, geography, or year. We used a convergent integrative analysis method to extract relevant findings for inductive analysis. Results Thirteen studies were included; describing perspectives of 1,366 clinicians in 4 countries. We found no unified approach to screening and counselling. Clinicians often cited insufficient evidence around the effects of perinatal cannabis use and lacked confidence in counselling about use. At times, this meant clinicians did not address cannabis use with patients. Most counselled for cessation and there was little recognition of the varied reasons that patients might use cannabis, and an over-reliance on counselling focussed on the legal implications of use. Conclusion Current approaches to responding to cannabis use might result in inadequate counselling. Counselling may be improved through increased education and training, which would facilitate conversations to mitigate the potential harm of perinatal cannabis use while recognizing the benefits patients perceive.

Objectives: Pregnant women prioritize the health of their pregnancy, and weight gain contributes to the pregnancy’s health. Women encounter different messages about gestational weight gain from various sources that can be confusing. This study aimed to increase our understanding of the processes influencing how women experience the gestational weight gain advice they receive. Methods: Grounded theory methodology was chosen. Women receiving prenatal care in a primary care setting were invited to participate in one-on-one interviews. Results: All fifteen participants had high educational attainment, fourteen were Caucasian, and five had an elevated pre-pregnancy body mass index. Six interconnected themes emerged from the data: (1) striving to have a healthy pregnancy; (2) experiencing influences; (3) feeling worried; (4) Managing ambiguity; (5) trusting a source of information; and (6) feeling relief. Conclusions for Practice: Physicians are perceived by pregnant women to be a source of trusted information about gestational weight gain and are therefore in a strategic position to help women achieve healthy weight gain during pregnancy.

Objective To evaluate whether pregnancy outcomes associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in twin pregnancies differ relatively from those in singleton pregnancy. Methods We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study of all women with a liveborn singleton or twin hospital birth in Ontario, Canada, between 2012 and 2019. Data were obtained from the Better Outcomes Registry & Network Ontario. Pregnancy outcomes were compared between women with and without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in twin gestations, and separately in singleton gestations. Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and 95% CIs were generated using modified Poisson regression and were compared between twins and singletons using relative risk ratios. Results Overall, 932,218 women met the study criteria, of whom 917,542 (98.4%) and 14,676 (1.6%) had singleton and twin gestations, respectively. The incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was higher in women with twin compared with singleton gestations (14.4% vs 6.4%, aRR 1.85 [1.76-1.94]). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were associated with certain adverse outcomes in singleton gestations only and with other adverse outcomes in both the singleton and twin gestations, but the aRR was lower in twins. For example, preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation (singletons: 15.2% [hypertensive disorders of pregnancy] vs 5.4% [no hypertensive disorders of pregnancy], aRR 2.42; twins: 67.5% [hypertensive disorders of pregnancy] vs 50.4% [no hypertensive disorders of pregnancy], aRR 1.30) and neonatal respiratory morbidity (singletons: 16.3% [hypertensive disorders of pregnancy] vs 8.7% [no hypertensive disorders of pregnancy], aRR 1.50; twins: 39.8% [hypertensive disorders of pregnancy] vs 32.7% [no hypertensive disorders of pregnancy], aRR 1.13). These findings persisted in the subgroups of women with preeclampsia and early-onset preeclampsia. Conclusions Although the absolute risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes is higher in twin compared with singleton pregnancies, the incremental risk of adverse outcomes associated with hypertensive disorders in twin pregnancies is lower than the incremental risk in singleton pregnancies. These findings may be attributed in part to the higher baseline risk of preterm birth and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in twin compared with singleton pregnancies.

INTRODUCTION Since 2013, various guidelines for hypertension in pregnancy have been refined, no longer requiring proteinuria as a requisite criterion for preeclampsia. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the new definition on preterm birth (PTB) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Women delivering in Ontario between April 2012 and November 2016 were included. Delivery

OBJECTIVE To develop twin-specific outcome-based oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) diagnostic thresholds for GDM based on the risk of future maternal type-2 diabetes. DESIGN A population-based retrospective cohort study (2007-2017). SETTING Ontario, Canada. METHODS Nulliparous women with a live singleton (n = 55 361) or twin (n = 1308) birth who underwent testing for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using a 75-g OGTT in Ontario, Canada (2007-2017). We identified the 75-g OGTT thresholds in twin pregnancies that were associated with similar incidence rates of future type-2 diabetes to those associated with the standard OGTT thresholds in singleton pregnancies. RESULTS For any given 75-g OGTT value, the incidence rate of future maternal type-2 diabetes was lower for women with a twin than women with a singleton pregnancy. Using women with a negative OGTT as reference, the risk of future maternal type-2 diabetes in twin pregnancies with a positive OGTT based on the standard OGTT thresholds (9.86 per 1000 person years, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 4.79, 95% CI 2.69-8.51) was lower than for singleton pregnancies with a positive OGTT (18.74 per 1000 person years, aHR 8.22, 95% CI 7.38-9.16). The twin-specific OGTT fasting, 1-hour and 2-hour thresholds identified in the current study based on correlation with future maternal type-2 diabetes were 5.8 mmol/l (104 mg/dl), 11.8 mmol/l (213 mg/dl) and 10.4 mmol/l (187 mg/dl), respectively. CONCLUSIONS We identified potential twin-specific OGTT thresholds for GDM that are associated with a similar risk of future type-2 diabetes to that observed in women diagnosed with GDM in singleton pregnancies based on standard OGTT thresholds. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Potential twin-specific OGTT thresholds for GDM were identified.

This study aimed to understand physical, knowledge, psychological, and lifestyle factors associated with planned excess gestational weight gain (GWG), a strong and potentially modifiable predictor of actual excess GWG, which contributes to maternal and child obesity along with other adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.This is a secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study where women completed a questionnaire in early pregnancy. Women were asked to report their planned GWG, which was then categorized as above, within, or below the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify variables associated with planned excess GWG.Of 970 women included in the analysis, 300 reported a planned GWG above the IOM guidelines. Predictors of excess planned GWG included reporting healthcare provider recommendations to gain weight above the guidelines (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 62.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13.75-281.03), overestimating first trimester weight gain recommendations (aOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.21-2.77), believing in risks to the baby with inadequate GWG (aOR 2.16; 95% CI,1.29-3.60), inaccurate self-perceived prepregnancy body size (aOR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.22-2.89), low or high emotional suppression (aOR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.06-2.99; and aOR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.21-5.45, respectively), physical inactivity (aOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.17), and overweight or obesity (aOR, 5.76; 95% CI, 3.70-8.98; and aOR, 11.46; 95% CI, 6.54-20.06, respectively). Protective factors against planned excess GWG included increased maternal age (aOR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99), and believing in risks to themselves with inadequate GWG (aOR 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.97) or believing in risks to the baby with excess GWG (aOR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.27-0.88).Women with overweight or obesity are at greater risk of prospectively planning excess GWG, and may especially benefit from healthcare provider counseling on appropriate GWG. Other modifiable factors for planned excess GWG included knowledge about risks of inappropriate weight gain and physical inactivity.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to quantify the risk of future maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the type and number of abnormal 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) values and the diagnostic criteria used for the diagnosis of GDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of all nulliparous women with a live singleton birth who underwent testing for GDM using a 75-g OGTT in Ontario, Canada (2007–2017). We estimated the incidence rate (per 1,000 person-years), overall risk (expressed as adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]), and risk at 5 years after the index pregnancy of future maternal T2DM. Estimates were stratified by the type and number of abnormal OGTT values, as well as by the diagnostic criteria for GDM (Diabetes Canada [DC] vs. International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups [IADPSG] criteria). RESULTS A total of 55,361 women met the study criteria. The median duration of follow-up was 4.4 (interquartile range 2.8–6.3; maximum 10.3) years. Using women without GDM as reference (incidence rate 2.18 per 1,000 person-years), women with GDM were at an increased risk of future T2DM; this risk was greater when using the DC compared with the IADPSG criteria (incidence rate 18.74 [95% CI 17.58–19.90] vs. 14.07 [95% CI 13.24–14.91] per 1,000 person-years, respectively). The risk of future maternal T2DM increased with the number of abnormal OGTT values and was highest for women with three abnormal values (incidence rate 49.93 per 1,000 person-years; aHR 24.57 [95% CI 21.26–28.39]). The risk of future T2DM was also affected by the type of OGTT abnormality: women with an abnormal fasting value had the greatest risk, whereas women with an abnormal 2-h value had the lowest risk (aHR 14.09 [95% CI 12.46–15.93] vs. 9.22 [95% CI 8.19–10.37], respectively). Similar findings to those described above were observed when the risk of T2DM at a fixed time point of 5 years after the index pregnancy was considered as the outcome of interest. CONCLUSIONS In women with GDM, individualized information regarding the future risk of T2DM can be provided based on the type and number of abnormal OGTT values, as well as the diagnostic criteria used for the diagnosis of GDM.

OBJECTIVE To develop risk prediction models for singleton preterm birth (PTB)

Evidence has shown significant benefits of aspirin for preventing pre-eclampsia.The objective of this study was to systematically review recommendations from clinical practice guidelines and other recommendation documents on aspirin for the prevention of pre-eclampsia.Ten databases were searched for statements from December 1, 2013, to January 1, 2022.Without language restrictions, the most recent version of documents was considered.Two authors independently extracted recommendations. Guideline quality was assessed using a modified AGREE-II instrument and the AGREE-REX tool.Out of 48 statements on the prevention of pre-eclampsia, 46 had recommendations on use of aspirin. Of them, 39 were supported by evidence from systematic reviews or randomized controlled trials. Three statements reported aspirin's significant reductions in preterm pre-eclampsia and one in perinatal death. Concerning quality, 41% of statements were rated as high quality in all domains of the AGREE-II tool, 15% were rated high quality in all domains of the AGREE-REX tool, and 11% were rated high quality in all domains on both tools.While 96% of statements advocated for use of aspirin, only 9% reported a significant reduction in preterm pre-eclampsia or perinatal death. Based on the AGREE tools, future statements could use methodological improvement.

Cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation continues to increase as some perceive cannabis to be helpful for symptom management and coping. As such, pregnant and lactating people are faced with challenging decisions, weighing benefits against the potential risks of cannabis use. To help clinicians facilitate informed choices, we explored the self-identified information needs of pregnant and lactating people who are deciding whether or not to use cannabis. We aimed to describe the modes and sources of their information-seeking and their satisfaction with the information they found.We interviewed 52 people in Canada who made the decision to start, stop, or continue using cannabis during pregnancy and lactation. Participants were recruited from advertisements in prenatal clinics and on social media. We utilized an inductive approach to analysis focused on information used in decision-making about cannabis use, including the process of seeking and evaluating that information.Participants were deliberate in their search for information, most commonly seeking information on risks of use. Information sources were mainly online material or people in their social networks. Clinicians were not commonly described as a knowledgeable or supportive source of information. Overwhelmingly, participants described the information they found as insufficient and emphasized the need for more comprehensive and trustworthy sources of information.Participants identified distinct and unmet information needs associated with their decision to use cannabis. They described a desire for clear evidence about the impact of cannabis use, including information about how to balance the benefits they perceived from cannabis use with the risks of harm.

Context The optimal 50 g-glucose challenge test (GCT) cutoff for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in twin pregnancies is unknown. Objective This work aimed to explore the screening accuracy of the 50 g-GCT and its correlation with the risk of large for gestational age (LGA) newborn in twin compared to singleton pregnancies. A population-based retrospective cohort study (2007-2017) was conducted in Ontario, Canada. Participants included patients with a singleton (n = 546 892 [98.4%]) or twin (n = 8832 [1.6%]) birth who underwent screening for GDM using the 50 g-GCT. Methods We compared the screening accuracy, risk of GDM, and risk of LGA between twin and singleton pregnancies using various 50 g-GCT cutoffs. Results For any given 50 g-GCT result, the probability of GDM was higher (P = .0.007), whereas the probability of LGA was considerably lower in the twin compared with the singleton group, even when a twin-specific growth chart was used to diagnose LGA in the twin group (P Conclusion The screening performance of the 50 g-GCT for GDM and its correlation with LGA differ between twin and singleton pregnancies.

IntroductionSouth Asians are more likely to develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) than white Europeans. Diet and lifestyle modifications may prevent GDM and reduce undesirable outcomes in both the mother and offspring. Our study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness and participant acceptability of a culturally tailored, personalised nutrition intervention on the glucose area under the curve (AUC) after a 2-hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnant women of South Asian ancestry with GDM risk factors.Methods and analysisA total of 190 South Asian pregnant women with at least 2 of the following GDM risk factors—prepregnancy body mass index>23, age>29, poor-quality diet, family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative or GDM in a previous pregnancy will be enrolled during gestational weeks 12–18, and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to: (1) usual care, plus weekly text messages to encourage walking and paper handouts or (2) a personalised nutrition plan developed and delivered by a culturally congruent dietitian and health coach; and FitBit to track steps. The intervention lasts 6–16 weeks, depending on week of recruitment. The primary outcome is the glucose AUC from a three-sample 75 g OGTT 24–28 weeks’ gestation. The secondary outcome is GDM diagnosis, based on Born-in-Bradford criteria (fasting glucose>5.2 mmol/L or 2 hours post load>7.2 mmol/L).Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board (HiREB #10942). Findings will be disseminated among academics and policy-makers through scientific publications along with community-orientated strategies.Trial registration numberNCT03607799.

Our objective was to systematically review randomized and quasi-randomized trials on the neonatal and maternal effects of lower doses of antenatal corticosteroids (24 mg of betamethasone or dexamethasone) compared with standard double doses of antenatal corticosteroids (24 mg of betamethasone or dexamethasone) administered to women at risk of preterm delivery.Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry were searched from inception to December 8, 2019.A total of 2401 titles, abstracts, and protocols were independently screened by two reviewers, and subsequently 113 full-text articles were reviewed.Our primary outcomes were perinatal death and severe respiratory distress syndrome.We identified one large in-progress trial comparing 11.4 mg versus 22.8 mg betamethasone and one published randomized controlled trial that compared a lower dose of dexamethasone (16 mg) to a standard dose of betamethasone (24 mg). The only relevant data from the published trial suggests minor changes in fetal heart rate variability between baseline and 24- to 48-hour follow-up between the two groups. Data for other outcomes had to be excluded due to the administration of weekly courses of antenatal corticosteroids.Randomized trial data comparing lower doses of antenatal corticosteroids to standard double doses are scarce. Given concerns regarding current antenatal corticosteroids dosing patterns, there is an urgent need for randomized controlled trials examining lower versus standard double doses of antenatal corticosteroids.

IMPORTANCE: Animal studies have found that antenatal corticosteroids affect many organs across multiple stages of life. However, the long-term outcomes in human children are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcomes associated with preterm exposure to antenatal corticosteroids compared with no exposure in all children as well as children with preterm and full-term birth. DATA SOURCES: Academic databases were searched for articles published from January 1, 2000, to October 29, 2021, including Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar. References of articles were also searched for relevant studies. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, and cohort studies that assessed long-term neurodevelopmental, psychological, or other outcomes at 1 year or older in those who had preterm exposure to antenatal corticosteroids were included. No language restrictions were set. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data using a piloted data extraction form. Data on study population, pregnancy characteristics, exposure to antenatal corticosteroids, and outcomes were collected. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guidelines were followed, and random-effects models were used for the meta-analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was an author-defined composite of any adverse neurodevelopmental and/or psychological disorder. The secondary outcomes included specific measures of psychological disorders; neurodevelopmental delay; and anthropometric, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 30 studies met the inclusion criteria, and involved more than 1.25 million children who were at least 1 year of age when the outcomes were assessed. Exposure to a single course of antenatal corticosteroids for children with extremely preterm birth was associated with a significant reduction in risk of neurodevelopmental impairment (adjusted odds ratio, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.57-0.84]; I(2) = 0%; low certainty). For children with late-preterm birth, exposure to antenatal corticosteroids was associated with a higher risk of investigation for neurocognitive disorders (n = 25 668 children; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.12 [95% CI, 1.05-1.20]; low certainty). For children with full-term birth, exposure to antenatal corticosteroids was associated with a higher risk of mental or behavioral disorders (n = 641 487 children; aHR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.36-1.60]; low certainty) as well as proven or suspected neurocognitive disorders (n = 529 205 children; aHR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.10-1.21]; low certainty). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Results of this study showed that exposure to a single course of antenatal corticosteroids was associated with a significantly lower risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in children with extremely preterm birth but a significantly higher risk of adverse neurocognitive and/or psychological outcomes in children with late-preterm and full-term birth, who made up approximately half of those with exposure to antenatal corticosteroids. The findings suggest a need for caution in administering antenatal corticosteroids.

Perinatal cannabis use is increasing, and clinician counselling is an important aspect of reducing the potential harm of cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation. To understand current counselling practices, we conducted a systematic review and integrative mixed-methods synthesis to determine "how do perinatal clinicians respond to pregnant and lactating patients who use cannabis?"We searched 6 databases up until 2021-05-31. Eligible studies described the attitudes, perceptions, or beliefs of perinatal clinician about cannabis use during pregnancy or lactation. Eligible clinicians were those whose practice particularly focusses on pregnant and postpartum patients. The search was not limited by study design, geography, or year. We used a convergent integrative analysis method to extract relevant findings for inductive analysis.Thirteen studies were included; describing perspectives of 1,366 clinicians in 4 countries. We found no unified approach to screening and counselling. Clinicians often cited insufficient evidence around the effects of perinatal cannabis use and lacked confidence in counselling about use. At times, this meant clinicians did not address cannabis use with patients. Most counselled for cessation and there was little recognition of the varied reasons that patients might use cannabis, and an over-reliance on counselling focussed on the legal implications of use.Current approaches to responding to cannabis use might result in inadequate counselling. Counselling may be improved through increased education and training, which would facilitate conversations to mitigate the potential harm of perinatal cannabis use while recognizing the benefits patients perceive.Cannabis use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is common and understanding current physician counselling approaches is important to identify gaps and to make suggestions for practice. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to understand how physicians respond to pregnant or breastfeeding patients who use cannabis. We found 13 eligible articles in our review and our analysis showed that there was no common approach to screening and counselling patients. Physicians often described needing more training and education to support their confidence. Additionally, physicians often did not address the various medical reasons for which patients might use cannabis during pregnancy and breastfeeding. We suggest that counselling approaches may be improved through increased education and training. This could facilitate conversations to help mitigate the potential harm of cannabis use while recognizing the benefits patients perceive and thus establish strong patient–physician relationships.

Objective To determine health care providers’ familiarity with and use of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada's (SOGC's) 2010 Alcohol Use and Pregnancy Consensus Clinical Guidelines and to identify barriers and enablers that affected guideline uptake. Methods We conducted an online pan-Canadian survey of midwives, obstetricians, family physicians, and nurses. The survey was divided into five sections: knowledge, SOGC guidelines, screening and intervention practices, attitudes and beliefs, and demographic information. Results Just over half of the 588 respondents who provided care to pregnant women or to women of childbearing age were familiar with and used the guidelines. Most respondents screened for alcohol use by asking women about alcohol consumption, but relatively few used a screening questionnaire. Approximately two-thirds of respondents provided brief intervention and referral to harm reduction or treatment services. Enablers of guideline adherence included knowledge about the risks of alcohol in pregnancy, perceived responsibility to identify and address at-risk drinking, and a belief that women are motivated to reduce their alcohol consumption if pregnant or planning to become pregnant. Lack of confidence in ability to use screening questionnaires and to provide brief intervention, as well as a lack of belief in the effectiveness of both practices, were barriers to use. Conclusion Strategies are needed to improve familiarity with and uptake of the Alcohol Use and Pregnancy Consensus Clinical Guidelines. Particular attention should be given to education and training regarding the use of validated screening questionnaires and brief intervention practices.

Resume Objectifs Evaluer les bienfaits et les risques du traitement a la progesterone en cas de grossesse susceptible d'accouchement premature spontane (APS) et emettre des recommandations sur l'utilisation de la progesterone afin de reduire les risques d'APS et d'ameliorer les issues postnatales. Options Administrer ou suspendre le traitement a la progesterone chez les femmes dont la grossesse est jugee a risque eleve d'APS. Resultats Accouchement premature, morbidite et mortalite neonatales et issues postnatales, y compris le devenir neurodeveloppemental. Professionnels concernes Fournisseurs de soins de maternite, notamment les sages-femmes, les medecins de famille et les obstetriciens. Population cible Femmes dont la grossesse presente un risque eleve d'APS. Donnees probantes Des recherches ont ete effectuees dans les bases de donnees Medline, PubMed, Embase et Cochrane Library, de leur creation jusqu'a octobre 2018, pour les termes MeSH (medical subject headings) et les mots cles relatifs a la grossesse, a l'accouchement premature, aux antecedents d'accouchement premature, au col court, aux anomalies uterines, a la conisation du col, a la morbidite et a la mortalite neonatales et aux issues postnatales. Le present document est un resume des donnees probantes et non pas une revue methodologique. Methodes de validation La presente directive clinique a ete revue par le comite de medecine fœto-maternelle de la Societe des obstetriciens et gynecologues du Canada (SOGC) puis approuvee par le conseil d'administration de la SOGC. Benefices, risques, et couts Le traitement a la progesterone reduit significativement les risques d'APS chez une population de femmes qui presentent un risque accru. Meme si ce traitement entraine des couts pour la femme en plus d'un certain inconfort associe a son utilisation, on n'observe aucun autre effet indesirable ou defavorable pour la mere ou le bebe. DECLARATIONS SOMMAIRES (classement GRADE entre parentheses) 1Le traitement a la progesterone reduit le risque d'accouchement premature spontane chez les femmes qui presentent un risque accru en raison d'antecedents d'accouchement premature spontane ou d'un col court (moyenne). 2Les donnees probantes sont insuffisantes pour appuyer l'utilisation de la progesterone en prevention de l'accouchement premature spontane en cas de grossesse gemellaire ou multiple sans raccourcissement du col (moyenne). 3Les donnees probantes sont insuffisantes pour appuyer l'utilisation de la progesterone en prevention de l'accouchement premature spontane chez les femmes qui presentent une longueur normale du col et qui ont des antecedents de conisation du col ou une anatomie uterine anormale (basse). 4L'utilisation de la progesterone chez les femmes dont le travail premature a ete interrompu n'est pas liee a une reduction du risque d'accouchement premature spontane ni a une amelioration des issues postnatales (moyenne). 5Aucun lien n'a ete fait entre l'utilisation de la progesterone par voie vaginale en prevention de l'accouchement premature spontane et l'augmentation des risques de malformations congenitales ou l'alteration du devenir neurodeveloppemental postnatal (moyenne). RECOMMANDATIONS (classement GRADE entre parentheses) 1Le traitement a la progesterone par voie vaginale en prevention de l'accouchement premature spontane est recommande en cas de grossesse monofœtale avec col court (≤ 25 mm, par echographie transvaginale entre 16 et 24 SA) (forte/moyenne). 2Le traitement a la progesterone par voie vaginale en prevention de l'accouchement premature spontane est recommande chez les femmes ayant des antecedents d'accouchement premature spontane (forte/moyenne). 3Le traitement a la progesterone par voie vaginale en prevention de l'accouchement premature spontane est recommande en cas de grossesse gemellaire (et par extrapolation des donnees, en cas de grossesse multiple) avec col court (≤ 25 mm, par echographie transvaginale entre 16 et 24 SA) (forte/moyenne). 4En cas de grossesse monofœtale chez une femme ayant des antecedents d'accouchement premature spontane ou une longueur du col de moins de 25 mm mesuree entre 16 et 24 SA lors de la grossesse en cours, si le cerclage est envisage, il convient d'offrir la progesterone par voie vaginale comme traitement de rechange efficace et potentiellement superieur (forte/moyenne). 5Chez les patientes qui utilisent la progesterone en prevention de l'accouchement premature spontane, les traitements supplementaires tels que le cerclage du col (a l'exception d'un cerclage d'urgence indique en fonction de l'examen du col) ou un pessaire ne sont pas recommandes (forte/moyenne). 6Chez les patientes qui presentent un risque accru d'accouchement premature spontane en raison d'antecedents d'accouchement premature, d'un col court ou d'une grossesse gemellaire ou multiple, l'alitement ou la reduction des activites ne sont pas recommandes (forte/moyenne). 7Lorsque le traitement est indique en prevention de l'accouchement premature spontane en cas de grossesse monofœtale, la progesterone micronisee par voie vaginale a une dose quotidienne de 200 mg est recommandee (forte/moyenne). 8Lorsque le traitement est indique en prevention de l'accouchement premature spontane en cas de grossesse gemellaire ou multiple, la progesterone micronisee par voie vaginale a une dose quotidienne de 400 mg est recommandee (conditionnelle [faible]/basse). 9Il y a lieu d'amorcer le traitement a la progesterone par voie vaginale entre 16 et 24 SA, en fonction du moment de detection du facteur de risque, lorsqu'il est indique (forte/moyenne). 10Il est possible de poursuivre le traitement a la progesterone par voie vaginale jusqu'a 34 a 36 SA en tenant compte des facteurs individuels de la patiente (forte/moyenne).

Objectives To assess the benefits and risks of progesterone therapy for women at increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth (SPB) and to make recommendations for the use of progesterone to reduce the risk of SPB and improve postnatal outcomes. Options To administer or withhold progesterone therapy for women deemed to be at high risk of SPB. Outcomes Preterm birth, neonatal morbidity and mortality, and postnatal outcomes including neurodevelopmental outcomes. Intended Users Maternity care providers, including midwives, family physicians, and obstetricians. Target Population Pregnant women at increased risk of SPB. Evidence Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to October 2018 for medical subject heading (MeSH) terms and keywords related to pregnancy, preterm birth, previous preterm birth, short cervix, uterine anomalies, cervical conization, neonatal morbidity and mortality, and postnatal outcomes. This document represents an abstraction of the evidence rather than a methodological review. Validation Methods This guideline was reviewed by the Maternal–Fetal Medicine Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) and approved by the SOGC Board of Directors. Benefits, Harms, and/or Costs Therapy with progesterone significantly reduces the risk of SPB in a subpopulation of women at increased risk. Although this therapy entails a cost to the woman in addition to the discomfort associated with its use, no other adverse effects to the mother or the baby have been identified. SUMMARY STATEMENTS (GRADE ratings in parentheses) 1Progesterone therapy reduces the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in women at an increased risk based on history of previous spontaneous preterm birth or in women with a short cervical length (moderate). 2There is insufficient evidence to support the use of progesterone for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth in women with a pregnancy in the absence of cervical shortening (moderate). 3There is insufficient evidence to support the use of progesterone for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth in women with a normal cervical length and a prior conization procedure on the cervix or abnormal uterine anatomy (low). 4Use of progesterone in women with arrested preterm labour is not associated with a reduced risk of spontaneous preterm birth or with improved postnatal outcomes (moderate). 5Use of vaginal progesterone for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth has not been associated with an increase in congenital malformations or with a worsening of postnatal neurodevelopmental outcomes (moderate). RECOMMENDATIONS (GRADE ratings in parentheses) 1In women with a singleton pregnancy and a short cervical length (≤25 mm by transvaginal ultrasound between 16 and 24 weeks), vaginal progesterone therapy for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth is recommended (strong/moderate). 2In women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth, vaginal progesterone therapy for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth is recommended (strong/moderate). 3In women with a twin pregnancy (and by extrapolation of data, with a higher-order multiple pregnancy) and with a short cervical length (≤25 mm by transvaginal ultrasound between 16 and 24 weeks), vaginal progesterone therapy for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth is recommended (strong/moderate). 4In patients with a singleton pregnancy and a previous spontaneous preterm birth or a cervical length ≤25 mm between 16 and 24 weeks in the current pregnancy, if a cerclage is being considered, vaginal progesterone should be offered as an effective and potentially superior alternate therapy (strong/moderate). 5In patients using progesterone for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth, additional therapies such as a cervical cerclage (with exception of a rescue cerclage for an examination-based diagnosis) or a pessary are not recommended (strong/moderate). 6In patients at increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth due to a previous preterm birth, a short cervical length in the current pregnancy, or a multiple pregnancy, bed rest or reduced activity is not recommended (strong/moderate). 7When indicated for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth in a singleton pregnancy, vaginal micronized progesterone in a daily dose of 200 mg is recommended (strong/moderate). 8When indicated for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth in a multiple pregnancy, vaginal micronized progesterone in a daily dose of 400 mg is recommended (conditional [weak]/low). 9When indicated, vaginal progesterone therapy should be initiated between 16 and 24 weeks gestation, depending on when the risked factor is identified (strong/moderate). 10With consideration of individual patient risk factors, vaginal progesterone therapy can be continued up to 34–36 weeks gestation (strong/moderate).

Rates of perinatal cannabis use are rising, despite clinical evidence about the potential for harm. Accordingly, pregnant and lactating people who perceive a benefit from cannabis use may have a difficult time making informed decisions about cannabis use.We conducted a systematic review of mixed-methods research to synthesize existing knowledge on the perspectives of pregnant people and their partners about cannabis use in pregnancy. Six health and social science databases were searched up until May 30, 2021. There were no methodological, time, or geographic limits applied. We employed a convergent integrative approach to the inductive analysis of findings from all studies.We identified 26 studies describing views of 17,781 pregnant and postpartum people about cannabis use in pregnancy. No studies describing the views of partners were identified, and only one study specifically addressed the perspectives of lactating people. Comparative analysis revealed that whether cannabis was studied alone or grouped with other substances resulted in significant diversity in descriptions of participant decision-making priorities and perceptions of risks and benefits. Studies of cannabis alone demonstrated a complex decision-making process whereby perceived benefits are balanced against the available information about risk, which is often unclear and uncertain. Clear and helpful information was difficult to identify, and health care providers were not described as a helpful and trusted resource for decision-making.Decision-making about cannabis use is difficult for pregnant and lactating people who perceive a benefit from this use, although this decisional difficulty is seldom reflected in studies that examine cannabis as one of multiple substances that pregnant or lactating people may use. Our review suggests several approaches clinicians may take to encourage open and supportive conversations to facilitate informed decisions about cannabis use during the perinatal period.

To investigate the relationship between birth weight for gestational age and health care utilization of term offspring from birth to 7 years.We used a population-based retrospective cohort study of infants (≥37 weeks' gestational age) born between 2003 and 2007 in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia (n = 42 050). Perinatal records were linked to provincial administrative health data from birth to age 7 years. The primary outcome was health care utilization (physician visits and hospital admissions) and costs. Birth weight was categorized as small for gestational age (SGA,10th percentile), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), or large for gestational age (LGA,90th percentile). Regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to investigate the associations.Children born SGA had a higher number of specialist visits and hospital admissions, a longer length of stay for the birth admission, and, as a result, higher physician and hospital costs amounting to a cost differential of Can $1222 during the first 7 years of life compared with children born AGA. By contrast, health care use and costs did not differ between children born LGA and AGA.Former SGA term infants have a moderate increase in health care use and costs in early childhood compared with former AGA infants, and LGA birth at term is not associated with higher health care utilization.

Objective To compare admission and emergency visits of late preterm (340/7–366/7 weeks) versus term infants (370/7–416/7 weeks) in the first 5 years. Study Design This population-based cohort study included all singletons and twins born alive at 340/7 to 416/7 weeks' gestation registered in a health administrative database in Ontario, Canada, between April 1, 2002 and December 31, 2012. Admissions and emergency visits from initial postnatal discharge to 5 years were compared between late preterm and term infants adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics. Results A total of 1,316,931 infants (75,364 late preterm infants) were included. Late preterm infants had more frequent admissions than term infants in the first 5 years in both singletons (adjusted incidence rate ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.46 [1.42–1.49]) and twins (1.21 [1.11–1.31]). The difference in admissions between late preterm and term infants were smaller in twins than singletons and decreased with children's ages. Twins had less frequent admissions than singletons for late preterm infants, but not for term infants. The emergency visits were more frequent in late preterm than term infants in all the periods. Conclusion Admissions and emergency visits were more frequent in late preterm than term infants through the first 5 years. Admissions were less frequent in late preterm twins than singletons.

To synthesize evidence of mode of birth in extremely preterm vertex infants. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov (January 1995–July 2019). We included studies comparing outcomes by vaginal birth or caesarean section in vertex infants born

Pregnant women prioritize the health of their pregnancy, and weight gain contributes to the pregnancy's health. Women encounter different messages about gestational weight gain from various sources that can be confusing. This study aimed to increase our understanding of the processes influencing how women experience the gestational weight gain advice they receive.Grounded theory methodology was chosen. Women receiving prenatal care in a primary care setting were invited to participate in one-on-one interviews.All fifteen participants had high educational attainment, fourteen were Caucasian, and five had an elevated pre-pregnancy body mass index. Six interconnected themes emerged from the data: (1) striving to have a healthy pregnancy; (2) experiencing influences; (3) feeling worried; (4) Managing ambiguity; (5) trusting a source of information; and (6) feeling relief.Physicians are perceived by pregnant women to be a source of trusted information about gestational weight gain and are therefore in a strategic position to help women achieve healthy weight gain during pregnancy.