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Background The onset of menopause increases the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Adiponectin is an adipokine associated with insulin sensitivity that is lower in people with MetS. Supplementing diets with linoleic acid (LA)-rich oil increased adiponectin concentrations and improved glucose control in women with type 2 diabetes. The effect of LA on adipokines, especially total and the bioactive form of adiponectin, high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, in women with MetS is unknown. Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the effect of supplementation of the diet with an oil rich in LA on adipokines in women with MetS. The effect of the LA-rich oil (LA-oil) on oxylipins, key metabolites that may influence inflammation and metabolism, was also explored. Methods In this open-label single-arm pilot study, 18 postmenopausal nondiabetic women with MetS enrolled in a 2-phase study were instructed to consume LA-rich vegetable oil (10 mL/d) as part of their habitual diets. Women consumed an oleic acid–rich oil (OA-oil) for 4 wk followed by an LA-oil for 16 wk. Fasting concentrations of adipokines, fatty acids, oxylipins, and markers of glycemia and inflammation were measured. Results After 4 wk of OA-oil consumption, fasting glucose and total adiponectin concentrations decreased whereas fasting C-reactive protein increased. After 16 wk of LA-oil supplementation total and HMW adiponectin and plasma oxylipins increased. Markers of inflammation and glycemia were unchanged after LA-oil consumption. Conclusions Supplementation with LA-oil increased total and HMW adiponectin concentrations and altered plasma oxylipin profiles. Larger studies are needed to elucidate the links between these changes and MetS. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02063165., The essential fatty acid, linoleate, affects glucose homeostasis. This article evaluates the addition of a small amount of linoleate-rich oil to increase the insulin-sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between blood levels of adiponectin and leptin with lean body and trunk adipose mass in women with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This cross-sectional study analyzed baseline data from five previous clinical studies involving postmenopausal women (n = 95). Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and appendicular lean mass was calculated based on body mass index (ALMBMI). Adipokines and cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Linear mixed-effect models with a random study effect were used to investigate the relationship between predictors (eg, adiponectin, leptin), outcomes (eg, ALMBMI, trunk adipose mass), and co-variables (T2DM status, age, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein). RESULTS Postmenopausal women with T2DM had lower ALMBMI than those without T2DM. There was a positive association between blood adiponectin and ALMBMI in postmenopausal women without T2DM, but no association in those with T2DM. Blood leptin was negatively associated with ALMBMI for women regardless of T2DM diagnosis. Blood adiponectin was negatively associated, whereas blood leptin was positively associated with trunk adipose mass for the entire cohort. CONCLUSIONS T2DM status moderated the relationship between blood adiponectin and ALMBMI, where blood adiponectin was positively associated with ALMBMI in postmenopausal women without T2DM, but not those with T2DM. Dysregulated metabolism in T2DM may contribute to lower muscle mass in women with T2DM, but future research is required to elucidate this mechanistic link. The negative association between blood leptin and ALMBMI was a novel finding. Future studies will need to more clearly define the relationship between these variables.

Scope The fatty acid profile of dietary lipids is reflected in mammary adipose tissue and may influence mammary gland biology and cancer risk. To determine the effects of fish consumption on breast adipose tissue fatty acids, we conducted a study of fish versus n-3 PUFA supplements in women at increased risk of breast cancer. Methods and results High risk women were randomized to comparable doses of marine n-3 PUFAs as canned salmon + albacore or capsules for 3 months. Pre- and posttreatment fatty acid profiles were obtained by GC. Dietary fish (n = 12) and n-3 PUFA capsules (n = 13) yielded increased eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plasma (p < 0.0001), erythrocyte membranes (p < 0.0001), and breast fat (p < 0.01) at 3 months. Women taking capsules had higher plasma and erythrocyte membrane EPA changes (∼four versus twofold, p = 0.002), without significant differences in DHA. Increases in breast adipose EPA, DHA were similar for both groups. Higher BMI correlated with smaller changes in plasma, erythrocyte membrane EPA, and breast adipose EPA, DHA. Adherence was excellent at 93.9% overall and higher in the fish arm (p = 0.01). Conclusion Fish provides an excellent source of n-3 PUFAs that increases breast adipose EPA, DHA similar to supplements and represents a well-tolerated intervention for future studies of the impact of n-3 PUFAs and dietary patterns on breast cancer.

Background: The type of fat consumed in the diet may influence mammary tissue biology and breast cancer risk, with preclinical evidence for inhibitory effects of n-3 versus n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on mammary carcinogenesis. Fish consumption and fish oil supplements are two strategies to increase dietary n-3 fatty acids. Objective: To determine the effects of increased fish consumption on breast adipose tissue fatty acids, we conducted a study of dietary fish versus an n-3 fatty acid supplement in women at increased risk for developing breast cancer. Design: In this three month randomized study, women at high risk for breast cancer received either (a) dietary fish in the form of canned salmon and albacore tuna at a dose of four 6 ounce servings/week or (b) two n-3 fatty acid capsules (1.68 g EPA+DHA)/day for three months. Subjects underwent fasting blood draws monthly and breast adipose tissue samples at baseline and three months for fatty acid profiling by gas chromatography. Results: Both study interventions of dietary fish and n-3 PUFA capsule yielded increased EPA and DHA content in plasma (p Conclusions: Dietary fish and n-3 PUFA capsules significantly increase breast adipose tissue EPA and DHA content and represent two well tolerated strategies for future clinical trials of dietary n-3 PUFAs for breast cancer prevention. Citation Format: Shana Straka, Joanne L. Lester, Sarah Puchala, Angela Rose, Rachel Cole, Rebecca R. Andridge, Steven K. Clinton, Martha A. Belury, Lisa D. Yee. A pilot trial of dietary fish and ω-3 fatty acid supplements in women at high risk for breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr B45.