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13. A Blockchain-based Carbon Credit Ecosystem

Author

Saraji, Soheil and Borowczak, Mike

Subjects
Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
Abstract

Climate change and global warming are the significant challenges of the new century. A viable solution to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions is via a globally incentivized market mechanism proposed in the Kyoto protocol. In this view, the carbon dioxide (or other greenhouse gases) emission is considered a commodity, forming a carbon trading system. There have been attempts in developing this idea in the past decade with limited success. The main challenges of current systems are fragmented implementations, lack of transparency leading to over-crediting and double-spending, and substantial transaction costs that transfer wealth to brokers and agents. We aim to create a Carbon Credit Ecosystem using smart contracts that operate in conjunction with blockchain technology in order to bring more transparency, accessibility, liquidity, and standardization to carbon markets. This ecosystem includes a tokenization mechanism to securely digitize carbon credits with clear minting and burning protocols, a transparent mechanism for distribution of tokens, a free automated market maker for trading the carbon tokens, and mechanisms to engage all stakeholders, including the energy industry, project verifiers, liquidity providers, NGOs, concerned citizens, and governments. This approach could be used in a variety of other credit/trading systems.

Published
2021

50. Supercritical CO2Foam Stabilized by a Viscoelastic Surfactant in Fractured Porous Media: The Effect of Fracture Surface Roughness

Author

Yu, Ying and Saraji, Soheil

Abstract

Foam flooding has been used for gas conformance control during enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in heterogeneous reservoirs. The application of foam flooding in naturally or hydraulically fractured reservoirs has recently been gaining attention. There are, however, limited studies on supercritical CO2(scCO2) foam behavior in the fractured system. Specifically, the impact of fracture properties such as aperture size, surface roughness, and fracture orientation in natural rocks are not well studied. In this work, we investigated the behavior of scCO2foam stabilized by a viscoelastic surfactant in fractured systems. The apparent viscosity of foam in fractured and nonfractured cores was compared. Furthermore, the effects of fracture surface roughness and crude oil on foam behavior were determined. We found that the fracture surface roughness positively affects the apparent viscosity of foam in the absence and presence of crude oil. Also, the formation of the complex structure of the water-oil-CO2system during oil–foam co-injection may serve a major role in causing a significant apparent viscosity.

Published
2021
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