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[Abstract] The novel indium-catalyzed synthesis of benzannulated spiroketals by a double intramolecular hydroalkoxylation reaction of o-(hydroxyalkynyl)benzyl alcohols is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions using a low catalyst loading of indium triiodide (2–5 mol%) with a variety of benzyl and homobenzyl alcohols, allowing the regioselective synthesis of a set of naturally occurring and new benzannulated spiroketals (5,5-, 5,6-, 5,7-, 6,6- and 6,7-) in good yields. The synthetic transformation involves the indium(III)-catalyzed electrophilic alkyne activation followed by the regioselective intramolecular hydroalkoxylation reaction. The method is the first example of spiroketal synthesis using main group catalysis representing an economical alternative to precious transition metals. In addition, it provides a complementary strategy for the regioselective synthesis of spiroketals and spiroaminals.

[Abstract] A microwave-assisted one-pot synthesis of BODIPY dyes from pyrroles and acyl chlorides is reported. This protocol features short reaction times, low temperatures, minimum amount of solvent, scalability, versatility, and good yields of the products. These simple, efficient and sustainable conditions can be also applied to the synthesis of derivatives such as BOPHY, BOAHY and BOPAHY.

[Abstract] Fluorescent imidazole-triazole based ligands L1 and L2 have been designed as chemical push-pull chemosensors for divalent metal ions and synthesized through palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions using indium organometallics and click chemistry. The novel ligands exhibit intense absorption in the ultraviolet region with high molar extinction coefficients, and strong fluorescence emission with large Stokes displacements. On the basis of UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence emission data in acetonitrile, L1 is shown as a bifuncional chemosensor with differential response for Fe2+ and Cu2+ over a range of selected 3d divalent and other metal ions. The binding site of the ligand was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and 1H NMR spectroscopy studies. The association constants, determined by spectrofluorimetric titrations, show a steady binding affinity of L1 for Cu2+ and Fe2+ in comparison with other previously reported fluorescent bidentate chemosensors, offering the lowest limit of detection (LOD) with Cu2+. DFT calculations provide a rationale properly understanding and interpreting the experimentally observed results. Indeed, a mechanism of the different optical responses of L1 towards 3d divalent metal ions is proposed.

[Abstract] The indium(III)-catalyzed cascade cycloisomerization reaction of 1,5-enynes with pendant aryl nucleophiles is reported. The reaction proceeds in cascade under mild reaction conditions, using InI₃ (5 mol %) as a catalyst with a range of 1,5-enynes furnished with aryl groups (phenyl and phenol) at alkene (E and Z isomers) and with terminal and internal alkynes. Using 1-bromo-1,5-enynes, a one-pot sequential indium-catalyzed cycloisomerization and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with triorganoindium reagents were developed. The double cyclization is stereospecific and operates via a biomimetic cascade cation-olefin through 1,5-enyne cyclization (6-endo-dig) and subsequent C–C hydroarylation or C–O phenoxycyclization. Density functional theory (DFT) computational studies on 1,5-enynyl aryl ethers support a two-step mechanism where the first stereoselective 1,5-enyne cyclization produces a nonclassical carbocation intermediate that evolves to the tricyclic reaction product through a SᴇAr mechanism. Using this approach, a variety of tricyclic heterocycles such as benzo[b]chromenes, phenanthridines, xanthenes, and spiroheterocyclic compounds are efficiently synthesized with high atom economy.

[Resumen]: Los derivados de la cumarina son una clase importante de heterociclos que contienen oxígeno, con una amplia gama de aplicaciones significativas en diferentes campos de la química y medicina. En esta memoria de Trabajo de Fin de Máster se expone un análisis crítico de la reactividad de diferentes compuestos organometálicos, incluyendo los organometálicos de indio, en la síntesis de derivados cumarínicos con sustituyentes en las posiciones C− y C−4 mediante reacciones de acoplamiento cruzado secuencial catalizadas por diferentes complejos de paladio. Se comprobó que mediante el empleo de organometálicos de indio(III) sólidos que es posible preparar 3-bromo-4-fenil-2H-cromen-2-ona mediante una reacción de acoplamiento cruzado quimioselectiva, que transcurre con una elevada economía atómica y en buen rendimiento utilizando únicamente un 40 mol% de organoíndico, lo que supone una gran ventaja frente a otros organometálicos convencionales., [Abstract]: Coumarin derivatives are an important class of oxygen-containing heterocycles with a wide range of significant applications in different fields of chemistry and medicine. In this Final Master´s report is presented a critical analysis of the reactivity of different organometallics compounds, in the synthesis of coumarin derivates with substituents at position C-3 and C-4 by sequential cross coupling reactions catalyzed by different palladium complexes. It was found that using solid indium(III) organometallics it is possible to prepare 3-bromo-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one by a chemoselective cross-coupling reaction, which proceeds with a high atomic economy and in good yield using only 40 mol% of organoindium, which is a great advantage over other conventional organometallics.

[Abstract] This Thesis presents the development of a new transition-metal-free coupling reaction of triorganoindium reagents with chromene and isochroman acetals under BF3·OEt2 activation. This reaction allows the synthesis of the corresponding 2-substituted 2H-chromenes and 1-substituted isochromans in good yields, in which aryl, heteroaryl, alkynyl, alkenyl, and alkyl groups can be transferred using only 50 mol% of the triorganoindium reagents. As an extension of this methodology, a transition-metal-free coupling reaction of triorganoindium reagents with N-protected tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) under oxidative conditions is presented as well, where different aryl, heteroaryl, alkynyl, benzyl, and alkyl groups can be installed at the C-1 position of the THIQs, using only 50 mol% of the triorganoindium reagent. To demonstrate the synthetic utility of this reaction, it was applied to the synthesis of alkaloid Nuciferine. This Thesis also presents the synthesis and isolation of solid, bench-stable triorganoindium reagents by coordination with 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). Different R3In·DMAP complexes bearing aryl, heteroaryl, alkynyl, and benzyl groups were prepared and then used in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, where they reacted efficiently with diverse electrophiles including aryl, alkenyl, allyl, and benzyl bromides., [Resumen] En esta Tesis se presenta el desarrollo de una nueva reacción de acoplamiento de reactivos triorganoíndicos con acetales de cromeno e isocramano mediante activación con BF3·OEt2 en ausencia de metales de transición. Esta reacción permite la síntesis de los correspondientes 2H-cromenos-2-sustituidos e isocromanos 1-sustituidos en buenos rendimientos, en donde grupos arilo, heteroarilo, alquinilo, alquenilo y alquilo se transfieren empleando solamente un 50 mol% de los reactivos triorganoíndicos. Como extensión de esta metodología, se presenta también la reacción de acoplamiento de reactivos triorganoíndicos con tetrahidroisoquinolinas (THIQs) N-protegidas en condiciones oxidantes y ausencia de metales de transición, en donde grupos arilo, heteroarilo, alquinilo, bencilo, y alquilo se acoplan en la posición C-1 de las THIQs, empleando solamente un 50 mol% del reactivo triorganoíndico. Para demostrar su utilidad sintética, esta nueva reacción se emplea en la síntesis del alcaloide Nuciferina. En esta Tesis también se presenta la síntesis y aislamiento de reactivos triorganoíndicos sólidos y estables mediante coordinación con 4-dimetilaminopiridina (DMAP). Distintos R3In·DMAP con grupos arilo, heteroarilo, alquinilo y bencilo se preparan y son empleados en reacciones de acoplamiento cruzado catalizadas por paladio, donde reaccionan de forma eficiente con distintos electrófilos incluyendo bromuros de arilo, alquenilo, alilo y bencilo., [Resumo] Nesta Tese presentamos o desenvolvemento dunha nova reacción de acoplamento de reactivos triorganoínicos con acetais de cromeno e isocromano pola activación con BF3·OEt2 en ausencia de metais de transición. Esta reacción permite a síntese dos correspondentes 2H-cromenos-2-sustituidos e isocromanos 1-sustituidos en bos rendementos, onde grupos arilo, heteroarilo, alquinilo, alquenilo y alquilo transfírense utilizando só un 50 mol% dos reactivos triorganoíndicos. Como extensión desta metodoloxía, presentamos tamén la reacción de reactivos triorganoíndicos con tetrahidroisoquinolinas N-protegidas, en condicións de oxidación e ausencia de metais de transición en que grupos arilo, heteroarilo, alquinilo, bencilo y alquilo pódense acoplar na posición C-1 das THIQs, utilizando só un 50 mol% dos reactivos triorganoíndicos. Para demostrar a súa utilidade sintética, a reacción emprégase na síntese do alcaloide Nuciferina. Nesta Tese son sintetizados e illados reactivos triorganíndicos sólidos por coordinación con 4-dimetilaminopiridina (DMAP). Varios triorganoíndicos sólidos con grupos arilo, heteroarilo, alquinilo y bencilo prepáranse y son utilizados en reaccións de acoplamento cruzado catalizadas por paladio, reaccionando eficientemente con diferentes electrófilos incluíndo bromuros de arilo, alquenilo, alilo e bencilo.

El indio fue identificado en 1863 por los químicos alemanes Ferdinand Reich y Hieronymus Theodor Richter cuando buscaban trazas de talio (un elemento que se acababa de descubrir) en minerales de zinc mediante análisis espectrográfico.

[Abstract] Fused 2H-chromenes are prepared by the cascade hydroarylation/cycloisomerization reactions of polyyne-type aryl propargyl ethers using indium(III) catalysis. The transformation proceeds with 6-endo-dig regioselectivity using InBr3 (5 mol%). The method can be extended to triynes allowing the formation of three bonds in one pot. Indium(III) also catalyzes the hydroamination/hydroarylation cascade reaction of o-aryldiynyl anilines to form fused carbazoles.

[Abstract] The activation of C–H bonds through catalytic reactions using transition metals is an important challenge in organic chemistry in which the intermediates are related to those produced in the classical cross-coupling reactions. As part of our research program devoted to the development of metal-catalyzed reactions using indium organometallics, a protocol for the C–H activation and C–C coupling of 2-arylpyridines with triorganoindium reagents under Rh(I) catalysis is reported. Under the optimized conditions, we found that Me3In and Ar3In reagents reacted with 2-arylpyridines and related compounds in the presence of Rh(PPh3)3Cl, in PhCl/THF (9:1), at 120 °C for 48 h, to afford the ortho-coupling products in moderate to good yields. The nitrogen atom in the pyridine ring acts as a directing group to assist the functionalization at the ortho position of the aryl group forming a new C–C bond at this position.

[Abstract] Bench-stable solid triorganoindium compounds have been prepared by coordination with 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP). The solid R3In(DMAP) complexes are obtained from the corresponding solution of R3In in quantitative yield and can be stored for up to several weeks. These reagents show excellent reactivity in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with organic electrophiles.