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Benzothiazole derivatives, a class of heterocyclic compounds, hold significant relevance in medicinal chemistry, materials science, and agrochemicals due to their diverse biological activities and applications. The conventional synthetic routes often involve harsh conditions and generate significant waste, prompting the exploration of more sustainable approaches. This work offers a comprehensive analysis of the developments in the use of heterogeneous catalysts for the production of benzothiazole derivatives, covering research from 2013 onward. Compared to traditional techniques, heterogeneous catalysts provide improved sustainability, efficiency, and recyclability. The review covers many heterogeneous catalysts and discusses their selectivity, recyclability, and catalytic activity. The utilization of heterogeneous catalysts is noteworthy as it facilitates the synthesis process's overall sustainability by allowing for milder reaction conditions, less environmental effect, and easier catalyst separation and recovery. The potential of heterogeneous catalysis in promoting the production of benzothiazole derivatives and satisfying the increasing need for these substances in various industrial applications is also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing heterogeneous nanocatalysts comprising abundantly available transition metals for various organic transformations has captured significant interest in recent years owing to their convenient separation, reusability and low metal contamination after the reaction. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of CuO@MnO 2 nanocomposites using malachite, which is a renewable copper precursor with an E -factor of 1.64. The as-prepared CuO@MnO 2 nanocomposites were well characterized through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller techniques (BET). The catalytic efficiency of CuO@MnO 2 nanocomposites was explored for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles from phenylacetylene, benzyl bromide and sodium azide under neat conditions. The sustainability of the present methodology was explored by evaluating green chemistry metrics such as the E -factor (0.84), reaction mass efficiency (54.45%), process mass intensity (1.84) and turnover number (901).

A novel and eco-friendly route to synthesize boron, nitrogen codoped carbon dots using aniline, citric acid, and boric acid as precursor materials has been used successfully to reduce mild steel corrosion. This report describes the detailed weight-loss experiments, electrochemical measurements, and surface morphology analysis conducted to explore the efficacy of B,N-CDs as a highly effective corrosion controller for mild steel (MS) protection in 15% hydrochloric acid (HCl). The findings specify that B,N-CDs significantly decreased the corrosion of MS and attained an inhibition capacity of up to 96.7% at 75 ppm. The protection of the MS surface occurs through the generation of a protective film through adsorption of the B,N-CDs. The corrosion inhibitor undergoes predominant physisorption, which is confirmed by the values of Δ G ads. Electrochemical studies further established that B,N-CDs act as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor. Hence, the aforementioned carbon dots are both cathodic and anodic corrosion inhibitors for MS. The XPS of the inhibitors explained that it is of inorganic/organic hybrid nature of the protective film generated on the surface of the substrate. The findings represent a new highly effective corrosion inhibitor that outperforms most of the alternatives at lower concentrations.