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Sexual violence against women is a human rights violation and public health concern, with serious Implications for women's physical and mental health. Reducing non-partner sexual violence, including rape, sexual assault and other forms of non- contact sexual abuse, is one of the main indicators of the sustainable development goals. World Health Organization estimates, based on available prevalence data from 137 countries between 2000 and 2018, showed that, globally, 6% of women aged 15-49 years reported experiencing sexual violence in their lifetime from someone other than an intimate partner, with prevalence rates varying across regions. However, the reporting, measurement and documentation of the global extent of non-partner sexual violence against women is methodologically challenging, resulting in a gross underestimation of its magnitude and impact. To prevent and respond to this issue, policy-makers must consider interventions on education, access to relevant health-care services, public awareness, and effective and comprehensive legislation. To better estimate the prevalence of both sexual violence overall and non-partner sexual violence, it is essential to continue to strengthen the measurement of non-partner sexual violence, including the types of acts asked about and the mode of interviewing. Further research is needed to understand the cumulative impact of different forms of sexual violence on the lives of women and girls, including sexual violence during childhood and its associated risk with further exposure. Funding is required for more research and implementation of interventions to prevent and reduce all forms of violence against women and girls, including sexual violence. Les violences sexuelles a l'egard des femmes constituent une violation des droits humains et un probleme de sante publique qui ont de graves repercussions sur la sante physique et mentale des femmes. La reduction des violences sexuelles qui ne sont pas le fait d'un(e) partenaire, y compris le viol, l'agression sexuelle et d'autres formes d'abus sexuels sans contact, est l'un des principaux indicateurs des objectifs de developpement durable. Selon les estimations de l'Organisation mondiale de la sante, qui se fonde sur les donnees de prevalence disponibles dans 137 pays entre 2000 et 2018, 6% des femmes agees de 15 a 49 ans dans le monde ont declare avoir subi des violences sexuelles au cours de leur vie de la part d'une personne autre qu'un(e) partenaire intime, les taux de prevalence variant d'une region a l'autre. Toutefois, la declaration, la mesure et la documentation de l'ampleur mondiale des violences sexuelles a l'egard des femmes qui n'impliquent pas de partenaire sont difficilement realisables sur le plan methodologique, ce qui entraine une sous-estimation flagrante de leur ampleur et de leur impact. Pour prevenir et pallier ce probleme, les decideurs politiques doivent envisager des interventions dans les domaines de l'education, de l'acces a des soins de sante appropries, de la sensibilisation du public et de l'adoption d'une legislation efficace et complete. Afin de mieux estimer la prevalence des violences sexuelles en general et des violences sexuelles qui ne sont pas le fait d'un(e) partenaire en particulier, il est essentiel de continuer a renforcer la mesure de ce dernier type de violences sexuelles, notamment en ce qui concerne les types d'actes sur lesquels portent les questions et le mode d'interrogation. Des recherches supplementaires s'imposent pour comprendre l'impact cumulatif des differentes formes de violences sexuelles sur la vie des femmes et des filles, y compris les violences sexuelles subies pendant l'enfance et les risques associes a une exposition ulterieure. La recherche sur les interventions visant a empecher et a reduire toutes les formes de violences a l'egard des femmes et des filles, y compris les violences sexuelles, et leur mise en oeuvre doivent etre davantage financees. La violencia sexual contra las mujeres es una violacion de los derechos humanos y un problema de salud publica, con graves consecuencias para la salud fisica y mental de las mujeres. Reducir la violencia sexual fuera de la pareja, incluidas las violaciones, las agresiones sexuales y otras formas de abuso sexual sin contacto, es uno de los principales indicadores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Las estimaciones de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud, basadas en los datos de prevalencia disponibles de 137 paises entre 2000 y 2018, mostraron que, a nivel mundial, el 6% de las mujeres de 15 a 49 anos informaron haber sufrido violencia sexual en su vida por parte de alguien que no era su pareja, con tasas de prevalencia que varian segun las regiones. Sin embargo, la presentacion de informes, la medicion y la documentacion del alcance mundial de la violencia sexual contra las mujeres fuera de la pareja es metodologicamente dificil, lo que resulta en una gran subestimacion de su magnitud e impacto. Para prevenir y responder a este problema, los responsables de formular las politicas deben considerar la posibilidad de intervenir en la educacion, el acceso a los servicios sanitarios pertinentes, la concienciacion publica y una legislacion eficaz y exhaustiva. Para estimar mejor la prevalencia tanto de la violencia sexual en general como de la violencia sexual fuera de la pareja, es esencial seguir reforzando la medicion de esta ultima, incluidos los tipos de actos sobre los que se pregunta y el modo de entrevista. Se requiere mas investigacion para comprender el impacto acumulativo de las diferentes formas de violencia sexual en la vida de las mujeres y las ninas, incluida la violencia sexual durante la infancia y su riesgo asociado con una mayor exposicion. Se requiere financiacion para investigar mas e implementar intervenciones que prevengan y reduzcan todas las formas de violencia contra mujeres y ninas, incluida la violencia sexual., Introduction Sexual violence against women is a human rights violation and public health concern worldwide. (1,2) Such violence can occur in many circumstances and settings: within the home, in public [...]

Abstract The common cold is the primary cause of illness in the community, with over 200 viral strains identified, and rhinovirus infections being the most prevalent. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is also a significant cause of severe illness. The burden of acute respiratory infections has a significant impact on the economy, resulting in absenteeism from work and school. Rhinovirus infections can exacerbate asthma and other chronic diseases, leading to hospitalization. The objective of this study is to investigate the factors associated with death and survival in patients hospitalized for rhinovirus in Brazil in 2022. This is a retrospective cohort study using data from the national surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2022 in Brazil, with all the norrifications. We analysed and compared clinical and epidemiological factors and outcomes between survivors and deaths in patients hospitalised for rhinovirus. The absolute and relative frequencies were calculated according to the states. Bivariate analysis was performed using chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test, while multivariate analysis was performed using COX regression. Out of 8,130 cases of SARS caused by rhinovirus, 291 (3.58%) resulted in death while 7839 (96.47%) patients survived. The factors associated with death were invasive ventilation (p-

There is considerably greater variation in metabolic rates between men than between women, in terms of basal, activity and total (daily) energy expenditure (EE). One possible explanation is that EE is associated with male sexual characteristics (which are known to vary more than other traits) such as musculature and athletic capacity. Such traits might be predicted to be most prominent during periods of adolescence and young adulthood, when sexual behaviour develops and peaks. We tested this hypothesis on a large dataset by comparing the amount of male variation and female variation in total EE, activity EE and basal EE, at different life stages, along with several morphological traits: height, fat free mass and fat mass. Total EE, and to some degree also activity EE, exhibit considerable greater male variation (GMV) in young adults, and then a decreasing GMV in progressively older individuals. Arguably, basal EE, and also morphometrics, do not exhibit this pattern. These findings suggest that single male sexual characteristics may not exhibit peak GMV in young adulthood, however total and perhaps also activity EE, associated with many morphological and physiological traits combined, do exhibit GMV most prominently during the reproductive life stages.

Abstract Background Exercise is known to provide multiple metabolic benefits such as improved insulin sensitivity and glucose control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and those at risk. Beyond the traditional exercise dose, exercise timing is perceived as a contemporary hot topic, especially in the field of T2DM; however, the number of intervention studies assessing exercise timing and glucose metabolism is scarce. Our aim is to test the effect of exercise timing (i.e., morning, afternoon, or evening) on the inter-individual response variability in glycemic control and related metabolic health parameters in individuals with T2DM and those at risk during a 12-week intervention. Methods A randomized crossover exercise intervention will be conducted involving two groups: group 1, individuals with T2DM; group 2, age-matched older adults with overweight/obesity. The intervention will consist of three 2-week blocks of supervised post-prandial exercise using high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Between each training block, a 2-week washout period, where participants avoid structured exercise, will take place. Assessments will be conducted in both groups before and after each exercise block. The primary outcomes include the 24-h area under the curve continuous glucose monitoring-based glucose. The secondary outcomes include body composition, resting energy expenditure, insulin response to a meal tolerance test, maximal aerobic capacity, peak power output, physical activity, sleep quality, and insulin and glucose levels. All primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at each assessment point. Discussion Outcomes from this trial will provide us additional insight into the role of exercise timing on the inter-individual response variability in glycemic control and other related metabolic parameters in two distinct populations, thus contributing to the development of more effective exercise prescription guidelines for individuals with T2DM and those at risk. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06136013. Registered on November 18, 2023.

Aim: Physical activity attenuates hypertension in older adults, but its impact on pulmonary function and mechanics in hypertensive older adults is unknown. The study seeks to understand whether a physically active lifestyle can improve respiratory capacity, the mechanical efficiency of the lungs, and, consequently, the quality of life of these individuals, comparing data between groups of active and sedentary hypertensive older adults. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We evaluated 731 older adults, stratified into two initial groups: hypertensive older adults (HE; n = 445) and non-hypertensive older adults (NHE; n = 286). For a secondary analysis, we used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to sub-stratify HE and NHE into four groups: physically inactive hypertensive (PIH; n = 182), active hypertensive (AH; n = 110), physically inactive non-hypertensive (PINH; n = 104), and active non-hypertensive (ANH; n = 65). Lung function was measured by spirometry, and lung mechanics were assessed by impulse oscillometry. Results: Hypertensive older adults presented reduced lung function compared to non-hypertensive older adults, and physical inactivity accentuated this decline. Regarding pulmonary mechanics, hypertensive older adults had higher resistance of the entire respiratory system (R5 Hz), the central airways (R20 Hz), and peripheral airways (R5–20 Hz), which may trigger bronchoconstriction. Conclusions: Hypertension is associated with impaired lung function and mechanics in older adults, and a physically active lifestyle attenuates these dysfunctions.

Abstract Lameness affects animal mobility, causing pain and discomfort. Lameness in early stages often goes undetected due to a lack of observation, precision, and reliability. Automated and non-invasive systems offer precision and detection ease and may improve animal welfare. This study was conducted to create a repository of images and videos of sows with different locomotion scores. Our goal is to develop a computer vision model for automatically identifying specific points on the sow's body. The automatic identification and ability to track specific body areas, will allow us to conduct kinematic studies with the aim of facilitating the detection of lameness using deep learning. The video database was collected on a pig farm with a scenario built to allow filming of sows in locomotion with different lameness scores. Two stereo cameras were used to record 2D videos images. Thirteen locomotion experts assessed the videos using the Locomotion Score System developed by Zinpro Corporation. From this annotated repository, computational models were trained and tested using the open-source deep learning-based animal pose tracking framework SLEAP (Social LEAP Estimates Animal Poses). The top-performing models were constructed using the LEAP architecture to accurately track 6 (lateral view) and 10 (dorsal view) skeleton keypoints. The architecture achieved average precisions values of 0.90 and 0.72, average distances of 6.83 and 11.37 in pixel, and similarities of 0.94 and 0.86 for the lateral and dorsal views, respectively. These computational models are proposed as a Precision Livestock Farming tool and method for identifying and estimating postures in pigs automatically and objectively. The 2D video image repository with different pig locomotion scores can be used as a tool for teaching and research. Based on our skeleton keypoint classification results, an automatic system could be developed. This could contribute to the objective assessment of locomotion scores in sows, improving their welfare.

Among the technological tools used in precision agriculture, the convolutional neural network (CNN) has shown promise in determining the nutritional status of plants, reducing the time required to obtain results and optimizing the variable application rates of fertilizers. Not knowing the appropriate amount of nitrogen to apply can cause environmental damage and increase production costs; thus, technological tools are required that identify the plant’s real nutritional demands, and that are subject to evaluation and improvement, considering the variability of agricultural environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the performance of two convolutional neural networks in classifying leaf nitrogen in strawberry plants by using RGB images. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks with three treatments (T1: 50%, T2: 100%, and T3: 150% of recommended nitrogen fertilization), two plots and five replications. The leaves were collected in the phenological phase of floral induction and digitized on a flatbed scanner; this was followed by processing and analysis of the models. ResNet-50 proved to be superior compared to the personalized CNN, achieving accuracy rates of 78% and 48% and AUC of 76%, respectively, increasing classification accuracy by 38.5%. The importance of this technique in different cultures and environments is highlighted to consolidate this approach.

O envelhecimento cursa com alterações biológicas, como a perda de peso não intencional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a percepção de profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde sobre o estado nutricional de idosos usuários de Unidades Básicas de Saúde, com ênfase para perda de peso não intencional, e identificar possibilidades de intervenção pela equipe interprofissional. Foram realizadas 17 entrevistas individuais e sessão de grupo focal com profissionais de saúde de São Paulo, SP, em 2019. Os dados foram transcritos, submetidos à Análise Temática de Conteúdo e discutidos em triangulação. Os participantes demonstraram dificuldade em identificar idosos com perda de peso não intencional. Como desafios para o cuidado, destaca-se a insegurança alimentar e os atravessamentos no processo de trabalho na Atenção Primária, e como possibilidades de cuidado, foram apontadas a educação em saúde, a interprofissionalidade e a intersetorialidade.

Objetivo: Desafio no manejo do linfoma do manto recaído e refratário. Introdução: O linfoma de células do manto (LCM) é um linfoma não Hodgkin (LNH) de células B maduras com biologia, apresentação clínica e manejo únicos. O LCM compreende 5% a 8% de todos os LNH com incidência de 4 a 8 casos por milhão na população geral. É uma doença agressiva e de curso variável com sobrevida global mediana de 8 a 12 anos se tratamento quimioterápico intenso. O tratamento consiste em quimioimunoterapia a base de citarabina e consolidação com transplante autólogo de células tronco hematopoéticas. O tratamento da doença recaída consiste em inibidores de bruton quinase, sendo a quimio imunoterapia uma opção nas recaídas tardias. O tratamento a partir da 3ª linha é uma necessidade não atendida tendo como possibilidades terapêuticas inibidor de bruton quinase não covalente, imunomodulador, inibidores de BCL2, CART cell CD19 e transplante de células tronco hematopoéticas alogênico. Descrição do caso: Paciente masculino, 69 anos há 3 meses de aumento progressivo de linfonodos em região axilar esquerda e desconforto abdominal, acompanhado de sintomas B. Ao exame físico apresentava linfonodomegalia axilar bilateral maior à direita de 4 cm, hepatoesplenomegalia (baço 4 cm abaixo do rebordo costal). Hemograma com pancitopenia (Hb 9,5 g/dL, leucócitos 2800/mm3 com 60 % de segmentados e plaquetas 190 000/mm3), função renal e hepática normais, LDH 600 UI/L e B2 microglobulina de 3 ng/mL, sorologias não reagentes. Biopsia de linfonodo com células de médio e grande tamanho, CD20+, CD19+, CD5+, ciclina D1 +, SOX11+, CD23- e Ki67 70 %. TP53 não avaliado. Foi estratificado como doença avançada com MIPIc alto risco (KI 67 70 %). Submetido a 6 ciclos de RCHOP/RDHAP com remissão completa e consolidação com transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas autólogo com condicionamento BEAM. Manutenção com rituximabe iniciado em novembro de 2018. Primeira recaída em maio de 2021, iniciado ibrutinibe com resposta completa. Segunda recaída em julho de 2023, realizado RBAC com resposta parcial. Sorontoclax de 03/03/2024 até 01/05/2024 evoluindo com progressão de doença. Iniciado pirtobrutinib 23/05/2024 com resposta parcial até o momento. Discussão: O LCM é uma patologia de apresentação heterogênea, agressiva e não curativa na maioria dos casos. A recaída após o uso de inibidores da tirosina quinase covalente é um cenário complexo e com prognóstico reservado. O inibidor de tirosina quinase não covalente (Pirtobrutinib) é uma opção de tratamento associada a taxas de remissão completa (RC) de 40% e com uma sobrevida livre de progressão (SLP) acima de 2 anos nos pacientes que atingem RC. O CART cell CD19 está associada a taxas de RC de 60% com ganho significativo de SLP, mas a toxicidade deve ser levada em consideração. Imunomodulador (Revlimid) e inibidor de bcl2 (venetoclax) podem ser opções terapêuticas, mas com curta duração de resposta. O transplante alogênico de medula óssea pode ser uma opção curativa para uma minoria de pacientes jovens. Estudos com anticorpos biespecíficos anti-CD20 em andamento parecem ter resultados promissores. Dessa forma é essencial a individualização terapêutica no cenário da doença recaída e refratária.

BackgroundLeprosy is a chronic and disabling infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It has a wide clinical spectrum and is operationally classified into paucibacillary (PB) and multibacillary (MB) cases. There is evidence that the 16S rRNA gene can be used in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for complementary detection with high sensitivity and specificity. However, there is no literature convention on its diagnostic correspondence regarding the particular operational classification of the disease. This study aimed to correlate, through a meta-analysis, the detection rate of leprosy between the PCR method with the 16S rRNA gene in the clinical forms PB and MB in relation to confirmed cases.MethodsThis is a systematic review and meta-analysis study conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using the search descriptors with “AND”: “Leprosy”; “Polymerase Chain Reaction”; “16S rRNA” in the PUBMED, SciELO, LILACS, and Science Direct databases. The search was limited to original observational articles in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, with no defined time frame. The methodological quality assessment of the selected articles was performed using the JBI checklists. A scientometric approach to the article using used the VOS Viewer and Scimago Graphica software. The meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analyses software, under Pearson’s Correlation effect test and fixed effect model and subgroup analysis concerning the type of sample analyzed.ResultsThe study was significant from the perspective of the paucibacillary group (Clinical biopsy: -0.45 [95% CI= -0.63 – −0.22], p

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as possíveis relações entre o lazer e o CrossFit a partir dos relatos dos praticantes de um box em São José (SC). Caracteriza-se como um estudo de campo, descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa. Participaram desta pesquisa 20 alunos (13 mulheres e sete homens). Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, os dados foram organizados com o auxílio do software Nvivo 14 e analisados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. As categorias de análise discutidas foram: significados atribuídos ao CrossFit e percepções do lazer. A partir delas, foi possível constatar que os investigados percebem o CrossFit para além de um exercício físico relacionado à saúde e qualidade de vida, mas como uma possibilidade de lazer que está associada ao bem-estar, prazer, diversão, distração e a socialização.

Objetivo: Avaliar a sobrecarga dos cuidadores familiares de pacientes oncológicos em tratamento quimioterápico e associar a sobrecarga do cuidador com as suas características sociodemográficas, socioeconômicas e clínicas. Métodos: Analítico, realizado com 134 cuidadores familiares. Foram incluidos cuidadores maiores de 18 anos e cujos pacientes estavam mais de 12 meses em tratamentos. Foram investigadas dados sociodemográficos e clinicos e utilizado a Escala Burden Interview de Zarit. Para análise foi utilizado média, desvio-padrão, e a sobrecarga de trabalho utilizou-se testes de Mann Whitney e de Kruskall Wallis. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 134 cuidadores, sendo a maioria familiares a maioria dos cuidadores familiares era do sexo feminino, entre 30 e 39 anos, casados, filhos dos pacientes, com ensino fundamental completo, sem emprego formal, com renda média de 1 a 2 salários-mínimos. o tempo dispensado ao ato de cuidar de 1 a 3 meses. A sobrecrga foi avaliada em ausente (44,8%), leve e moderada (41,8%) moderada a severa (12,7%) e intensa (0,7%). Conclusão: Parte dos cuidadores familiares apresentaram sobrecarga, leve a moderada, moderada a severa e intensa. O sexo, o grau de parentesco, o afastamento das atividades laborais, problema de saúde, uso de medicações e o tempo do adoecimento foram associados à sobrecarga. O apoio e a distribuição de tarefas entre os familiares foram fundamentais para a redução do nível de sobrecarga.

O presente trabalho visa compreender o atual alcance do direito de acesso à justiça consagrado nos principais textos internacionais de proteção dos direitos humanos, entre os quais a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos (DUDH) e a Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos (CEDH), por forma a justificar e defender a importância da mediação na resolução de conflitos e, concomitantemente, na promoção do acesso à justiça pelos cidadãos e na concretização do Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) 16 da Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável da ONU. O recurso a mecanismos extrajudiciais permite a edificação de um modelo de justiça mais equitativo, mais humano, mais inclusivo e, desde logo, mais participado. Em concreto a mediação, ao privilegiar o diálogo entre as partes e a construção de uma solução concertada para o conflito, contribui para a pacificação social e, por isso, para a construção de sociedades pacíficas e inclusivas, em que assenta o objetivo presente no ODS 16. Pretende-se, desta forma, dar nota da atual conceção do direito de acesso à justiça como um direito humano fundamental que abarca os meios judiciais e os meios extrajudiciais. Em termos metodológicos, o presente estudo caracteriza- -se como exploratório, de natureza qualitativa realizado a partir de uma pesquisa documental baseada na doutrina de referência, nacional e internacional e na legislação aplicável. Como técnica de análise de dados recorreu-se à análise de conteúdo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acesso à Justiça. Cidadania. Democracia. Mediação. ODS.

Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs) have gained attention due to their various clinical presentations and potential neurotoxic etiologies. The splenium connects visual areas across cerebral hemispheres and plays a vital role in processing visual cues. Previously, these reversible lesions were associated with mild encephalitis or encephalopathy, but in fact, they belong to a broader spectrum encompassing various syndromes. Often triggered by cytokinopathy, CLOCCs are usually hyperintense on T2/FLAIR, non-enhancing and show diffusion restriction.A 47-year-old woman with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma undergoing FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy (folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin) developed strabismus and dizziness two days post-chemo. Neurological examination identified an incomplete wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia – a rare finding. Neuroimaging revealed restricted diffusion involving the splenium of the corpus callosum, discreetly hyperintense on T2/FLAIR, non-enhancing and without significant associated mass effect. Neurotoxicity and encephalopathy related to 5-FU were considered, leading to hospitalization. Ammonia levels and liver function were normal. Following discontinuation of the drug, the patient had a fast full clinical recovery and a follow-up MRI confirmed total resolution of splenium lesions. Posteriorly, she completed six cycles of Gemcitabine, uneventfully.This case highlights the spectrum of CLOCCs and the potential neurotoxicity of chemotherapy agents, specifically 5-FU. The patient's unique presentation of bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, enriches the understanding of its manifestations. This case emphasizes the need to consider toxic etiologies alongside conventional triggers. Further research into the neurological effects of chemotherapeutic agents, especially 5-FU, on the corpus callosum is crucial.

Diamond growth from Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) on foreign substrates can require different pretreatment not only to improve the film nucleation but also to assure its adhesion by decreasing the expected film/substrate interface stress. To improve boron-doped film nucleation, growth, and adherence, different substrate pretreatments have been used mainly from the seeding process with diamond powder at various particle sizes. Despite this, the development of diamond growth on a Ti mesh remains difficult because of the requirement of a cohesive film to cover a 3D macroporous sample with varying growth rates based on its distinct network geometry. Then, this work describes a novel approach to growing boron-doped diamond (BDD) and boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (B-UNCD) on titanium dioxide nanotubes (TDNT) produced simultaneously on both sides of Ti mesh by an anodization process. The films were obtained from two-step growth processes by assuring the entire diamond overlay on both TDNT/Ti mesh sides, including their outer/inner surfaces, as a 3D sample. TiO2 - TiC conversion has dominated the renucleation process, facilitating the nanometric scale control. The film morphologies were systematically analyzed by FEG-SEM images at different sample planes and depths for both sample sides at different stages of film growth. The unique morphology of titania nanotubes associated with columnar and/or renucleation development of BDD, considering the film defects and valley, can systematically increase the electrode specific area. Raman spectra showed the film quality and its micro and/or ultrananodiamond structure and the boron doping features. Also, this growth process allowed a dopant-controlled adjustable conductivity. Then, the boron doping levels for both films were evaluated from Mott-Schottky plots at around 1019 Bcm−3, characterizing them with good conductivity. In addition, electrochemical measurements from Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) confirmed the expected diamond response on redox pair following the quasi-reversible criteria as high-performance diamond electrodes and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical measurements assessed the stability of samples during electrochemical measurements, ensuring structural integrity. Finally, the samples were applied to the degradation of methylene blue, proving to be superior materials for electrochemical applications due to their advantages compared to those of similar 2D electrodes.

Obesity is caused by a prolonged positive energy balance1,2. Whether reduced energy expenditure stemming from reduced activity levels contributes is debated3,4. Here we show that in both sexes, total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for body composition and age declined since the late 1980s, while adjusted activity energy expenditure increased over time. We use the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labelled Water database on energy expenditure of adults in the United States and Europe (n = 4,799) to explore patterns in total (TEE: n = 4,799), basal (BEE: n = 1,432) and physical activity energy expenditure (n = 1,432) over time. In males, adjusted BEE decreased significantly, but in females this did not reach significance. A larger dataset of basal metabolic rate (equivalent to BEE) measurements of 9,912 adults across 163 studies spanning 100 years replicates the decline in BEE in both sexes. We conclude that increasing obesity in the United States/Europe has probably not been fuelled by reduced physical activity leading to lowered TEE. We identify here a decline in adjusted BEE as a previously unrecognized factor.