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Resinicolous fungi constitute a heterogeneous assemblage of fungi that live on fresh and solidified plant resins. The genus Sarea includes, according to current knowledge, two species, S. resinae and S. difformis. In contrast to other resinicolous discomycetes, which are placed in genera also including non-resinicolous species, Sarea species only ever fruit on resin. The taxonomic classification of Sarea has proven to be difficult and currently the genus, provisionally and based only on morphological features, has been assigned to the Trapeliales (Lecanoromycetes). In contrast, molecular studies have noted a possible affinity to the Leotiomycetes. Here we review the taxonomic placement of Sarea using sequence data from seven phylogenetically informative DNA regions including ribosomal (ITS, nucSSU, mtSSU, nucLSU) and protein-coding (rpb1, rpb2, mcm7) regions. We combined available and new sequence data with sequences from major Pezizomycotina classes, especially Lecanoromycetes and Leotiomycetes, and assembled three different taxon samplings in order to place the genus Sarea within the Pezizomycotina. Based on our data, none of the applied phylogenetic approaches (Bayesian Inference, Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony) supported the placement of Sarea in the Trapeliales or any other order in the Lecanoromycetes. A placement of Sarea within the Leotiomycetes is similarly unsupported. Based on our data, Sarea forms an isolated and highly supported phylogenetic lineage within the " Leotiomyceta". From the results of our multilocus phylogenetic analyses we propose here a new class, order, and family, Sareomycetes, Sareales and Sareaceae in the Ascomycota to accommodate the genus Sarea. The genetic variability within the newly proposed class suggests that it is a larger group that requires further infrageneric classification.

Surface sterilization is generally used for isolating lichen-inhabiting fungi as well as endophytic fungi, and ethanol and sodium hypochlorite are commonly used as the sterilizer. However, there are few studies on whether the type of chemicals used for surface sterilization affects the isolation results of lichen-inhabiting fungi. In this study, the genus composition of the lichen-inhabiting fungi of two lichen species (Flavoparmelia caperata and Peltigera dilacerata) were investigated 1) to reveal how the isolation result changes before and after surface sterilization and 2) to examine the effect of the sterilizer (ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, or hydrogen peroxide) on the composition of the isolated fungi. We isolated 652 non-lichenized fungal isolates from the two-lichen species and identified 84 genera. It was found that 1) every sterilizer effectively removed the fungi on the lichen surface and that 2) the composition of isolated fungi varied depending on the type of surface sterilizer. It was also shown that, such as the genus Sarea, there were some lichen-inhabiting fungi which could not be isolated at all by surface sterilization with ethanol or sodium hypochlorite, which are commonly used. In addition, the genus Virgaria was detected as lichen-inhabiting fungi for the first time. Our results suggest that single surface sterilization alone may underestimate the genus composition of lichen-inhabiting fungi.

Application of the Participatory Action Research methodology allows a reflective, systematic and critical scientific procedure that aims to study some aspect of the reality, of the problem situation, with the express purpose of transforming and freeing the community. This is the methodological design that the transfrontier project SAREA has selected to create synergies between practitioners from the social action field in Spain and France and search for the best practices to empower social services users. The opportunities for exchange that are created afford the possibility of actors sharing what is being done and how, based on a reflective and collaborative work to mutually learn the good practices presented. In their role as facilitators, the education bodies leading the project will seek to systematise the co-constructed knowledge in the exchange and prompt the emergence of the "good work model" that underpins the practices submitted. The value added of this inter-professional cooperation translates as conceptualisation of practices for their transfer at the territorial level as well as joint building of educational projects that provide our students with a background that addresses the reality they will be facing in their future careers in a creative, constructive and collaborative manner. PAR based research methodology not only allows participants to actively collaborate in the diagnostics and identification of good practices that may empower their Social Services users and families. It also generates synergies with extremely positive effects, in the socio-political context as well as the professional and personal spheres: Generating knowledge Contact and exchange between practitioners from both territories boosts acquisition of mutual knowledge and enriches the different professional practices and intervention types. Reflection-based action: At the present time, with the frenetic activity of our daily work, creating permanent networks gives practitioners the opportunity for continuous evaluation of their practice. Modelling good practices The PAR methodology enables co-generation of co constructed knowledge based on reflection and systematisation of daily practice. Training: These emerging models will be used as teaching resources to train practitioners, students from the social fields to prepare them for professional life, teaching staff, students and host families. Replicability These "good work" models for good practices will be collected and used to create theoretical premises for future dissemination and seek replicability in other contexts and territories to contribute to excellence in social intervention. And finally, Social transformation: Starting from shared and modelled action based on reflection, the intention is to provide services that guarantee the Social Services users' and their families' empowerment in their active role in social care processes. This co-construction working methodology implies social innovation in the Social Services field.

43 p. : il.-- Bibliogr.: p. 42-43 [EUS] Lan honen helburua nik neuk bizi izandako genero indarkerietatik abiatuz geure artean saretzea izan da. Horretarako, Aizu, neska! Ez zaude bakarrik Antzerki Foroa sortu dugu, hainbat adituren ekarpenak aintzat hartuz. Ondorengo lerroetan feminismoaren jantziak ezinbestekoak izan dira pairatutako indarkeriak identifikatu eta aletu ahal izateko. Antzerki obra aurkeztu eta gero, zein bidegabekeria aldatuko genituzkeen ondorioztatu dugu; hartara, erasoen aurrean erantzunak eraldatu eta modu kolektiboan jokatzeko. [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es formar una red entre nosotras partiendo de las violencias de género que yo misma he vivido. Para eso, teniendo en cuenta las aportaciones de diferentes expertos, hemos creado el Teatro Foro que se titula ¡Oye, mujer! No estás sola. En los siguientes párrafos, han sido imprescindibles las aportaciones teóricas del feminismo, sobre todo para poder identificar y desgranar las violencias sufridas. Tras la presentación de la obra de teatro, hemos recogido las conclusiones de de qué injusticias cambiaríamos; para así transformar las respuestas ante las agresiones y actuar de forma colectiva. [EN] The aim of this project is to analyse the attitudes and characteristic of macho oriented behaviors. Listen girl! You are not alone the Forum Theater we just created taking into account the words of the experts. In the next pages you will be able to detect and understand how feminist theories can alleviate macho man attitudes. After the performance, we want to test the things that we need change in order to modify our collective responses.

El objetivo de este proyecto es implementar herramientas robustas de monitorización de la seguridad de la red. Además, se dotará de inteligencia a estas herramientas mediante módulos complementarios. La razón de ser de este proyecto, nace de la importancia que ha cobrado la ciberseguridad en la sociedad en los últimos tiempos, este crecimiento se debe al crecimiento de los ciberataques en el entorno empresarial. En consecuencia, cada vez es más necesario proteger las infraestructuras corporativas de las empresas y tener un control estricto de la seguridad de la red. Para completar el objetivo, se analizarán diversas alternativas con el fin de encontrar la que más se ajuste al proyecto. Una vez seleccionada la solución, basándose en los requerimientos del proyecto, se diseñará la solución final. Para ello se diseñará e implementará una solución centralizada de monitorización de la seguridad de la red, dotándola de un módulo que aporte inteligencia y aprendizaje automático a la solución. Posteriormente, se evaluará y validará la solución. Proiektu honen helburua, sarearen monitorizazioko tresna sendoak inplementatzean datza. Gainera, tresna hauei adimena emango zaie modulu osagarrien bidez. Proiektu honen arrazoia, azken garaietan, eremu industrialean eraso informatikoen hazkundeen ondorioz, zibersegurtasun arloaren garrantziaren hazkundean oinarritzen da. Ondorioz, azpiegitura korporatiboak babestea eta sarearen kontrol zorrotza edukitzea gero eta beharrezkoagoa da. Helburua betetzeko, aukera ezberdinak aztertuko dira, proiektuari hobeto moldatuko dena aukeratzeko helburuarekin. Behin ebazpena aukeratuta, espezifikazioetan oinarrituta, ebazpenaren diseinua egingo da. Horretarako, sarearen monitorizazio zentralizatua diseinatu eta inplementatuko da, halaber, adimena eta ikasketa automatikoa gehituko dion modulu bat gehituz. Ondoren, ebazpena aztertu eta balidatuko da. The aim of this project is to implement robust network security monitoring tools. In addition, these tools will be provided with intelligence by means of complementary modules. The raison of this project stems from the importance that cybersecurity has gained in society in recent times due to the growth of cyber-attacks in the business environment. As a result, it is increasingly necessary to protect corporate infrastructures of companies and to have a strict control of network security. To complete the objective, various alternatives will be analyzed in order to find the one that best fits the project. Once the solution has been selected, based on the requirements of the project, the final solution will be designed. To this end, a centralized network security monitoring solution will be designed and implemented, providing it with a module that brings intelligence and automatic learning to the solution. Subsequently, the solution will be evaluated and validated.

Euskaraz: Proiektu honen helburua sare korporatibo batean segurtasun mekanismo sendoak inplementatzea eta sarea automatizatzea da. Proiektu Honen arrazoia automatizazioa eta sare korporatiboen segurtasuna gero eta garrantzi handiago dutela gaur egungo gizartean da, erabiltzaileen kopuruaren igoera dela eta. Ondorioz, zerbitzu telematiko gehiago daude eta zerbitzu hauek automatizatu eta babestu behar dira. Helburuak lortzeko ebazpen posible ezberdinak aztertuko dira, ebazpen hoberena aukeratzeko. Behin ebazpena aukeratuta, proiektuaren espezifikazioetan oinarrituta egongo den ebazpena diseinatuko da. Horretarako, segurtasun mekanismo berriak diseinatuko dira, segurtasun ekipamendu berriak instalatuko dira eta diseinatutako mekanismoak inplementatuko dira. Gainera, programa bat garatuko da sarearen segurtasun arauen sorrera automatizatzeko. Castellano:El objetivo de este proyecto es la implementación de mecanismos de seguridad y la automatización de la red corporativa. La razón de esto es principalmente la importancia que ha tomado la securización de las redes corporativas y la automatización de las mismas. Esto se debe al creciente número de usuarios en la red que implica que haya más servicios telemáticos y que haya que proteger y automatizarlos. Para lograr los objetivos, se analizarán las diferentes soluciones con el fin de elegir la mejor. Una vez se haya elegido la solución, se diseñará está acorde a las especificaciones del proyecto. Para ello, se diseñarán mecanismos de seguridad y se instalará equipamiento nuevo de seguridad y se implementaran nuevos mecanismos de seguridad. Además, se desarrollará un programa que automatizará la creación de reglas de seguridad English: The aim of this project consists on the implementation of security mechanisms and the automation of the corporative network. The reason for that is the importance that the corporative network securization has taken in the society. This belong to the increasing number of network users which implies that the network telematics services are increasing and these have to be secured and protected. To get the objectives different solutions will be analyzed in order to find the best solution. Once the solution is chosen, it will be designed a solution based on the project specifications. For that new security equipment will be installed and security mechanisms will be designed. Moreover, a script will be developed which will automatize the creation of security rules.

Resumen: se trata de una red inalámbrica de sensores mediante módulos de radiofrecuencia, donde la adquisición y toma de medidas y resultados se realiza a través de varias plataformas de visualización. Como pueden ser: Labview, servidor LAMP mediante tarjeta Raspberry pi, aplicación móvil, pantalla LCD. Laburpena: gradu amaierako lan honen helburua sare sentsore inalanbrikoa egitea da. Hori egiteko DHT11 sentsorea aukeratu da eta horrekin egin ahal izango da eguraldi simulazioa. Honekin tenperatura eta hezetasunari buruzko informazioa jasotzen da, geroago monitoreetara bidaltzeko. Komunikazio inalanbrikoa egin ahal izateko, irrati frekuentzia moduluak erabili dira, zehazki 433mhz. Honek komunikazio erreza ahalbidetzen du hartzaile eta bidaltzailearen artean. Moduluaren antenarekin distantzia normala izan daiteke, nahikoa gure sistemaren komunikazioa mantentzeko, baina badaezpada posiblea da ipintzea antena berezi bat distantzia gehiago izateko. Energia berriztagarriei esker eta sistemaren hornikuntza propioari esker gai da modu autonomo eta independente batean funtzionatzeko. Hori gainditzeko energia hartu behar du nonahi. Horretarako inplementatu da eguzki plaka bat, honekin sistema edonon ipintzeko errazago izango da. Eguzkitik hartutako izpiak transformatu behar dira. Energia hori aldatzeko, zirkuito BOOST erabiltzen da, kasu honetan energia handitu beharko da. Datuak jasotzeko Arduino plakak erabiliko dira. Nola plaka asko dauden aukeratzeko, hartu dira sistemaren arabera hobeto moldatzen direnak. Gradu Amaierako lan honen bidez posiblea da ahalik eta azkarren komunikatzea nodoen artean, datuak jaso eta taula batean gorde. Nodoekin jasotako datu guztiak zerbitzari batera bidali ahal izango dira. Horrela langile guztiak kontsultatu ahal izango dute interneten bidez Abstract: through this final grade project it is intended to perform a wireless network by some sensors simulating a weather station. It has been used a DHT11 sensor for do this. DHT11 allows to collection temperature and humidity data. To make the wireless communication have been used radio frequency modules, specifically of 433mhz. These modules allow easy communication between sender and receiver. These modules does not reach great distances because are prepared for simple jobs. If the antenna is modified, it will have more reach. For reasons of demand for renewable energies and thinking about self-feeding system. This project can work independently and autonomous. Has been implemented a solar panel for power the circuit. This characteristics make possible to place the nodes anywhere as long as the antenna allow it. The energy we can collect it is transformed in order to power the system. To make this possible we use DC-DC boost circuit. We make the data collection with Arduino cards, specifically NANO cards, because it is the best option for the needs of the system. The purpose of this project is to be able to act directly and faster on the node. To enable this, all the data collection from temperature and humidity are download on a spreadsheet or uploaded to the server cloud.

Ante la necesidad de rediseñar la infraestructura de la red corporativa de la empresa SATEC, este proyecto persigue establecer los requerimientos para mejorar el rendimiento de las aplicaciones y servicios soportados por la red. Para ello, se desarrolla un estudio de la situación actual para analizar las problemáticas de rendimiento más importantes que hacen que los servicios actuales de la oficina de Bilbao no se den con la calidad suficiente. En base a los resultados de este análisis, se desarrolla un dictamen de las necesidades y requerimientos de las aplicaciones y servicios, que servirá de base para la definición de las especificaciones para el rediseño de la infraestructura de la red. SATEC enpresaren sare korporatiboaren azpiegitura berriro diseinatu beharra kontuan hartuta, proiektu honek aplikazioen eta zerbitzuen errendimendua hobetzeko errekerimenduak ezarri nahi ditu. Horretarako, gaur egungo egoeraren inguruko ikasketa bat garatu da, Bilboko bulegoetako egungo zerbitzuen kalitate gabeziaren ondorioz, funtzionamendu-arazo garrantzitsuenak aztertzeko. Analisi honen emaitzen arabera, aplikazioen eta zerbitzuen beharren eta errekerimenduen inguruko irizpena garatzen da, sareko azpiegituraren diseinua zehazteko oinarria. Given the need to redesign the infrastructure of SATEC’s branch office, this project aims to establish the requirements to improve the performance of the applications and services supported by the network. In order to do this, a study of the current situation is developed to analyze the most important performance problems caused by the insufficient quality of the current services of the office. Based on the results of this analysis, an opinion is developed on the needs and requirements of the applications and services, which will serve as the basis for the definition of the specifications for the redesign of the network infrastructure.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es realizar un estudio de planificación de la red eléctrica de transporte, centrándose principalmente en el estudio de la línea de doble circuito de 400 kV Güeñes – Itxaso. Para ello, utilizando la herramienta PSSE, se analiza el comportamiento de dicha línea bajo diferentes condiciones de operación. Lan honen helburu nagusi penintsular garraio sarearen plangintza azterketa bat egitea da, Güeñes – Itxaso 400 kv-ko linea bikoitzean arreta handia jarriz. Horretarako, PSSE programa erabiliz, linearen portaera aztertuko da funtzionamendu baldintza desberdinen aurrean. The main objective of this work is to realize a study of the planning of the electrical transport grid, focusig in the 400 kV double circuit line Güeñes – Itxaso. Using PSSE tool, the behaviour of the line under different working conditions will be analyzed.

Functionally distinct subsets of hippocampal inhibitory neurons exhibit large differences in the frequency, pattern and short-term plasticity of GABA release from their terminals. Heterogeneity is also evident in the ultrastructural features of GABAergic axon terminals examined in the electron microscope, but it is not known if or how this corresponds to interneuron subtypes. We investigated the feasibility of separating morphologically distinct clusters of terminal types, using the approach of measuring several ultrastructural parameters of GABAergic terminals in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus. Septo-hippocampal axon terminals were anterogradely labeled by biotinylated dextran amine and visualized by pre-embedding immunogold staining to delineate one homogeneous terminal population. Long series (100–150) of ultrathin sections were cut from stratum oriens and stratum radiatum of the CA1 area, and GABAergic terminals were identified by post-embedding immunogold staining. Stereologically unbiased samples of the total GABAergic axon terminal population and a random sample of the septal axon terminals were reconstructed in 3D, and several of their parameters were measured (e.g. bouton volume, synapse surface, volume occupied by vesicles, mitochondria volume). Septal terminals demonstrated significantly larger mean values for most parameters than the total population of local GABAergic terminals. There was no significant difference between terminals reconstructed in the basal and apical dendritic regions of pyramidal cells, neither for the septal nor for the local population. Importantly, almost all parameters were highly correlated, precluding the possibility of clustering the local terminals into non-overlapping subsets. Factor and cluster analysis confirmed these findings. Our results suggest that similarly to excitatory terminals, inhibitory terminals follow an “ultrastructural size principle,” and that the terminals of different interneuron subtypes cannot be distinguished by ultrastructure alone.

LABURPENA: Aurkezten dugun Gradu Amaierako Lanean (GAL), ebaluaketa ekosistema berritzaile bat proposatzen dugu, irakasleek ebaluaketarekiko eta berrikuntzekiko duten beldurra albo batean uzteko, eta ebaluaketa tradizionala alboratu eta tresna esanguratsuago batzuen alde egin dezaten. Lan honek gainera, ikasle baten ekosistemako agente desberdinak erakarri nahi ditu, parte hartzean oinarritzen diren eskola komunitateak lortzeko. Horrez gain, teknologia berriak integratzen dituen diseinua da, non XXI. mendeko hezkuntzak eskatzen dituen baldintzak betetzen diren. Tresna desberdinen konbinazioz sortutako diseinu berritzaile honekin, errealitateak oraindik bizi dituen arazoei aurre egitea da helburu nagusia. RESUMEN: Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) propone un ecosistema innovador de evaluación, para que el profesorado pierda el miedo a la evaluación y la innovación educativa, decantándose por unas herramientas más significativas y dejando de lado los metodos tradicionales. Además, el modelo busca atraer a distintos agentes que actúan en el ecosistema del alumnado, consiguiendo escuelas comunitarias basadas en la participación. Asímismo, el diseño opta por integrar nuevas tecnologías combinando unas serie de herramientas para solucionar los problemas de nuestra realidad y para satisfacer las demandas de la educación del siglo XXI. ABSTRACT: Through the Grade End Work we make a proposal for an innovative ecosystem offering an approach for teachers to set aside the fears produced by the evaluation and the educational innovation; and so they opt for a more significant tools instead of continuing with traditional appraisal. Moreover, this proposal seeks to attract different agents that act on the ecosystem of a student, in order to get community schools based on participation. On the other hand, this design chooses to integrate new technologies to satisfy the demands of the XXI century education has, so the project combines a series of tools intended to solve the problems we encounter in our reality.

[EUS] Ikerketa honen bidez, Euskal Herrian hezkuntza kalitatea bermatzeko dagoen sarearen, hau da, “Kalitatea Hezkuntzan” sarearen ebaluazioa egin nahi izan da. Horretarako, adituek berrikuntza eta hezkuntza kalitatea gaiei buruz adierazten dutenaren inguruan bilaketa bat egin izan da eta ondoren, sei ikastetxe ezberdinetako irakasle batzuei inkesta bat bidali izan zaie. Lortutako emaitzak oso ezberdinak izan dira, izan ere, irakasleen artean ez-adostasunak aztertu izan dira. Bestalde, ondorioetan, adituek azaltzen dutenaren eta irakasleek uste dutenaren artean, alde handia dagoela ondorioztatu izan da, lehenengoek hezkuntza kalitatea nola definitzen duten eta irakasleek nola antzematen duten oso ezberdina izan delako. [ESP] Mediante esta investigación, se ha pretendido hacer una evaluación sobre la red que hay en el País Vasco para garantizar la calidad en la educación, la red “Kalitatea Hezkuntzan”. Para ello, se ha hecho una búsqueda de cómo definen los expertos los términos innovación y calidad y posteriormente, se ha mandado una encuesta a profesores de seis centros diferentes. Los resultados que se han obtenido han sido dispares, pues se han encontrado desacuerdos entre ellos. Por otro lado, en las conclusiones, se ha analizado que tampoco coinciden las definiciones que dan los expertos respecto a la calidad y lo que los profesores creen que es. [ENG]By means of this research, it has been tried to do an assessment and evaluation of the stablished network in the Basque Country to guarantee the quality in education, the "Quality in Education" network. In order to perform this, an extent research regarding how experts define innovation and quality has been done, and then, surveys have been sent to six different learning centres´ teachers. It has been found that the obtained results have been different among the teachers due to the disagreement between them in some matters. However, in the conclusions, it has been analysed that the definitions provided by experts regarding quality and what the teachers think about it are not the same.

This paper presents a simulated annealing based rule extraction algorithm (SAREA) for credit scoring problems. In previous studies, several classification algorithms like statistical models, mathematical programming, and artificial intelligence techniques have been used. This paper aims to illustrate the ability of SA to develop accurate classifiers for credit scoring problems. The use of SA is a new attempt to effectively explore the large search space usually associated with classification problems, and to find the optimal set of 'if-then' rules. Experiments are performed on a German Credit Approval data set. We compare SAREA with some classical methods. The results indicate that the results achieved by proposed SAREA are competitive.

OBJECTIVES: We present a novel method of scanning for intra-abdominal fat volume by helical computed tomography (CT), and describe the clinical significance of measuring the volumes of intra-abdominal visceral fat (Vvol) and subcutaneous fat (Svol) vs these respective areas determined by conventional slice-by-slice CT at the umbilical level. METHOD: Subjects with obesity or hyperlipidemia (79 men, 74 women) were recruited for this study. We obtained helical CT scans with a tube current of 150 mA, voltage of 120 kV and 2:1 pitch (table speed in relation to slice thickness), starting at the upper edge of the liver and continuing until the pelvis. The intra-abdominal visceral fat volume was measured by drawing a line within the muscle wall surrounding the abdominal cavity. The abdominal subcutaneous fat volume was calculated by subtracting the visceral fat volume from the total abdominal fat volume. By comparison, the intra-abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat areas were determined at the umbilical level by the established slice-by-slice CT scanning technique. RESULTS: Vvol was correlated positively with visceral fat area (Varea) measured by conventional CT in both genders (in men (n=79) Vvol vs Varea, r=0.81 P

Recently image analysis (IA) and DNA-cytophotometry (CP) have proved to be useful for the differentiation between benign and malignant melanocytic lesions on paraffin sections. Since, on sections, these procedures are very time-consuming, we tested in the present study whether IA of imprint specimens, which can be evaluated in less than 30 minutes, might also be sufficient. In 39 malignant melanomas (MM), 18 melanocytic nevi (MN), and 6 dysplastic nevi (DN), 12 different morphometric and DNA cytometric features were determined in 100 randomly selected nuclei. In univariate analysis, 5 features were found to be significantly different between the benign and malignant groups (p < 0.0001): mean value (MAREA) and standard deviation (SAREA) of nuclear area and the 80th, 90th, and 95th percentiles of DNA distribution. Using SAREA, the best univariate feature, 82.5% of the cases could be correctly separated. In multivariate analysis with a combination of three features--standard deviation of nuclear area (SAREA), mean DNA value (MDNA), and 95th percentile of DNA distribution (PERC95)--a correct diagnosis was achieved in 89.5% of the cases. Results obtained in the cases of DN indicated an increased proliferation, but did not allow the separation of DN from MM and MN. Since our technique allows a rapid analysis without loss of tissue, which might be important for histological analysis, and the classification rates are equal or still higher than reported in studies on sections, imprints of melanocytic lesions seem to be most appropriate for the calculation of DNA cytometric features as helpful diagnostic criteria in equivocal melanocytic lesions.

The Conceptual Three Phase runoff model presented in Part I of this paper argues that most of the runoff volume recorded from small prairie rivers is due to the frozen soil (snowmelt) phase, and that all runoff recorded after snowmelt is due to rainfall on the saturated zone (saturated soil phase) within the basin. The extent of the saturated area SAREA is greatest just after the snowmelt season, and generally declines over summer, with small expansions in response to rainfall. An analysis of the role of SAREA has been carried out for a small river in east central Alberta. Several SAREA curves, as a function of basin storage volume, have been derived from the analyzed data, and are used to simulate the response of the Three Phase model to snowmelt and rainfall events. The quality of the fit between the recorded and simulated hydrographs indicates the Three Phase Conceptual model describes the hydrologic processes of the studied basin very closely.