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Objective: To study the correlation between recurrent laryngeal nerve diameter and Body Mass Index for preoperative prediction of nerve size in thyroidectomy. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: ENT Department, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul 2021 to Jul 2022. Methodology: Patients of either gender aged above 25 and below 80 years who had undergone open thyroidectomies, had malignancies and revision surgery with normal cords were included. Body Mass Index was measured preoperatively, and recurrent laryngeal nerve diameter was measured per operatively after meticulous dissection. RLN was exposed by tracking the inferior thyroid artery and traced along its total course. RLN diameter was measured using Castroviejo caliper. Postoperative examination was performed by an Otolaryngologist with the help of an Anesthesiologist for the assessment of vocal cord functions. Results: Sixty individuals were included in the study. The male-to female ratio was 1:3, the mean age was 45.00±12.22 years, mean height and BMI was 164.55±5.02 cm and 26.59±2.16 kg/m2 respectively. Mean diameter of right and left recurrent laryngeal nerve was 1.46+0.20 mm and 1.71±0.20 mm. Pearson correlation showed a positive and statisticaly significant relationship between BMI and RLN diameter (r=0.748 right RLN, r=0.812 left RLN, p=0.001). Male candidates had thicker recurrent laryngeal nerve diameters than females on either side. Conclusion: Body Mass Index has a strong positive correlation with diameter of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and can be used as preoperative tool to measure the size of recurrent RLN in thyroid surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to determine of vitamin D administration in preventing recurring benign paroxysmal positional vertigo events. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of ENT, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul 2021 to Jan 2022. Methodology: Study was conducted on 80 patients who were diagnosed with recurrent benign paroxysmal vertigo. Patients were enroled in two groups (Group A and B) by lotery method. Vitamin D supplements and canal repositioning manoeuvre were administered to patients in Group A, while just canal repositioning procedure was given to patients in Group B. Patients were told to folow up over six months. Vitamin D supplement consumption and BPPV atacks were tracked over 6-month folow up period. Results: In folow-up period, most patients in Group A 24(60.0%) had no episodes of vertigo, whereas 10(25.0%) had single episode of vertigo. Furthermore, none of the patients experienced three episodes. Many patients in Group B 19(47.5%) developed one or more episodes. The difference between both groups was statisticaly significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Low vitamin D levels are found in most individuals with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo events. Vitamin D supplementation significantly decreased the frequency and recurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo events, according to the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this research article is to investigate the stability of generalized norm-additive functional equations. This study demonstrates that these equations are Hyers-Ulam stable for surjective functions from an arbitrary group G to a real Banach space B using the large perturbation method. Furthermore, hyperstability results are investigated for a generalized Cauchy equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Separation of carbon dioxide from post-combustion flue gases is essential not only to mitigate global warming issues, but also to recover valuable carbon sources emitted from flue gases. Isotropic dense membranes of thermoplastic polyether sulfone impregnated with varied concentrations of nickel oxide nanoparticles were fabricated via solution casting with phase inversion techniques. Structural, morphological, thermal, and carbon capture characteristics of prepared membranes were appraised through state-of-the-art characterization techniques. The chemical and structural features of membranes were quantified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Morphological attributes like surface topography, cross-sectional view, filler dispersal, and filler matrix adhesion were assessed via micrographs taken by scanning electron microscopy. Characteristic temperatures and thermal stability of mixed membranes were analyzed by performing tests on thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The carbon capture efficiency of developed membranes was estimated by performing gas permeation experiments on an indigenously built gas permeation setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 are important members of aldo–keto reductase family which plays a significant role in cancer progression by modulating cellular metabolism. These enzymes are involved in various metabolic processes, including the synthesis and metabolism of hormones, detoxification of reactive aldehydes, and the reduction of various endogenous and exogenous compounds. This study aimed to explore the potential of strychnine as an anticancer agent by targeting AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 via drug repurposing approach. To assess the drug-like properties of strychnine, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PKPB) model and High Throughput Pharmacokinetics (HTPK) approach were employed. The obtained results fell within the expected range for drug molecules, confirming its suitability for further investigation. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) studies were conducted to gain insight into the electronic properties contributing to the drug molecule's reactivity. Building upon the promising DFT results, molecular docking analysis using the AutoDock tool was performed to examine the binding interactions between strychnine and the proposed targets, AKR1B1 and AKR1B10. Findings from the molecular docking studies suggested a higher probability of strychnine acting as an inhibitor of AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 with docking scores of − 30.84 and − 29.36 kJ/mol respectively. To validate the stability of the protein–ligand complex, Molecular Dynamic Simulation (MDS) studies were conducted, revealing the formation of a stable complex between the enzymes and strychnine. This comprehensive approach sheds light on the potential effectiveness of strychnine as a treatment for breast, lung, liver, and pancreatic cancers, as well as related malignancies. The novel insights gained from the physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, density functional theory, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations collectively support the prospect of strychnine as a promising molecule for anticancer therapy. Further investigations are warranted to validate these findings and explore the therapeutic potential of strychnine in preclinical and clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study aimed to provide preliminary insights into potential biopharmaceutical applications of Carica papaya seed extract by evaluating its phytochemical and biological profiles. Furthermore, the study aimed to develop a stable oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion for the effective delivery of antioxidant‐rich biologicals for cosmetic purposes. Methods: The hydroethanolic (ethanol 80%: 20% water) extract of C. papaya seeds was prepared via maceration technique. The chemical composition was carried out through preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC). The biological profile of the extract was explored using various in‐vitro antioxidant methods. The homogenization procedure was used to create a cream of O/W and various tests were applied to assess the stability of the emulsion. By keeping the emulsion at different storage conditions (8 ± 0.5°C, 25 ± 0.5°C, 40 ± 0.5°C, and 40 ± 0.5°C ± 75% relative humidity [RH]) for a period of 28 days), the physical stability parameters of the emulsion, including pH, viscosity, centrifugation, phase separation, and conductivity, as well as rheological parameters and organoleptic parameters (odor, color, liquefaction, and creaming), were assessed. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening assay revealed the presence of various plant secondary metabolites including alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and quinones. The extract was found to be rich in TPC and TFC. The in vitro antioxidant study gave maximum activity in the DPPH method. The plant extract containing cosmetic cream exhibited remarkable stability during the entire research. Data gathered indicated that no phase separation or liquefaction was seen after the experimental period. Throughout the experimental period, a small variation in the pH and conductivity values of the base and formulation was seen. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the seed extract of C. papaya is a rich source of polyphenols with antioxidant potential and can be a promising alternative for the treatment of various ailments. The stability of emulsion paves the way for its utilization as a carrier for the delivery of 3% C. papaya seed extract and applications in cosmetics products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unstable states of different charged species in the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere are governed with the collective and collisional processes. For these dilute plasmas, the contribution of microinstabilities driven by the anisotropic particle distribution and heat flux becomes important in defining the stable/equilibrium states of electrons and ions/protons. The present paper highlights the key role of proton firehose instability to regulate an unchecked rise in the temperature anisotropy in these solar wind and magnetospheric environments. Right-handed circularly polarized proton firehose mode becomes unstable when the temperature condition of T‖p > T⊥p is satisfied, where the directional subscripts denote directions with respect to the ambient magnetic field. Based on the observations of magnetospheric multi-scale (MMS) space mission, we assume the bi-Maxwellian nature of the model distribution for the multi-component proton plasma. To study the time evolution of the unstable mode, we further allow the time variation in the cold and hot proton temperatures. For the choice of the initial conditions related with observations, we unveil the wave properties (growth and unstable wave number domain) corresponding to the cold/hot proton temperature anisotropy and the plasma betas of constituents proton components. In the back action of proton firehose instability, we highlight the time-scale modifications and saturation of initial bi-Maxwellian distributions and resulting wave-energy densities for various choices of initial cold-hot temperature anisotropy and plasma betas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, we investigate a generalization of Vincze's type functional equations involving several (up to four) unknown functions in connection with the maximum functional equation as max { ψ (x y) , ψ (x y - 1) } = ψ (x) η (y) + ψ (y) , max { ψ (x y) , ψ (x y - 1) } = ψ (x) η (y) + χ (y) , max { ψ (x y) , ψ (x y - 1) } = ϕ (x) η (y) , max { ψ (x y) , ψ (x y - 1) } = ϕ (x) η (y) + χ (y) , where G is an arbitrary group, x , y ∈ G , and ψ , η , χ , ϕ : G → R are unknown functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated nutrient management is an environment friendly approach of plant nutrition being used for crop productivity and improvement in soil quality on sustainable basis. A three-year multi-location experiment was conducted to estimate the spice quality of saffron subjected to the integration of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources. At each location, the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design. The treatments were T1 = control (without organic/inorganic N source/amendment); T2 = Full recommended nitrogen (i.e. urea fertilizer @ equivalent to 100 kg N ha−1; UN100); T3 = Poultry manure (PM) @ equivalent to 100 kg total N ha−1 (i.e. PM100); T4 = Farm yard manure (FYM) @ equivalent to 100 kg total N ha−1 (i.e. FYM100); T5 = PM50+FYM50; T6 = UN75 + PM25; T7 = UN50 + PM50; T8 = UN25 + PM75; T9 = UN75 + FYM25; T10 = UN50 + FYM50; T11 = UN25 + FYM75 and T12 = UN50 + PM25+ FYM25. Among treatments, poultry manure (100%) and urea nitrogen with poultry manure (UN50 + PM50) significantly affected the quality attributes of saffron. On the other hand, among sites, the crocin, picrocrocin and saffranal contents were in order of Khaigala (23.81% crocin, 20.01% picrocrocin and 0.27% saffranal) >Trarkhel (19.04% crocin, 16.99% picrocrocin and 0.25% saffranal) and > Abbaspur (17.80% crocin, 15.45% picrocrocin and 0.23% saffranal). Similarly, among years, the crocin, picrocrocin and saffranal contents were significantly higher in the third year compared to the first and second year. In conclusion, the integration of organic nitrogen sources with inorganic nitrogen has the potential to improve saffron quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer stands as a significant global cause of mortality, predominantly arising from the dysregulation of key enzymes and DNA. One strategic avenue in developing new anticancer agents involves targeting specific proteins within the cancer pathway. Amidst ongoing efforts to enhance the efficacy of anticancer drugs, a range of crucial medications currently interact with DNA at the molecular level, exerting profound biological effects. Our study is driven by the objective to comprehensively explore the potential of two compounds: (7S,9S)-7-[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-6,9,11-trihydroxy-9-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-4-methoxy-8,10-dihydro-7H-tetracene-5,12-dione (A01) and 5-fluoro-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (A02). These compounds have demonstrated marked efficacy against breast and cervical cancer cell lines, positioning them as promising anticancer candidates. In our investigation, A01 has emerged as a particularly potent candidate, with its potential bolstered by corroborative evidence from lactate dehydrogenase release and caspase-3 activity assays. On the other hand, A02 has exhibited remarkable anticancer potential. To further elucidate their molecular mechanisms and interactions, we employed computational techniques, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Notably, our computational analyses suggest that the A01-DNA complex predominantly interacts via the minor groove, imparting significant insights into its mechanism of action. While earlier studies have also highlighted the anticancer activity of A01, our research contributes by providing a deeper understanding of its binding mechanisms through computational investigations. This knowledge holds potential for designing more effective drugs that target cancer-associated proteins. These findings lay a robust groundwork for future inquiries and propose that derivatives of A01 could be synthesized as potent bioactive agents for cancer treatment. By elucidating the distinctive aspects of our study's outcomes, we address the concern of distinguishing our findings from those of prior research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to assess the potential utility of quince seed mucilage as an excipient within a graft copolymer for the development of an oral-controlled drug delivery system. The Cydonia oblonga-mucilage-based graft copolymer was synthesized via a free radical polymerization method, employing potassium per sulfate (KPS) as the initiator and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinker. Various concentrations of monomers, namely acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), were used in the graft copolymerization process. Metoprolol tartarate was then incorporated into this graft copolymer matrix, and the resultant drug delivery system was subjected to comprehensive characterization using techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling behavior of the drug delivery system was evaluated under different pH conditions, and in vitro drug release studies were conducted. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic parameters including the area under the curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (Tmax), and half-life (t1/2) were determined for metoprolol-loaded hydrogel formulations in rabbit plasma, and these results were compared with those obtained from a commercially available product. The key findings from the study include observations that higher concentrations of acrylic acid (AA) and Cydonia oblonga mucilage (CM) in the graft copolymer enhanced swelling, while the opposite trend was noted at elevated concentrations of methacrylic acid (MAA) and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA). FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of the graft copolymer and established the compatibility between the drug and the polymer. SEM imaging revealed a porous structure in the prepared formulations. Additionally, the swelling behavior and drug release profiles indicated a pH-sensitive pattern. The pharmacokinetic assessment revealed sustained release patterns of metoprolol from the hydrogel network system. Notably, the drug-loaded formulation exhibited a higher Cmax (156.48 ng/mL) compared to the marketed metoprolol product (96 ng/mL), and the AUC of the hydrogel-loaded metoprolol was 2.3 times greater than that of the marketed formulation. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of quince seed mucilage as an intelligent material for graft-copolymer-based oral-controlled release drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Resveratrol, a polyphenolic stilbene derivative, is gaining popularity in cancer treatment for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its pharmacokinetic and physicochemical limitations, such as a limited water solubility, photosensitivity, and oxidative stability, limit its effectiveness. Nanotechnology has emerged as an effective tactic for molecular targeted therapy, enabling passive and active targeted techniques to improve stability, therapeutic efficacy, and reduced toxicity. This article compiles studies on resveratrol-rich nano-formulations in various cancer types, focusing on improved drug stability, higher therapeutic potential, and less toxicity to cells and tissues. The genesis of cancer is a precisely organized process in which normal cells undergo genetic alterations that cause the cells to multiply abnormally, colonize, and metastasize to other organs such as the liver, lungs, colon, and brain. Potential drugs that could modify these carcinogenic pathways are the ones that will be used in clinical trials as anti-cancer drugs. Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenolic natural antitoxin that has been utilized for the treatment of several diseases, owing to its ability to scavenge free radicals, control the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, and have effects on inflammation, cancer, aging, diabetes, and cardioprotection. Although RES has a variety of pharmacological uses and shows promising applications in natural medicine, its unpredictable pharmacokinetics compromise its therapeutic efficacy and prevent its use in clinical settings. RES has been encapsulated into various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, lipidic nanocarriers, and inorganic nanoparticles, to address these issues. These nanocarriers can modulate drug release, increase bioavailability, and reach therapeutically relevant plasma concentrations. Studies on resveratrol-rich nano-formulations in various cancer types are compiled in the current article. Studies relating to enhanced drug stability, increased therapeutic potential in terms of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and reduced toxicity to cells and tissues are the main topics of this research. To keep the readers informed about the current state of resveratrol nano-formulations from an industrial perspective, some recent and significant patent literature has also been provided. Here, the prospects for nano-formulations are briefly discussed, along with machine learning and pharmacometrics methods for resolving resveratrol's pharmacokinetic concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The current review describes mangiferin (MGF), a secondary plant metabolite of a xanthone derivative obtained from mango plants and known for its therapeutic activities. It is potent against various cancers, including breast, liver, prostate and glioblastoma, by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and preventing NFκB activation. However, MGF faces challenges such as poor lipophilicity, high first-pass metabolism and extensive P-gp efflux. Nano-drug delivery and deep learning-based approaches are being explored to overcome these challenges. Clinical trials and patents are ongoing, and MGF is expected to become a promising therapeutic biological molecule for cancer treatment. Mangiferin (MGF), a xanthone derived from Mangifera indica L., initially employed as a nutraceutical, is now being explored extensively for its anticancer potential. Scientists across the globe have explored this bioactive for managing a variety of cancers using validated in vitro and in vivo models. The in vitro anticancer potential of this biomolecule on well-established breast cancer cell lines such as MDA-MB-23, BEAS-2B cells and MCF-7 is closer to many approved synthetic anticancer agents. However, the solubility and bioavailability of this xanthone are the main challenges, and its oral bioavailability is reported to be less than 2%, and its aqueous solubility is also 0.111 mg/mL. Nano-drug delivery systems have attempted to deliver the drugs at the desired site at a desired rate in desired amounts. Many researchers have explored various nanotechnology-based approaches to provide effective and safe delivery of mangiferin for cancer therapy. Nanoparticles were used as carriers to encapsulate mangiferin, protecting it from degradation and facilitating its delivery to cancer cells. They have attempted to enhance the bioavailability, safety and efficacy of this very bioactive using drug delivery approaches. The present review focuses on the origin and structure elucidation of mangiferin and its derivatives and the benefits of this bioactive. The review also offers insight into the delivery-related challenges of mangiferin and its applications in nanosized forms against cancer. The use of a relatively new deep-learning approach to solve the pharmacokinetic issues of this bioactive has also been discussed. The review also critically analyzes the future hope for mangiferin as a therapeutic agent for cancer management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispersion relation and Landau damping rate of dust-acoustic waves (DAWs) are studied by the incorporation of Poison–Vlasov model of the kinetic theory of plasmas. The real and imaginary frequencies of DAWs are obtained in a three-component plasma i.e., electrons, ions and dust grains. The electrons are taken as hybrid non-thermal Vasyliunas–Cairns distributed and in limiting cases as kappa and Cairns distributed as well, while the ions and dust are kept Maxwellian. The findings reveal that the simultaneous presence of two non-thermality parameters (i.e., α and κ ) have a remarkable impact on the dispersion and damping rates of DAWs as compared to the sole presence of any non-thermality parameter and also in the case of thermal electrons. It is also presented that the real and imaginary frequencies of DAWs are significantly influenced by the other important parameters, such as electron to ion temperature and density ratios. This work has notable significance in the understanding of important constituents of space plasmas i.e., thermal and non-thermal dusty plasmas in various environments of space plasmas, where the mixed particle distributions are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an inorganic–organic composite system was developed through biomineralization of calcium carbonate in the quince-seed mucilage-based hydrogel. Drug-polymer interactions were studied by FTIR, DSC, XRD and SEM analysis. The water absorption capacity was calculated by swelling index. Drug release was determined at various pH. Several in vitro kinetic models were applied to observe drug release behaviour. Studies of drug-polymer interactions and particle flow characteristics of the developed composite material have shown that there is good compatibility between drug and the excipients. The XRD and SEM results confirmed calcite polymorphs in the developed composite material. Thermograms showed that the developed composite material was heat stable. A restricted drug release was observed in an acidic medium (pH 1.2). A controlled drug release was depicted from the developed system at pH 6.8. The drug release mechanism of Super Case II was suggested. The developed system was considered to be an effective drug carrier for colon targeted oral delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to avoid gastric irritation and risk of ulceration. An illustration of extraction of quince hydrogel and development of calcium carbonate-quince (CaCO3-Q) composite system; QSM = Quince seed mucilage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous report, we have already synthesized dinitro and dibromo derivatives of 2,2‐disubstituted‐quinazolin‐4(1H)‐one by a facile method. In order to give insight to our experimental results, we herein report on the theoretical investigations of reactivity of synthesized quinazolinone toward bromination and nitration by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The optimized molecular geometries of these compounds by using the B3LYP/6–31G(d, p) method have been compared with their X‐ray structures, which are in good agreement. The correlation between the experimental and computational geometrical data is above 90% and root mean square deviation (RMSD) is low ranging from 0.04% to 0.9% except N1‐H1 and N2‐H2 bond where RMSD goes to 1% due to hydrogen bonding between N1‐H1 .....O1 = C1 and N2‐H2 ....O1 = C1. The Mullikan charge distributions at the different atomic sites have been computed and nucleophilic site are guessed by molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map. In addition, frontier molecular orbitals of these compounds were discussed at the same level of theory, confirming the nucleophilic sites at position 6 and 8 of 4‐quinazolinone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnitudes of electron temperature anisotropy and solar wind heat flux are defined with different physical mechanisms e.g. microinstabilities, interparticle collisions, and adiabatic expansion. In the dilute space plasma limit, the present study assumes the interplay between anisotropic core-halo electron components, their relative drift, and relative density of the halo electrons to determine the dynamics of backward and forward-propagating whistler heat flux instabilities along the ambient magnetic field. To investigate the feedback effects of these micro-instabilities in reshaping solar wind distributions and the total heat flux regulation, we formulate quasilinear kinetic equations on the basis of taking the macroscopic velocity moments. For the same input parameters of linear analysis, numerical solutions of the quasilinear equations indicate the time-scale variations, electrons and protons population, wave intensities, and constraints on the heat flux. In future perspective of the global-kinetic solar wind model, the present formalism may be an important step with the inclusion of radial and nonthermal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaining considerable attention as valuable plastic static-dissipative materials, conductive polymer blends are used as supercapacitors, light emitting diodes, artificial muscles and biosensors. Thermoplastic vulcanizates (PECVs) were prepared by blending ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic via in-situ compatibilization technique by using a suitable compatibilizer and curing system. Electrically conducting graphene filler was incorporated into the blend to impart electroconducting properties. Maintaining a constant PP/EPDM ratio of 80:20 for all specimens, PECVs containing different loadings of graphene filler were prepared through in-situ compatibilization method. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was performed to investigate chemical changes ensued as a result of compatibilization reactions. Addition of graphene into the blended PECVs slightly improved their processability and thermally stable as confirmed by tests performed on Differential Scanning Calorimetery and Thermogravimetric Analyser. Mechanical aspects of the blends, inspected by operating Universal Testing Machine and Rockwell Hardness Tester, were substantially improved on account of blend compatibilization and addition of graphene. Their electrical properties measured through four-probe technique revealed significant improvement in electrical conductivity of compatibilized PECVs due to incorporation of graphene filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent advancements in the Internet of Things have made it converge towards critical infrastructure automation, opening a new paradigm referred to as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). In the IIoT, different connected devices can send huge amounts of data to other devices back and forth for a better decision-making process. In such use cases, the role of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) has been studied by many researchers in recent years for robust supervisory control management. Nevertheless, for better sustainability of these applications, reliable data exchange is crucial in this domain. To ensure the privacy and integrity of the data shared between the connected devices, access control can be used as the front-line security mechanism for these systems. However, the role engineering and assignment propagation in access control is still a tedious process as its manually performed by network administrators. In this study, we explored the potential of supervised machine learning to automate role engineering for fine-grained access control in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) settings. We propose a mapping framework to employ a fine-tuned multilayer feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) and extreme learning machine (ELM) for role engineering in the SCADA-enabled IIoT environment to ensure privacy and user access rights to resources. For the application of machine learning, a thorough comparison between these two algorithms is also presented in terms of their effectiveness and performance. Extensive experiments demonstrated the significant performance of the proposed scheme, which is promising for future research to automate the role assignment in the IIoT domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media has transformed into a crucial channel for political expression. Twitter, especially, is a vital platform used to exchange political hate in Pakistan. Political hate speech affects the public image of politicians, targets their supporters, and hurts public sentiments. Hate speech is a controversial public speech that promotes violence toward a person or group based on specific characteristics. Although studies have been conducted to identify hate speech in European languages, Roman languages have yet to receive much attention. In this research work, we present the automatic detection of political hate speech in Roman Urdu. An exclusive political hate speech labeled dataset (RU-PHS) containing 5002 instances and city-level information has been developed. To overcome the vast lexical structure of Roman Urdu, we propose an algorithm for the lexical unification of Roman Urdu. Three vectorization techniques are developed: TF-IDF, word2vec, and fastText. A comparative analysis of the accuracy and time complexity of conventional machine learning models and fine-tuned neural networks using dense word representations is presented for classifying and predicting political hate speech. The results show that a random forest and the proposed feed-forward neural network achieve an accuracy of 93% using fastText word embedding to distinguish between neutral and politically offensive speech. The statistical information helps identify trends and patterns, and the hotspot and cluster analysis assist in pinpointing Punjab as a highly susceptible area in Pakistan in terms of political hate tweet generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ measurements reported with different spacecraft reveal the temperature anisotropy constraints of solar wind species. Micro-instabilities driven by the temperature anisotropy are investigated as key mechanism which limit an unchecked rise in the temperature anisotropy in dilute space plasmas. The present study considers the excitation of O-mode instability under the excessive electrons parallel temperature condition i.e., T‖e > T⊥e. Looking at the recent developments made by different satellite missions, a dual core-halo electron distribution is employed that represents a true picture of solar wind electrons. We employ Vlasov–Maxwell's model equations and derive the dispersion relation of the O-wave whose analytical solution characterizes the growth rate of O-mode instability. We take different sets of temperature anisotropy and beta combinations associated with core-halo electron components that highlight the instability characteristics e.g. growth rate and the range of wave number of unstable mode. We note an increment in the growth rate with the increase of anisotropic ratios associated either with core electrons or halo electrons and or the combination thereof. In view of a global perspective of solar wind, it may be a favorable study with the contribution of non-thermal solar wind electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for healthier and safer food having minimal synthetic content and pre-servatives is increasing nowadays. Biological molecules such as chitosan are emerging mainly because of their antioxidant and antimicrobial benefits and their biological compatibility, bio-degradability, and higher safety. However, low mechanical and thermal performance and high costs of production in comparison to plastics have greatly limited their use on a larger scale. In this comprehensive review, the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan and chi-tosan-based biopolymers have been discussed and their applications in the food industry have been summarized. The increasing studies have emphasized the role of chitosan as an appealing substitute to replace the synthetic polymers for preventing food spoilage and protection from the pathogenic microorganisms which could improve the quality and safety of foods; however, further studies are needed to answer the questions regarding the selection of raw materials, stability, sensitivity, product development, toxicity issues, and industrialization. • Chitosan is a natural bio-compatible, biodegradable polymer possessing antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. • Chitosan can be effectively used in food packaging applications to replace synthetic polymers. • Various strategies can be used to fabricate pure chitosan and chitosan-based films. • Chitosan can be functionalized with different materials to synthesize active and intelligent films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravesical drug delivery is a direct drug delivery approach for the treatment of various bladder diseases. The human urinary bladder has distinctive anatomy, making it an effective barrier against any toxic agent seeking entry into the bloodstream. This screening function of the bladder derives from the structure of the urothelium, which acts as a semi-permeable barrier. However, various diseases related to the urinary bladder, such as hyperactive bladder syndrome, interstitial cystitis, cancer, urinary obstructions, or urinary tract infections, can alter the bladder's natural function. Consequently, the intravesical route of drug delivery can effectively treat such diseases as it offers site-specific drug action with minimum side effects. Intravesical drug delivery is the direct instillation of medicinal drugs into the urinary bladder via a urethral catheter. However, there are some limitations to this method of drug delivery, including the risk of washout of the therapeutic agents with frequent urination. Moreover, due to the limited permeability of the urinary bladder walls, the therapeutic agents are diluted before the process of permeation, and consequently, their efficiency is compromised. Therefore, various types of nanomaterial-based delivery systems are being employed in intravesical drug delivery to enhance the drug penetration and retention at the targeted site. This review article covers the various nanomaterials used for intravesical drug delivery and future aspects of these nanomaterials for intravesical drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas permeation through mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) filled with fillers of non-spherical shapes can be theoretically predicted through different analytical models on the basis of ideal (two-phase) or non-ideal (three-phase) morphology of membrane structure. The predicting capability of different models was evaluated by comparing the estimated carbon dioxide (CO2) permeance through composite membranes against the available experimental permeation data of Ultrason®/ZIF-300, poly(ethersulfone)/functionalized-CNTs and Matrimid®/graphene oxide hybrid membranes. Experimental-to-theoretical discrepancy in CO2 permeability for composite membranes containing fillers of different shapes was determined by calculating percentage average absolute relative error (AARE%) for each model. General order of data fitting for different models while considering typical values of morphological parameters was found as: Maxwell < Bruggeman < Lewis‐Nielsen < Pal < Maxwell–Wagner-Sillar < Cussler having AARE% values of 41.2, 34.4, 35.7, 27.6, 8.0 and zero, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of composite membranes helped to explore the morphology of incorporated filler particles and to improve the predicting capacity of the assumed models. The Maxwell–Wagner-Sillar model adopted for composite membranes containing spheroid- and cylindroid-shaped filler particles best fitted the experimental data while the Cussler model best fitted for hybrid membranes filled with planar flake-shaped filler particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the therapeutic efficacy of topical Olopatadine 0.1% versus Ketotifen Fumarate among the patients diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis at Armed forces institute of ophthalmology. Study Design: Prospective comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, from Jan 2020 to Jan 2021. Methodology: Patients diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis by consultant ophthalmologist fulfilling the exclusion/inclusion criteria were included in the study. They were divided into two groups by block randomization with group A receiving Olopatadine 0.1%, while group B just received the Ketotifen Fumarate. Symptoms were assessed on a symptom severity score upon diagnosis before the start of medication and then after 72 hours of treatment by a different consultant ophthalmologist who was unaware of the group of patients. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in each group. The mean age of the study participants was 30.944 ± 3.349 years. 148 (74%) patients were males while 52 (26%) were females. The difference in mean score of symptoms in group A was 5.76 ± 1.39 while in group B was 3.33 ± 2.51. Application of t-test revealed that topical Olopatadine 0.1% was superior to Ketotifen Fumarate in reducing the symptoms of acute allergic conjunctivitis on the third day of treatment (p-value<0.001). Conclusion: Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis was the commonest type of allergic conjunctivitis seen in our study participants. Topical Olopatadine 0.1% emerged as a better treatment option when compared to Ketotifen Fumarate for immediate management of acute allergic conjunctivitis among patients managed at a tertiary care ophthalmology hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• One-pot synthesis of potent aminomethylene-pyrimidinones conjugates was completed affording good to excellent yields (84−92 %). • UV–Vis., IR, NMR and HRMS analyses were carried out experimentally and compared with theoretically obtained data by DFT. • Inhibition of cholinesterases and α-glucosidase enzymes, phytotoxicity, DPPH free radical scavenging and insecticidal potentials of the target compounds were evaluated by in vitro bioassays and the results are very promising. • Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were performed against the selected protein structures to study structure-activity relationship (SAR). • Four different routes of administration were adopted for measuring the rat acute toxicities of target compounds and the results reflect promising behaviors of the test compounds. A successful attempt was made to avail ten new 5-anilinoaminomethylene substituted 2-thioxodihydropyrimidinones (H1–H10) via one-pot three-component reaction of 1,3‑diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid, triethyl orthoformate and respective substituted anilines in good to excellent yields (84–92 %). All the synthesized compounds were fully characterized by detailed spectroscopic techniques, like UV–Vis., IR, NMR and HRMS after purification. In-vitro investigations including DPPH free radical scavenging ability, acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibition, phytotoxicity and insecticidal activities of the synthesized compounds were performed, and very promising results were obtained. Compounds H6-H10 showed amazing potency as DPPH free radical scavengers with IC 50 values of 0.88 ± 0.053, 0.54 ± 0.164, 1.22 ± 0.07, 0.20 ± 0.055 and 1.58 ± 0.123 mg/mL, respectively, better than reference compound ascorbic acid (IC 50 1.79 ± 0.045 mg/mL). Similarly, compounds H2 and H4 declared greater inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme with IC 50 of 319.46 ± 1.45 and 263.57 ± 1.34 µM respectively, as compared to the reference compound acarbose (IC 50 375.82 ± 1.76 µM). The bioinformatics study of the synthesized compounds comprised drug likeness, metabolites prediction, molecular docking analyses against eight selected target substrates. Docking analysis showed that the binding energy values of compounds H2, H3 and H5 were –11.25, –10.91 and –12.30 Kcal/mol respectively, which are better than standard drug diltiazem possessing –10.79 Kcal/mol against P450 CYP 3A4. Finally, the rat acute toxicities were estimated through four different routes of administration and the results reflect promising behaviors of the test compounds in their toxicity evaluation. Based on the encouraging results in all these analyses, our target compounds may be used as hits for future investigation towards drug discovery. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Twenty-one derivatives of 2-aminobenzothiazole have been synthesized. • XRD, UV/vis, IR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR were employed to interrogate the structural properties. • Good dose-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase vs standard, in term of IC 50. • Valued inhibitory activity against BChE, with IC 50 values referenced against Eserine. • Molecular docking, ligand-protein interactions, structure-activity, drug-likeness study. A simplified synthetic method yielded diverse 2-aminobenzothiazole variants through sulfonylation and amino group alkylation. Extensive characterization via X-ray diffraction, UV/vis, infrared, 1H, and 13CNMR spectroscopies was performed. Compounds 19, 25, 29, 33 , and 37 displayed dose-dependent α-glucosidase inhibition, with IC 50 values, compared to acarbose, of 79.35 ± 1.13 µM, 139.53 ± 1.12 µM, 172.16 ± 1.23 µM, 179.35 ± 1.13 µM, and 97.36 ± 1.15 µM, respectively. For BChE (Butyrylcholinesterase) inhibition, compounds 25, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38 , and 39 exhibited IC 50 values, compared to Eserine, of 153.73 ± 1.17 µM, 175.64 ± 1.13 µM, 252.98 ± 1.19 µM, 124.92 ± 1.17 µM, 286.38 ± 1.16 µM, 128.62 ± 1.18 µM, and 97.28 ± 1.15 µM. Molecular docking validated these results, linking structure to activity and assessing α-glucosidase inhibition. Detailed ligand-protein interactions were explored, illuminating bond types and atomic distances within the active site, particularly for acarbose. Compound 29 , indicated by its small Eg value, exhibited high reactivity due to specific electron density and structural features. Drug-likeness was evaluated using multiple criteria and compared favorably to existing drugs like penfluridol and amiodarone. NAMD (Nanoscale Molecular Dynamics) simulated ligand-protein complex behavior in a cell-like context and used Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) to assess stability and conformational changes. Computationally determined SASA values evaluated water molecule accessibility and stability. Compound stability and solvent interactions in ligand-protein complexes highlighted compound 33 as most stable, while compounds 19 and 37 resembled acarbose, and compound 25 achieved stability over time. These findings enhance comprehension of solid-state arrangements of novel aminobenzothiazole sulfonamide derivatives, potentially stimulating further research for drug discovery within the scientific community. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be a major health concern worldwide, with its resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy presenting major hurdles in successful treatment. While patients with localized prostate cancer generally have a good survival rate, those with metastatic prostate cancer often face a grim prognosis, even with aggressive treatments using various methods. The high mortality rate in severe cases is largely due to the lack of treatment options that can offer lasting results, especially considering the significant genetic diversity found in tumors at the genomic level. This comprehensive review examines the intricate molecular mechanisms governing resistance in PCa, emphasising the pivotal contributions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). We delve into the diverse roles of microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and other non-coding elements as critical regulators of key cellular processes involved in CR & RR. The review emphasizes the diagnostic potential of ncRNAs as predictive biomarkers for treatment response, offering insights into patient stratification and personalized therapeutic approaches. Additionally, we explore the therapeutic implications of targeting ncRNAs to overcome CR & RR, highlighting innovative strategies to restore treatment sensitivity. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review not only provides a comprehension of the chemical basis of resistance in PCa but also identifies gaps in knowledge, paving the way for future research directions. Ultimately, this exploration of ncRNA perspectives offers a roadmap for advancing precision medicine in PCa, potentially transforming therapeutic paradigms and improving outcomes for patients facing the challenges of treatment resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish the association of lattice degeneration in patients with chronic serous chorio-retinopathy at tertiary care ophthalmology hospital. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, from Sep 2019 to Dec 2020. Methodology: The sample population comprised of 80 subjects which included 40 cases of chronic serous chorio-retinopathy and 40 controls. Chronic serous chorio-retinopathy was diagnosed by consultant ophthalmologist on basis of fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Peripheral retinal examination was done among all the study participants to look for lattice degeneration. Pearson chi-square test was applied to look for the relationship of various factors with lattice degeneration including the presence of chronic serous chorio-retinopathy. Results: Two groups with equal number of subjects were included in the study. Mean age of the study participants was 49.14 ± 2.93 years. 60 (75.0%) participants were male while 20 (25%) were female. Fifty-four (67.5%) had no lattice degeneration while 26 (32.5%) showed the presence of lattice degeneration on detailed ophthalmic examination. Chi-square test showed that having chronic serous chorio-retinopathy and use of steroids were statistically significantly associated with presence of lattice degeneration among the study participants. Conclusion: Chronic serous chorio-retinopathy emerged as a condition strongly associated with lattice degeneration of peripheral retina. Use of topical or systemic steroids also increased the chances of developing lattice degeneration in our study population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let (G, k . k,+) be a normed group, where k . k: G !R. We study the equation maxf kx + yk, kx 􀀀 yk g = kxk+kyk for all x, y 2 G. Without a commutativity assumption of the normed group G, we analyze the stability results and characterization of a group-norm by the given equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sequence of in situ measurements points the presence of non-thermal species in the profile of particle distributions. This study highlights the role of such energetic electrons on the wave-spectrum. Using Vlasov–Maxwell's model, the dispersion relations of the parallel propagating modes along with the space scale of damping are discussed using non-relativistic bi-Maxwellian and bi-Kappa distribution functions under the weak field approximation, i.e., ω − k. v > Ω 0 $\left\vert \omega -\mathbf{k}.\mathbf{v}\right\vert { >}{{\Omega}}_{0}$. Power series and asymptotic expansions of plasma dispersion functions are performed to derive the modes and spatial damping of waves, respectively. The role of these highly energetic electrons is illustrated on real frequency and anomalous damping of R and L-modes which is in fact controlled by the parameter κ in the dispersion. Further, we uncovered the effect of external magnetic field and thermal anisotropy on such spatial attenuation. In global perspective of the kinetic model, it may be another step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amount of energy is being contemporarily expended in carrying out separation and purification operations via thermodynamically inefficient conventional processes. Membrane-based separation technology has recently gained much attractiveness owing to its energy efficient process, reliable operation, low maintenance requirements, economical effectiveness, molecularly selective separation, and compact designing. Highly permeable and selective polymer-based flat-sheet polyether sulfone-based membranes were prepared followed by their insertion into compact spiral-wound modules for efficient carbon capture in this work. Carbon capture efficiency of prepared membranes and corresponding modules was evaluated by trialing them under various operating conditions on a custom-built laboratory-scale rig. Impact of precipitation technique and temperature on carbon capture capacity of resulting membranes and modules can be comprehended by precipitating cast films either through solvent evaporation or water submersion at two distinct temperatures of 5 and 20 °C. CO2 permeability of water-immersed membrane having 57 Barrer was uplifted to 61 Barrer for solvent-evaporated membrane. CO2/N2 selectivity of water-precipitated membrane was improved from 6 to 11 by precipitating at 5 °C instead of 20 °C. Flexible and frail properties of water-precipitated amorphous membranes can be turned into robust and relatively rigid semi-crystalline films owing to solvent evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amino acid sequence enriched with proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T) (PEST) is a signal‐transducing agent providing unique features to its substrate nuclear proteins (PEST‐NPs). The PEST motif is responsible for particular posttranslational modifications (PTMs). These PTMs impart distinct properties to PEST‐NPs that are responsible for their activation/inhibition, intracellular localization, and stability/degradation. PEST‐NPs participate in cancer metabolism, immunity, and protein transcription as oncogenes or as tumor suppressors. Gene‐based therapeutics are getting the attention of researchers because of their cell specificity. PEST‐NPs are good targets to explore as cancer therapeutics. Insights into PTMs of PEST‐NPs demonstrate that these proteins not only interact with each other but also recruit other proteins to/from their active site to promote/inhibit tumors. Thus, the role of PEST‐NPs in cancer biology is multivariate. It is hard to obtain therapeutic objectives with single gene therapy. An especially designed combination gene therapy might be a promising strategy in cancer treatment. This review highlights the multifaceted behavior of PEST‐NPs in cancer biology. We have summarized a number of studies to address the influence of structure and PEST‐mediated PTMs on activation, localization, stability, and protein–protein interactions of PEST‐NPs. We also recommend researchers to adopt a pragmatic approach in gene‐based cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shadows, in aerial and satellite high-resolution images of earth, are a common phenomenon. Shadow causes false-color image, loss of information in the image, and false image segmentation. This leads to incorrect outputs of many image processing applications. In this paper, we address the problem of shadow detection in aerial high-resolution images of earth. The paper presents a proposed method that can be valuable in comparing it with other existing methods. The proposed work exploits the impact of ratio image pixel values on the process of shadow detection. The ratio image is the mathematical division of hue over the intensity component in the invariant color model. We propose a method, design, and develop an algorithm. In the designed algorithm, the input RGB aerial image of the earth is transformed into the invariant color model hue, saturation, and value (HSV). It acquires the average intensity value of pixels of the input RGB image components. Then, the ratio image of Hue (H) over Value (V) is calculated. Afterward, a power function is applied to this ratio to modify it by increasing the difference between pixel values very effectively. Finally, a threshold is applied to the modified ratio image to classify pixels into shadow and nonshadow. The proposed power function helps the threshold to better classify pixels into shadow and nonshadow. It has been implemented and experimented extensively. A comparative study has also been made with existing methods in the literature. In comparing the proposed algorithm and some existing algorithms, the experimental results show that the proposed has the ability to detect shadows with satisfying accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient methodology was developed to generate novel N,N′-dialkyl-2-thiobarbituric acid based sulfonamides S1–S4 in good to excellent yields (84%–95%). The synthesized compounds S1–S4 were docked to screen their in silico activities against two enzymes i.e., SARS-CoV-2 main protease enzyme with unliganded active site (2019-nCoV, coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) PDB ID: 6Y84 and SARS-CoV-2 Mpro PDB ID: 6LU7. Furthermore, some in silico physicochemical and physicokinetic properties were evaluated using the OSIRIS Property Explorer, Molinspiration property calculator, ADMET property calculator, and GUSAR to assess these compounds as potential candidates as lead compounds for the quest of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Molecular docking analyses of the synthesized compounds predicted that compound S3 is more potent as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor with binding energy –11.65 kcal/mol in comparison with reference inhibitor N3 (–10.95 kcal/mol), whereas compounds S1, S2, and S4 recorded comparable binding energies –9.89, –10.84, and –10.94 kcal/mol with reference inhibitor N3, which were much better than remdesivir (–9.85 kcal/mol). In case of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, all compounds S1–S4 with docking energy values of –7.28, –8.38, –8.31, and –7.34 kcal/mol, respectively, were found to be potent in comparison with reference inhibitor N3 (–6.31 kcal/mol) and remdesivir (–6.33 kcal/mol). Ligand efficiency values against the target SARS-CoV-2 proteins, as well as α-glucosidase and DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase inhibition results of these newly synthesized compounds, were also found to be promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the association of hypertension and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 DM patients. Study Design: Case Control study. Setting: Diabetic Clinic Department of Medicine, Independent University Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: From January 2019 to June 2019. Material & Methods: One Hundred Type 2 diabetic patients of either sex were reviewed and these patients were screened for diabetic retinopathy using welchallyn ophthalmoscope. The patients with diabetic retinopathy fulfilling the inclusion criteria were placed in group A (cases) and patients without diabetic retinopathy were placed in group B (control). After resting the patient in supine position for 5 minutes, blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken in all these patients using mercury sphygmomanometer in two successive out-patient department visits, and mean value of B.P. was taken. All patients were asked for duration of diabetes, hypertension and visual problems specifically. These patients were advised following investigations: - FBS. - RBS. - HbAlc. Relevant statistics, mean & standard deviation were computed for variables. T-test was applied on hypertension (independent) and DM retinopathy (dependent) variables. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in the patients with retinopathy (mean systolic B.P 153.4± 17.13 and mean diastolic B.P. 84.1±9.26) than in those without retinopathy (mean systolic B.P. 130.65±11.94 and mean diastolic B.P 77.3 ±6.64). There was significant correlation of diabetic retinopathy with systolic hypertension (P<0.05) and diastolic hypertension (P<0.001). Conclusion: There is strong association between diabetic retinopathy and hypertension. So early detection and treatment of hypertension can retard the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose normed structures for groups and to establish the Lipschitz mapping of a normed group G to itself. We also investigate some conjugate and isomorphic Lipschitz mappings to determine the equivalent norm and inverse Lipschitz mappings. Specifically, in the main result, we present a fixed point theorem for self-mappings satisfying certain contraction principles on a complete normed group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The role of Velpatasvir/Sofosbuvir in the treatment of hepatitis C virus type 3 infection is evaluated in terms of virologic responses. i.e Rapid Virological Response (RVR) End of treatment response (ETR) and Sustained virological response (SVR 12). METHODOLOGY: This was a descriptive case study conducted in Liver OPD of Benazir Bhutto Hospital during 01 November 2018 to 30 April 2019, in which 100 patients of HCV were enrolled, all of them had HCV genotype 3 infection. Every patient was treated with combination of Velpatasvir/Sofosbuvir 100mg/400 mg Once Daily as part of treatment regimen of HCV infection for 12 weeks. Pre-treatment HCV RNA QUANTITATIVE PCR was done, which was repeated on 4, 12 weeks of treatment and then 12 weeks post treatment. RESULTS: Among 100 patients, 51 (51%) were male and 49 (49%) were females. Mean age of patients was 43.2 ± 10.4 years (mean ± SD). Mean BMI of enrolled patients was 21.34 ± 2.40 kg/m2. 33% patients were cirrhotic while 67% were non cirrhotic. 53% patients were treatment experienced while 47% were treatment naïve. Rapid Virological Response (RVR) was achieved in 92%, End of treatment response (ETR) was achieved in 96%, while Sustained Virological response (SVR12) was achieved in 99% patients. The results were stratified according to age, gender and BMI. There was no effect of these parameters on the final results. CONCLUSION: Virological response (RVR, ETR, SVR12) of Velpatsvir/Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin is encouraging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypeptide sequences enriched with proline (P), glutamic acid (E), aspartic acid (D) and serine (S)/ threonine (T) (PEST) have been reported to be the most abundant and frequently distributed at the cellular level. There is growing evidence that PEST sequences act as proteolytic recognition signals for degradation of residual proteins which is critical for activation or deactivation of regulatory proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways of cell growth, differentiation, stress responses and physiological death. A PEST containing nuclear protein (PCNP) was demonstrated as a tumor suppressor in a neuroblastoma cancer model and tumor promoter in lung adenocarcinoma cancer model. Its unique properties like ubiquitination by NIRF, co‐localization with NIRF in nucleus and tumor progression attract the attention of researchers. PCNP was reported to be ubiquitinated by ring finger protein NIRF in E3 ligase manner and as modulator of MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize PCNP linked DNA damage response, Post translational modifications, and transportation to address initiation, prognosis, and resistance of tumor cells in terms of cell cycle regulation, transcription and apoptosis. Hence, we demonstrate PCNP as a novel target in cancer diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of C-2 N-substituted anthranilamide derivatives was carried out in a straight forward manner, utilizing 2-aminobenzamide and benzyl chloride as starting materials. Their crystal structures have been established by single crystal X-ray crystallographic method. In the molecules of 2-benzylamino-benzamide (3a), intramolecular hydrogen bonding b/w O atom and proton of –NH and classical intermolecular hydrogen bonding of the type N–H · · · O forming eight membered rings in R42(8) pattern. In both molecules of 2-(dibenzylamino)benzamide (3b), unlike the molecule in 3a, each H atoms is pointed towards N atom causing intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, resulting in S(6) motifs. However, it is interesting to note that both molecules in 3b are lying about inversion centres and form dimers in R42(8) motifs; the two dimers are linked via non-classical intermolecular hydrogen bonds C–H · · · O resulting in clusters of four molecules in the structure. In vitro assay results revealed that molecule 3b with IC50 values of 3.8 ± 0.08 μM (AChE) and 17.6 ± 1.10 μM (BChE) possessed better cholinesterase (AChE and BChE) inhibition potential as compared to standard drug galantamine. Preliminary in silico studies showed that more biological active derivatives were also having good pharmacokinetic profile with no AMES toxicity and carcinogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of new materials and manufacturing technologies has significantly improved soft magnetic composites (SMCs) applications, with unique 3D shapes, reduced weight, and lower energy losses, material waste, and manufacturing costs. However, coating materials and existing iron powder insulation techniques limit the applicability of SMCs. This study used an organic polyether ether ketone (PEEK) coating to insulate iron particles using a more effective technique. The prepared SMCs comprised several volume concentrations of iron and PEEK, which were evaluated based on their magnetic, electric, and physical properties. Their magnetic properties were studied at various temperature ranges, considering the operating temperature limits for different applications. A mass magnetization saturation value of 236.2 emu/g was achieved at 348.15 K for a 6.2 g/ c m 3 sample. Furthermore, lighter and energy-efficient brushless direct current (BLDC) motors featuring SMC cores were manufactured and compared with a laminated core-based motor. The developed SMC motors (93 %) were approximately 9.90 % more efficient than the laminated core-based motors (83.1 %), while the core losses of SMC core (<1 %) were approximately 5.50 % less than those of the laminated core (6.50 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Although major cause of upper GI bleed in patients of liver cirrhosis is variceal bleed. However a significant proportion also presents with non-variceal bleeding (NVB). AIM: The aim of study is to determine the frequency of peptic ulcers in patients of liver cirrhosis presenting with upper GI bleed. METHODS: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in Gastroenterology section of medicine department at Benazir Bhutto Hospital from April 2017 to December 2018 . 672 patients of liver cirrhosis presenting with upper GI bleed were enrolled in study through non probability consecutive sampling. Upper GI endoscopy of all patients was performed by consultant Gastroenterologist and findings were documented on standardized Performa. RESULTS: 672 patients were included in study with mean age of 54.68 ±11.15. Among these 370 (55.1%) were males and 302 (44.9%) were females. 92 patients (13.1%) had peptic ulcer as cause of upper GI bleed. 112 patients (16.6%) had both peptic ulcer and variceal bleed as cause of Upper GI Bleed and endoscopic findings of remaining 468 patients (69.6 %) showed varices (oesophageal + gastric) as prime source of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, peptic ulcer accounted for 13.1 % of all cases of UGI bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to investigate the effects of process parameters on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of Al 6061-SiC composite fabricated via squeeze casting. Seventeen experiments in total have been conducted according to Box-Behnken experimental design which contained three process parameters (squeeze pressure, melt temperature, and SiC wt.%) while recording the responses including ultimate tensile strength, hardness, and percentage elongation. ANOVA (analysis of variance) was employed to evaluate the significance and prediction capability of mathematical models developed through regression analysis. The results indicate that squeeze pressure, melt temperature, and SiC wt.% significantly affect the responses whereas ductility is drastically reduced at higher concentrations of SiC reinforcement. SEM micrographs of failed test specimen have been found to be indicative of ductile fracture at higher levels of squeeze pressure and melt temperature. The multi-objective optimization problem has been transformed to an equivalent single-objective problem using grey relation analysis. The desirability analysis revealed optimum setting of process parameters which was confirmed to have improved the ultimate tensile strength by 1.61%, hardness by 1.56%, and percentage elongation by 11.11% as compared to the initial setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Conducting polymer blends are getting attention due to their demanding applications in static charge dissipation processes. In the current study, polypropylene (PP)- and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer-based nanocomposites, filled with varying loadings of intrinsically conducting activated charcoal (AC) nanoparticles, were blended in the presence of methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based compatibilizer and sulfur-based vulcanization system to prepare electroconducting thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, confirming successful grafting of MMA on PP chains, was employed to perform structural analysis of the samples. Relative distribution of filler in polymer and rubber phases, level of homogeneity of filler distribution and optimum state of filler dispersion were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy. Improved degree of crystallinity, thermal stability and other characteristic temperatures of the prepared specimens were determined via differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Increasing filler contents considerably improved tensile strength, stiffness, and hardness of the prepared TPVs. Doping of AC into electrically insulator TPVs turned them into almost a semiconducting material as indicated by significant enhancement in their electrical conductivity values.Graphical abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An imperative curve modeling technique has been established with a view to its applications in various disciplines of science, engineering and design. It is a new spline method using piecewise quadratic trigonometric functions. It possesses error bounds of order 3. The proposed curve model also owns the most favorable geometric properties. The proposed spline method accomplishes C2 smoothness and produces a Quadratic Trigonometric Spline (QTS) with the view to its applications in curve design and control. It produces a C2 quadratic trigonometric alternative to the traditional cubic polynomial spline (CPS) because of having four control points in its piecewise description. The comparison analysis of QTS and CPS verifies the QTS as better alternate to CPS. Also, the time analysis proves QTS computationally efficient than CPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: High-performance mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) were developed to help control the global warming by capturing and sequestrating carbon dioxide (CO2) from post combustion flue gas originating from burning of fossil fuels. MMMs of different compositions were prepared by synergistically doping glassy polymer Ultrason® S 6010 (US) with nanosheets of graphene oxide (GO) and nanocrystals of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-300) in varying degrees. Solution-casting technique was used to fabricate various MMMs to optimize their CO2 capturing performance from a CO2-enriched gas mixture. The prepared composite membranes indicated enhanced filler-polymer interfacial adhesion, consistent distribution of nanofillers, and thermally stable matrix configuration. Owing to the synergistic effect of incorporated nanofillers, CO2 permeability, and CO2/N2 permselectivity of the membranes were enhanced as demonstrated by gas sorption and permeation experiments. As compared to neat Ultrason® membrane, CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 ideal selectivity of fabricated MMMs doped with 30 wt% ZIF-300 nanocrystals and 1 wt% GO nanosheets were considerably improved. Key features of the fabricated MMMs include their structural and thermal stability coupled with improved gas separation performance.Graphical abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background :To determine the efficacy of Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir plus Ribavirin in achieving Rapid Virological Response (RVR) in patients of Hepatitis C genotype 3 who are noncirrhotic and have not received any previous treatment. Methods: In this descriptive case series study, 100 non cirrhotic, treatment-naïve patients of HCV genotype 3 were enrolled. Each patient was given oral tab Daclatasvir 60 mg once daily, tab Sofosbuvir once daily 400 mg and capsule Ribavirin 400 mg twice daily. HCV RNA PCR quantitative was obtained before treatment and repeated after completion of one month treatment with above mentioned drugs. Results: Mean age of included patients was 42.7 ± 10.68 years (mean ± SD). Females were dominant(59%). The BMI was 26.07 ± 3.00 kg/m2. Out of 100 patients 87% patients achieved Rapid Virological Response (RVR).The data was stratified according to age, gender and BMI. There was no effect of these parameters on the final results. Conclusion: Rapid Virological Response (RVR) of Daclatasvir plus Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin is impressive. However, more studies are required to ascertain the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to optimise the process variables which are involved in the fabrication of Al 6063-SiC composite by squeeze casting process. The variables included squeeze pressure, melt temperature and silicon carbide (SiC) reinforcement. The effects of these variables on ultimate tensile strength and hardness were studied with the help of nine experiments. The analysis of variance confirmed the significance of the process variables. The optimal combination of process variables to maximise the ultimate tensile strength and hardness is achieved as 120 MPa (17.4 ksi) squeeze pressure, 850°C (1562°F) melt temperature and 15 weight percentage SiC reinforcement. The confirmatory test indicated the effectiveness of the employed technique to optimise the squeeze casting process variables for the development of aluminium matrix composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymer based metal oxide nanoparticles, prepared by eco-friendly approach, are gaining interest owing to their wide range of applications. In this study, aqueous extract of Trianthema portulacastrum was used for the green synthesis of chitosan base copper oxide (CH-CuO) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized through UV–Vis Spectrophotometry, SEM, TEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. These techniques provided evidence for the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles, having poly-dispersed spherical shaped morphology with average crystallite size of 17.37 nm. The antibacterial activity for the CH-CuO nanoparticles was determined against multi-drug resistant (MDR), Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative), Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive). Maximum activity was obtained against Escherichia coli (24 ± 1.99 mm) while least activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus (17 ± 1.54 mm). In-vitro analysis for biofilm inhibition, EPS and cell surface hydrophobicity showed >60 % inhibitions for all the bacterial isolates. Antioxidant and photocatalytic assays for the nanoparticles showed significant activities of radical scavenging (81 ± 4.32 %) and dye degradation (88 %), respectively. Antidiabetic activity for the nanoparticles, determined by in-vitro analysis of alpha amylase inhibition, showed enzyme inhibition of 47 ± 3.29 %. The study signifies the potential of CH-CuO nanoparticle as an effective antimicrobial agent against MDR bacteria along with the antidiabetic and photocatalytic activities. • Chitosan-CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by eco-friendly green approach. • Green synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, TEM, UV–Visible Spectroscopy, FTIR and XRD analysis. • Effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were obtained for the nanoparticles against MDR bacterial isolates • The nanoparticles showed effective antioxidant and environmental remediation potential. • Moderate antidiabetic activity was exhibited by the Chitosan-CuO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]