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Immune inflammation is one of the main factors in the pathogenesis of depression. It is an effective and active way to find more safe and effective anti-inflammatory depressant drugs from plant drugs. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of marine plant Sargassum pallidum (Turn).C.Ag. (Haihaozi, HHZ) in the prevention and treatment of depression and to explain the related mechanism. Phytochemical analysis showed that alkaloids, terpenes, and organic acids are the main constituents. In vitro and in vivo activity studies showed the anti-neuroinflammatory and antidepressant effect of Sargassum pallidum, furthermore, confirmed that 7-Hydroxycoumarin, Scoparone, and Kaurenoic Acid are important plant metabolites in Sargasum pallidum for antineuroinflammation. Mechanism exploration showed that inhibition of ERK1/2/p38 inflammatory signaling pathway contributing to the antidepressant effect of Sargassum pallidum in reducing intestinal inflammatory levels. This study confirmed the value of Sargassum pallidum and its rich plant metabolites in anti-inflammatory depression, providing a new choice for the follow-up research and development of antidepressant drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter (PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish. Methods: HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The production of nitric oxide (NO), intracellular ROS, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the levels of ROS, NO, and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO, intracellular ROS, and PGE2 in PM-induced HaCaT cells. In addition, the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB. Furthermore, it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress, represented by the reduction of NO, ROS, and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish. Conclusions: The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter (PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish. Methods: HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The production of nitric oxide (NO), intracellular ROS, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the levels of ROS, NO, and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO, intracellular ROS, and PGE2 in PM-induced HaCaT cells. In addition, the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB. Furthermore, it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress, represented by the reduction of NO, ROS, and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish. Conclusions: The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic effect of the extract from Sargassum pallidum (SPPE) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. SPPE treatment alleviated hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), liver and pancreatic tissue damage, hyperlipidemia and hepatic oxidative stress resulting from T2DM. SPPE reversed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) and hexokinase (HK) activities to improve gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage in the liver. Furthermore, SPPE modulated glucose metabolism by regulating the levels of mRNA expression involving the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1/G6pase/GLUT2 pathway and could inhibit fatty acid synthesis by reducing the gene expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1). A 16 sRNA analysis indicated that SPPE treatment also reversed gut dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Bacteroides and Lactobacillus) and suppressing the proliferation of harmful bacteria (Enterococcus and Helicobacter). Untargeted metabolomics results indicated that histidine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis were significantly influenced by SPPE. Thus, SPPE may be applied as an effective dietary supplement or drug in the management of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications have become a serious global health epidemic. Cardiovascular complications have considered as a major cause of high mortality in diabetic patients. Fucoidans from brown algae have diverse medicinal activities, however, few studies reported pharmacological activity of Sargassum. pallidum fucoidan (Sp‐Fuc). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Sp‐Fuc on diabetic symptoms and cardiac injury in spontaneous diabetic db/db mice. SP‐Fuc at 200 mg/(kg/d) was administered intragastrically to db/db mice for 8 weeks, the effects on hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and cardiac damage, as well as oxidative stress, inflammation, Nrf2/ARE, and NF‐κB signaling pathways, were investigated. Our data demonstrated that Sp‐Fuc significantly (p < 0.05) decreased body weights, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia in db/db mice, along with improved insulin sensitivity. Additionally, Sp‐Fuc significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated cardiac dysfunction and pathological morphology of cardiac tissue. Sp‐Fuc also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased lipid peroxidation, increased antioxidant function, as well as reduced cardiac inflammation, possibly through Nrf2/ARE and NF‐κB signaling. Sp‐Fuc can ameliorate the metabolism disorders of glucose and lipid in diabetic mice by activating Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling, simultaneously reducing cardiac redox imbalance and inflammatory damage. The present findings provide a perspective on the therapy strategy for T2DM and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three forms of soluble phenolics, free phenolics (FP), esterified-bound phenolics (EP) and glycoside-bound phenolics (GP), were extracted from Sargassum pallidum, and their chemical composition was identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). Their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro were evaluated. Results demonstrated that the soluble phenolics in S. pallidum mainly existed in a bound form, GP and EP fractions contained the highest contents of total phenolics (68.30 mg/g) and flavonoids (83.49 mg/g), respectively. A total of 22 compounds were identified in the three phenolic fractions, including three simple phenolics, four flavonoids and two phenolic acids. Biological activity tests indicated GP had the highest cellular antioxidant activity (CAA value = 18.18 μmol/g), 1,1-dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 84.6 μg/mL) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity (IC50 = 127.01 μg/mL), while EP had the strongest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (5 322.85 μmol/g) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 27.09 μg/mL. The hypoglycemic activity of EP was significantly higher than that of acarbose. Inhibition kinetics analysis showed that the inhibition mode of α-glucosidase by the three phenolic fractions was a mixed type. In conclusion, bound phenolics from Sargassum pallidum have excellent antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, which will provide a scientific basis for the development of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic foods.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic effect of the extract from Sargassum pallidum (SPPE) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. SPPE treatment alleviated hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), liver and pancreatic tissue damage, hyperlipidemia and hepatic oxidative stress resulting from T2DM. SPPE reversed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) and hexokinase (HK) activities to improve gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage in the liver. Furthermore, SPPE modulated glucose metabolism by regulating the levels of mRNA expression involving the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1/G6pase/GLUT2 pathway and could inhibit fatty acid synthesis by reducing the gene expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1). A 16 sRNA analysis indicated that SPPE treatment also reversed gut dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Bacteroides and Lactobacillus) and suppressing the proliferation of harmful bacteria (Enterococcus and Helicobacter). Untargeted metabolomics results indicated that histidine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis were significantly influenced by SPPE. Thus, SPPE may be applied as an effective dietary supplement or drug in the management of T2DM.

Brown algae can be used as raw materials for pharmacological and functional extracts, in particular carotenoids of brown alga Sargassum pallidum are a source for biologically active substances, as a carotenoid fucoxanthin with a wide spectrum of properties useful both for daily preventive consumption and therapeutic diets. Prospects for using S. pallidum as a raw material for extracting the carotenoid fucoxanthin and its further using as a biologically active component in the food industry are considered. The algae were collected in the coastal zone of Peter the Great Bay (Novik Bay of Russky Island) in October 2020, then frozen. Before freezing, the algae were washed and excess moisture was removed. Small pieces of the alga tissue were cut, put into closed packages, and processed for 24 hours by ethyl alcohol with 80 % concentration in a dark place in refrigerator under temperature +7 oC. The obtained alcohol extract was used as a functional addictive for beverages, as iced black tea and juice concentrates. These beverages were examined for organoleptic properties (by the group of 10 experts) and economic value. The apple and red grape juice concentrates with the fucoxanthin extract have the best organoleptic properties. As the final result, technology of functional drinks with alcohol extract of fucoxanthin from brown alga S. pallidum is developed.

Copyright of Journal of Dalian Ocean University is the property of Journal of Dalian Ocean University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sargassum pallidum polysaccharide nanoparticle (nSPP-30) was prepared via antisolvent precipitation method and the preparation conditions were optimized. The effects of nanocrystallization on the structure and biological activities of S. pallidum polysaccharide were investigated. Under the optimal preparation condition, the average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and ξ -potential of nSPP-30 were 229.63 nm, 0.407, and −28.43 mV, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicated that nanocrystallization did not change primary and crystal structures of S. pallidum polysaccharide. However, nanocrystallization could improve the swelling, thermodynamic, and antioxidant properties of S. pallidum polysaccharide. In addition, the thymol adsorption capacity of nSPP-30 was enhanced as compared to the corresponding polysaccharide. These results suggest that nSPP-30 can be developed as a potential antioxidant or natural nano-carrier to encapsulate thymol for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fucoxanthin is a widespread carotenoid contained in tissues of brown algae, known by its antitumor activity and ability to suppress cancer cells growth. Its inclusion into diet prevents accumulation of the body fat and regulates level of glucose and insulin in the blood. Fucoxanthin can be considered as a promising nutritional supplement for suppressing obesity. Extraction of fucoxanthin from brown algae Sargassum pallidum is investigated under various conditions. The samples of algae were collected in different sites at Primorye coast in 2018–2019. Two types of the preparations were used ― frozen and dried. The frozen preparations were stored under temperature of –18 оC no more than 30 days. For the dried preparations, fresh algae were dried in a dark room by air fan under temperature of +18–+20 оC and then crushed to powder and stored in dark place under the same temperature no more than 6 months. Content of dry substance in the preparations was 16.4 ± 1.0 % for frozen algae and 93.6 ± 1.0 % for dried algae. Fucoxanthin was extracted from these preparations by method of alcohol extraction using the ethanol water solution in ratio of 1 : 10 during 24 hours in a dark place, then the solution was filtered or centrifuged. Concentration of fucoxanthin in the filtered solution was measured in spectrophotometer relative to a standard solution (ethanol 96 %) with wavelength of 350–800 nm. Yield of fucoxanthin was higher from the frozen preparations, but more ethanol was consumed for its extraction in comparison with extraction from the dried preparations. Besides, the dried preparations were processed during 1 day with the ethanol solution in concentration 96, 88, 84, 80, and 76 %, under various temperature. Yield of fucoxanthin decreased with temperature increasing: the optimal temperature was +7 оC, so the room temperature could not be recommended for extraction. The optimum concentration of ethanol for fucoxanthin extraction was 80 ± 2%.

Immune inflammation is one of the main factors in the pathogenesis of depression. It is an effective and active way to find more safe and effective anti-inflammatory depressant drugs from plant drugs. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of marine plant Sargassum pallidum (Turn).C.Ag. (Haihaozi, HHZ) in the prevention and treatment of depression and to explain the related mechanism. Phytochemical analysis showed that alkaloids, terpenes, and organic acids are the main constituents. In vitro and in vivo activity studies showed the anti-neuroinflammatory and antidepressant effect of Sargassum pallidum , furthermore, confirmed that 7-Hydroxycoumarin, Scoparone, and Kaurenoic Acid are important plant metabolites in Sargasum pallidum for anti-neuroinflammation. Mechanism exploration showed that inhibition of ERK1/2/p38 inflammatory signaling pathway contributing to the antidepressant effect of Sargassum pallidum in reducing intestinal inflammatory levels. This study confirmed the value of Sargassum pallidum and its rich plant metabolites in anti-inflammatory depression, providing a new choice for the follow-up research and development of antidepressant drugs., Competing Interests: Author MY was employed by Jiangxi Guxiang Jinyun Comprehensive Health Industry Co Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Su, Li, Lai, Song, Li, Ai, Zhang, Shao, Yang and Zhu.)

In this study, Sargassum pallidum polysaccharides (SPPs) were incorporated into chitosan (CH) to develop a novel edible active film (CH/SPPs-US) via ultrasonication. The mechanical, water vapor permeability, surface morphology, crystallinity, antioxidant, and fruit preservation properties of CH/SPPs-US films prepared under sequences of matrix ratios and ultrasound treatment were investigated. The results revealed that the addition of SPPs combined with ultrasonic treatment could significantly enhance the transparency, elongation and tensile strength of the films whereas the water vapor permeability was decreased. Tensile strength and elongation at break of the C2/SP1.2-US film were 12.07 N and 54.18%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those for CH film. Meanwhile, the water vapor permeability value of C2/SP1.2-US was reduced by as high as 40.2% compared with that of chitosan film. In addition, antioxidant effect evaluation showed that the CH-based films added with SPPs exhibited better antioxidant activity than CH film, and ultrasonic treatment could further strengthen the antioxidant activity of the film. The CH/SPPs-US films could effectively extend the shelf life and inhibit the deterioration of the strawberry at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C) and 70% ± 5% relative humidity for 7 days. These results indicated that the CH/SPPs edible films via ultrasonication could be developed as edible packaging films for the preservation of fresh fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Three polysaccharides (SPP‐30, SPP‐60 and SPP‐90) were fractionated from Sargassum pallidum by 30%, 60% and 90% (v/v) ethanol, successively. Their physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of SPP‐30, SPP‐60 and SPP‐90 were comparatively investigated. The results showed that three polysaccharide fractions contained different neutral sugar, protein, uronic acid and sulphate contents. SPP‐30 had the highest molecular weight (3.77–206.73 kDa), followed by SPP‐60 (5.55–189.44 kDa) and SPP‐90 (4.92 kDa). SPP‐30, SPP‐60 and SPP‐90 were composed of fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose but with different molar ratios. Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggested that they had different surface morphology and sizes of fragmentation. In vitro antioxidant assays suggested that SPP‐30 and SPP‐90 exhibited stronger scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals than SPP‐60. Moreover, SPP‐30 and SPP‐60 exhibited antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, while SPP‐90 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brown alga Sargassum pallidum has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Fucoidan is an important bioactive component in S. pallidum; however, its chemical structure has not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, two fucoidan fractions (SPF-1 and SPF-2) from S. pallidum were obtained by extraction with hot-water, ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange, and size-exclusion chromatography. The structural characterizations of SPF-1 and SPF-2 were investigated using the high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and gas chromatography (GC), followed by periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and methylation analysis. The results revealed the monosaccharide composition of SPF-1 and SPF-2 to be fucose, mannose, and galactose with small amounts of glucose, xylose, and rhamnose. The molecular weight of SPF-1 and SPF-2 was estimated to be 61.5 kDa and 167.6 kDa, respectively. The backbone of SPF-1 was mainly constituted by (1→3) linked Fuc, (1→3) linked Man, and (1→3,4) linked Man whereas the branches were composed of (1→3) linked Fuc. SPF-2 was a branched polysaccharide with a backbone consisted of (1→3) linked Fuc, (1→3) linked Gal, and (1→3,4) linked Gal and branches composed of (1→3) linked Fuc or Gal. In vitro bioassay revealed that SPF-2 showed higher cytotoxic activity than SPF-1 against P388 and A549 cells. These results provided an insight into the utilization and development of seaweed resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in vitro digestive and fermentation properties of Sargassum pallidum polysaccharide (SPP) after ultrasound degradation were investigated. The results showed that SPP and its degraded fractions were not affected by human saliva, but slightly degraded by breaking glycosidic bonds under simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and bile acid-binding capacity of SPP and its degraded fractions were decreased after digestion, which was attributed to the reduction of molecular weights (MWs) and viscosity. Furthermore, in vitro fermentation assay indicated that SPP and its degraded fractions showed good fermentability. The predominant compositional monosaccharides including arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, and uronic acid were significantly decreased, and the degraded SPP fractions were more easily fermented and utilized by gut bacteria. SPP and its degraded fractions could modulate gut health by decreasing the Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the relative abundances of some beneficial genera, such as Prevotella , Dialister , Phascolarctobacterium , Ruminococcus , and Bacteroides. These findings suggested that SPP and its degraded fractions exhibited similar influence on gut microbiota community, but appropriate degraded SPP fractions were more easily fermented by gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First data on concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni in brown algae Sargassum miyabei and S. pallidum in the coastal waters at Russky Island in Peter the Great Bay near Vladivostok are presented on the samples collected in July-August, 2016. S. pallidum that covers rocky southeastern coast (faced to the Ussuri Bay) is less polluted by the metals than the algae from other coasts of the Island. However, the elements concentrations in the algae at Russky Island, in general, mostly exceed their background levels for Sargassum algae in the northwestern Japan Sea.

Searching for natural products with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities is an important aspect of cancer research. Sargassum pallidum is an edible brown alga that has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of tumors. However, the purification and application of its active components are still insufficient. In the present study, the polysaccharides from S. pallidum (SPPs) with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities were isolated and purified, and five polysaccharide fractions (SPP-0.3, SPP-0.5, SPP-0.7, SPP-1, and SPP-2) were obtained. The ratio of total saccharides, monosaccharide composition, and sulfated contents was determined, and their structures were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, bioactivity analysis showed that all five fractions had significant antitumor activity against three types of cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and B16), and can induce cancer cell apoptosis. In addition, the results indicated that SPPs can enhance the proliferation of immune cells and improve the expression levels of serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α). SPP-0.7 was identified as the most active fraction and selected for further purification, and its physicochemical properties and antitumor mechanism were further analyzed. Transcriptome sequencing result showed that SPP-0.7 can significantly induce the cell apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cellular stress response process, and inhibit the normal physiological processes of cancer cells. Overall, SPPs and SPP-0.7 may be suitable for use as potential candidate agents for cancer therapy.

Qualitative and quantitative composition of the lipid complex and total content of polyphenols were compared in aqueous alcoholic extracts from three species of marine macrophytes collected in Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan. Examined seaweeds belonged to different phyla: green alga Ulva lactuca L. sea lettuce, brown alga Sargassum pallidum (Turner) C. Agardh sargassum pallidum, and red alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (Kanno et Matsubara) Makijenko ahnfeltia tobuchiensis. It was shown that glycolipids (30.3–41.5%) and neutral lipids (34–48.5%) prevailed among total lipids in the extracts from all three algal species; phospholipids accounted for 10–25.7% of total lipids. Among neutral lipids in all the seaweeds, triacylglycerols and free sterols prevailed. The greatest quantity of triacylglycerols was found in A.tobuchiensis and that of free sterols was in S. pallidum. As to the individual fractions of phospholipids, their composition and content considerably differed. In terms of content, predominant phospholipid fractions in the extract from U. lactuca were phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol, those from S. pallidum were phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl glycerol, and those from A. tobuchiensis were phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol. As to the percentage of main fatty acids comprising the lipid component of the extracts from the examined algal species, it was found that the extract from brown alga S. pallidum contained the greatest content of PUFA from the family n-6. The extract from green alga U. lactuca contained the greatest content of PUFA from the family n-3. In the extract from red alga A. tobuchiensis, arachidonic (family n-6) and eicosapentaenoic (family n-3) acids prevailed among PUFA. The greatest quantity of polyphenols was detected in the extract from brown alga S. pallidum, which 15–24 times exceeded respective figures in U. lactuca and A. tobuchiensis. Moreover, the extract from S. pallidum showed a much higher level of antiradical activity in respect to ABTS+, which was 5–12.5 times greater than in U. lactuca and A. tobuchiensis, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effects of different species of Haizao (haihaozi, Sargassum Pallidum or yangqicai, Sargassum Fusiforme) in Haizao Yuhu (HZYH) Decoction with or without gancao (Radix Glycyrrliizae) on the expressions of Bax, Be I-2 m RNA in goiter rats. Methods Rats (n = 144) were randomly divided into 9 groups: blank group, model group, positive drug euthy rox(20 pg/kg euthyrox) group, HZYH Decoction with yangqicai without gancao group (12.6 g/kg), HZYH Decoction with haihaozi without gancao group (12.6 g/kg), HZYH Decoction without haizao group (13. 5 g/kg), HZYH Decoction group with haihaozi (18.0 g/kg), HZYH Decoction group with yangqicai(18.0 g/kg), and H ZYH Decoction without Haizao and Gancao group (8.1 g/kg). During the modeling period, except for the blank group, the other groups of rats were given propyl thiouracil 10 mg/kg once a day for 14 days. The investigational treatment was administered after modeling for 28 days. Among them, the blank group and the model group were given the same amount of distilled water for gavage. The rat model of goiter was induced with propy Itluouracil (PTU). Except for the blank group, the others were correspondingly given interventional medicine respectively. Thyroid index of rats and pathological morphology in thyroid tissue were evaluated. The gene expressions of Bax and Bd-2 were respectively detected. Results The levels of thyroid index in model group and eutbyrox group were significantly increased compared with blank group (P<0.01). Compared with model group, thyroid index decreased in all other groups(P<0.01). Pathological observation of thyroid tissue showed that model group and euthyrox changed significantly compared with blank group. The lobulations of thyroid gland was disordered; the follicle size was different; the thyroid follicular epithelium cells presented with diffuse hyperplasia and hypertrophy. These changes were rectified to different degrees in other groups. The histopathological morphology of HZYH Decoction with haihaozi or yangqicai group was the closest to blank group. The expression of Bax m RNA in model group w as decreased compared with blank group (P<0.05). Its expressions were increased in HZYH Decoction with or without haizao and gancao groups compared with model group (P<0.05,P<0.01). There was no difference in the expression of Bd-2 m RNA between groups. Bax/Bd-2 in model groups was decreased compared with blank group (P<0.05). Bax/BcH-2 were increased in HZYH Decoction with or without haizao and gancao groups compared with model group (P<0.05,P< 0.01). Conclusion Different varieties of haizao in Haizao Yuhu Decoction containing high-dose antagonistic medicinal combination with modification have corrective effect on thyroid index and pathological morphology in thyroid tissue in goiter models. Its mechanism may be related with upregulation of Bax/Bd-2, which promotes apoptosis of thyroid cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sulfated modification on the in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of Sargassum pallidum polysaccharides (SPP). Three sulfated derivatives (S-SPP 1–4, S-SPP 1–6 and S-SPP 1–8) were prepared using chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method under different reaction conditions. Physicochemical characterization indicated that sulfated modification had successfully occurred. The degrees of substitution (DS) of S-SPP 1–4, S-SPP 1–6 and S-SPP 1–8 were determined to be ranging from 0.85 to 1.19. Sulfated modification resulted in some changes in chemical component, molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of SPP. Among these sulfated polysaccharides, S-SPP 1–4 exhibited the best DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, while S-SPP 1–8 exhibited the best α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and promoting-effect on glucose consumption in insulin resistant (IR)-HepG2 cells. Furthermore, all the sulfated derivatives exhibited better hypoglycemic ability than native SPP. These results suggest that appropriately sulfated modification could enhance the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of S. pallidum polysaccharides, which might be used as an alternative derivative of natural antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of abiotic and biotic stress factors, in the first place, upset the antioxidant defense system of the organism, causing the generation of the excess of high reactive oxygenic radicals, accompany with cell peroxidation of lipids within cell membranes. For restoration of the metabolic reactions of the organism upset by stress are using the complexes of biologically active substances, separated from seaweeds, possessing the high antioxidative and antiradical activity and are capable effectively neutralize the high toxic radicals. The purpose of the current research was to study the influence of extract of brown seaweed Sargassum pallidum on characteristics of the antioxidant defense system in liver and blood of mice at acute stress. The acute stress was simulated by suspending animals in the upright position by their neck dorsal skin fold for 24 hours. Administration of the S. pallidum at experimental stress resulted in a pronounced preventive action, which was occurred as preserving of the weight index of their viscera, absence of ulcerous damage of stomach mucosa, support of the stability of the organism antioxidant defense system indexes and a reduction of lipid peroxidation. The extract from S. pallidum has proven to be no less effective in protecting the organism metabolic reactions under an acute stress than the well- known stress protecting preparation – Eleutherococcus extract. The pronounced protective effect of the S. pallidum extract are explained by the action of antioxidant effect of polyphenols comprising, separated during the extraction of the exploring raw material. S. pallidum appears to be a promising raw material among the marine macrophytes for developing of the high effective stress-protective preparations with pronounced antioxidant properties.

The fucoidans were obtained by extraction with water and gradient precipitation with different concentrations of ethanol. The main structural characterisations and bioactivities were achieved. Four fractions of water-soluble crude fucoidans with different molecular weights - SPC60, SPC70, SPH60, SPH70 - were extracted from S. pallidum collected from the Yellow Sea, China, using cold water and hot water extraction, and fractional precipitation with gradient concentrations of ethanol. Chemical analysis demonstrated that all of these fucoidan fractions consisted of fucose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose with different monosaccharide mole ratios. Fractions SPC60, SPC70, and SPH70 showed moderate cytotoxic activity against P388 murine leukaemia cells. Fucoidan is a kind of bioactive polysaccharide from the brown algae. This study provides a fast and feasible method to obtain fucoidans from S. pallidum, which can be used as pharmaceutical material and functional food.

This study explores the influence of an extract enriched with polyphenol substances obtained from the brown alga Sargassum pallidum and the effect of the Legalon commercial reference preparation on the biochemical indices of the blood at acute hepatic injury induced in rats with carbon tetrachloride (CTC). Administration of S. pallidum extract exhibited a pronounced antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect revealed in reduction of alanine aminotransferase (AlAT) activity in blood plasm, in normalization of superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione contents, of the level of lipid peroxidation, and the liver antiradical activity. We observed recovery of lipid metabolism and elimination of liver fatty infiltration. The S. pallidum extract was as effective as the reference Legalon hepatoprotector and even surpassed it in its ability to restore the phospholipid metabolism. In our opinion, this hepatoprotective effect of S. pallidum extract is associated with the action of polyphenols contained in brown algae, that is, phlorotannins, which are highly active antioxidants and restore the liver metabolic reactions after toxic hepatic injury with CTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum pallidum polysaccharides were fractioned using a DEAE-Sepharose fast-flow column and four polysaccharide fractions (SP-P1, SP-P2, PV-P3 and SP-P4) were obtained. Structural analyses indicated that SP-P2 and SP-P4 had higher molecular weights than SP-P1 and SP-P3. SP-P2, SP-P3 and SP-P4 comprised of fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, and mannose in a similar molar ratio, while SP-P1 did not contain arabinose. SP-P2 and SP-P4 had a similar number of (1 → 6) or (1→) glycosidic linkages (1 → 2) or (1 → 4) glycosidic linkages and (1 → 3) glycosidic linkages, while SP-P1 and SP-P3 contained a small number of (1 → 3) glycosidic linkages. SP-P2 exhibited better bioactivities than SP-P1, SP-P3 and SP-P4, including antioxidant, anti-hemolysis inhibitory, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antiproliferative activities. These data suggest that S. pallidum has four polysaccharide fractions with different structural features and bioactivities and SP-P2 has potential to be explored as a functional food or complementary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal dynamics in the level of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidans) have been studied in three brown alga species from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan: Saccharina japonica, Sargassum pallidum, and Stephanocystis crassipes. In the latter two species, seasonal variations in the fucoidan content have been analyzed for the first time. During the year, the level of fucoidan in S. japonica varied from 0.98 to 4.19% dry weight; in S. crassipes, from 2.50 to 5.23%; in S. pallidum, from 1.86 to 6.31%. The maximum amount of this polysaccharide is accumulated in algae during reproduction: in August-October for S. japonica; in June and July for S. crassipes; and in July for S. pallidum. No significant correlation has been found between the level of fucoidan in algal tissues and the annual dynamics in sea water temperature, salinity, and concentration of biogenic elements. The obtained data can be helpful in determining the time to harvest algae for fucoidan extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] HPLC-HG-AFS method was applied to pharmacokinetic study of As in medicinal seaweed. [•] Trends of dose-dependence were shown for DMA and As(V) in concentration–time curves. [•] As(III) or MMA was not detected in any samples collected at all time points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrations of Cu, Pb, and As were determined in seawater, surface sediment, Sargassum pallidum collected from the Daya Bay, China. The influence of metal contamination on the marine alga was investigated at chemical and ultrastructural level. Mean concentrations of Cu (19.44 mg kg −1) and Pb (33.99 mg kg −1) were found to be high in sediment, whereas concentration of As (122.29 mg kg −1) in S. pallidum was higher than that in water and sediment. The ultrastructure of S. pallidum cells was anomalous and aberrant. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopic analysis revealed that the nanometal particles in the form of comparatively high-electron density substance diffused in the cell structures constituted by Cu, Pb, As, etc. There is a remarkable similarity or correspondence in the anomalous elements between the geochemistry and the botanic cell, and the heavy metals have potential hazardous effect on the ocean ecology system in Daya Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The molecular weights of SPS-3-1 and SPS-3-2 were determined to be 5.87 and 7.25kDa, respectively. [•] SPS-3-1 was composed of glucose, mannose and galactose in a molar ratio of 11.18:1.00:0.96. [•] SPS-3-2 was composed of fucose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 2.53:0.61:1.00:0.46:0.92. [•] SPS-3-2 was composed of (1→4)-linked fucopyranosyl backbone. [•] Branch chains of SPS-3-2 consisted of (1→3)-linked galactopyranosyl, (1→3)-linked mannopyranosyl, (1→2)-linked xylopyranosyl and (1→6)-linked glucopyranosyl residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The features of ontogenetic variation in the shell shape of the bivalve Mytilus trossulus were studied based on material that was collected from different biotopes in the Vostok Bay of the Sea of Japan in 2011. It was revealed that the mollusks had different shell shapes in rock populations and in foulings of artificial substrates but all the developmental changes fall within formerly recorded peculiarities. It is shown that significant deviations from the typical form of the shell are characteristic to mollusks from the fouling of thalli of the brown algae Sargassum pallidum that inhabit shallow water at surf-exposed rocky headlands. The mollusks from this biotope were characterized by numerous traces of deformations of the shell, an atypically skewed growth of the rear edge, and a significant excess (20-25%) of the width over the shell height. It was revealed that the recorded features of shell morphology are apparently associated with features of mussel habitation in an environment with active hydrodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]