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Mocaf (modified cassava flour) is flour made from cassava through a microbial fermentation process. Mocaf wastewater has high pollutants, so it needs to be processed before being discharged into the environment. This study aims to treat wastewater of mocaf using a hybrid method: electrocoagulation combined with adsorption. The electrocoagulation process used solar cell electric current. The electrode used aluminium with a distance of 3 cm. The time process of electrocoagulation is 30 minutes. The adsorption process used activated carbon commercials. The concentration of the adsorbent is 3, 5, and 10 g/L. The time process of adsorption is 9 hours with sampling times of 1, 3, 6, and 9 hours. The analysis carried are COD, TDS, TSS, pH. The hybrid method of electrocoagulation and adsorption using activated carbon commercial adsorbent had an efficiency of COD removal up to 47,27% (3863 mg/L), optimum pH of wastewater mocaf 8,295; TDS 846 mg/L; TSS 500 mg/L on concentration adsorbent ten g/L and 6 hours adsorption time. The hybrid method of electrocoagulation and adsorption could reduce pollutants in mocaf wastewater and the result under the quality standard of pH, TDS, and TSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cadmium discharge is one of the most watched issues in an environment and its removal either in waste-stream or environment requires high cost and energy consumption. The adsorption is an applicable process mostly used in any waste-water treatment process to date. The natural biomass offers a candidacy to be converted as environmentally friendly bio-sorbent for cadmium and lead however the study on marine algal biomass modification as biosorbent to remove heavy metals is limited. This study was aimed to synthesize and characterize biosorbent derived from marine algal biomass, Chlorella vulgaris-supported Zero Valent Iron (ZVI). This study was applying a sequence of modification, i.e.: alkali activation using NaOH followed by wet reduction to generate biomass-supported ZVI. Thus, three types of biosorbents were characterized and evaluated to remove Cd and Pb. The characterization of biosorbent was carried out using FTIR and the measurement for both Cd and Pb was conducted using FAAS. The investigation on biosorbent using FTIR exhibited several functional group consisted of mainly hydroxyl, carbonyl and amino. The Chlorella vulgaris-supported ZVI was able to remove 96% of Cd and 97% of Pb, more effective compared to NaOH activation and non-modified biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the performance and cost analysis of electrocoagulation process, various electrolytes are picked out to remove Fe, color, and turbidity in peat water through batch and continuous reactors. Peat water has brownish red color, acidity, high turbidity, and a large concentration of Fe which exceed the water standard quality. Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical method for water treatment that along the anode where active coagulant as aluminum ions is released into the solution. Several kinds of electrolytes are applied, such as 0.01M NaCl p.a., 0.01M NaCl technical grade, 0.01M NH4Cl p.a., and 0.01M K2SO4 p.a. with process time up to 120 minutes. The results show that the electrocoagulation in a batch process using NH4Cl for 120 minutes obtains the highest of removal percentage of Fe, color, and turbidity, which are 90.92%, 84.93%, and 99.94%, respectively. However, according to scoring evaluation, commercial NaCl using through continuous reactor generates the outputs have fulfilled the water standard quality as well as batch condition with low-cost production about Rp 23.21/Liter, about 64.18% cheaper than without electrolytes addition, and 82.93% more inexpensive than generally chemical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorbent of bioethanol black liquor sludge was used to adsorb acid red and acid orange dyes. The aim of this research is to obtain the decolorization the dyes with vaiation of adsorption time and adsorbent dose in dyes solution. The characterization of the adsorbent was determined using SEM and BET. The surface area of adsorbent from black liquor was 141.96 m2/g and a pore size of 2.06 nm, the surface morphology is porous, serrated, and rough. While the best adsorption time was 20-60 minutes in both dyes, the decolorization value was achieved up to 99%. The dominant isotherm adsorption was Langmuir isotherm, pseudo second-order kinetic models, and the maximum adsorption capacity is 10.56 mg/g on Acid Orange and 9.32mg/g on Acid Red. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black liquor is one of the main by-products of the pretreatment process in bioethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Black liquor wastewater releases black coloured effluent with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and low dissolved oxygen (DO). It had a distinctive dark coloration, high alkalinity (pH=13), high organic content (COD > 50,000 ppm) and a high solid content (TSS > 5,000 ppm). Lignin destruction can be done by using high oxidation from OH radical system such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Thereafter, the high concentration of COD, color, and TSS can be removed. The general aim of the present investigation was to determine degradation of black liquor wastewater by using a combined coagulation and Fenton-like methods. In this research, we use Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) as a coagulant and FeCl3.6H2O and H2O2 for Fenton-like's reagent. The process was conducted in jar test at 200 rpm for 30 minutes and after that slowly mixed for 2 hours and left for sedimentation 24 hours. 50 ml black liquor was added with variation dose of 1-5% PAC, and 10 % Fenton-like reagent. Hydroxyl radical was generated by the Fentonlike's reagent (ratio FeCl3.6H2O: H2O2 was varied). The highest decolorization of black liquor 70 % was obtained under 5% PAC coagulant. The pH of the wastewater was reduced from 13.00 to 8.07 after the addition of the coagulant. The decolorization of original black liquor was approximately 58% through the Fenton-like process. The combination of PAC and Fenton-like reagent has able to enhance the decolorization of black liquor up to 97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2−coated glass has been successfully prepared for practical water treatment application under UV-light irradiation. This work demonstrated the immobilized TiO2 powder on glass support using the dip-and spray coating method. The number of coating processes was varied to studies their effect on photocatalytic efficiency. The annealed process at high temperature was conducted to improve the adhesion of TiO2 powder to the glass substrates. Surface observation of the coating TiO2 showed that the dip-coating method has a better result than the spray coating method. All the glass surfaces can be covered by TiO2 perfectly, and this process did not affect the photocatalytic activity. Almost 100% of 4 ppm Rhodamine B could be decomposed by immobilized TiO2. The current research is potentially used as a standard method to immobilize TiO2 on the glass substrate on a larger scale in the future. Accordingly, separating the process between TiO2 and liquid-based solution after the photocatalytic process is more straightforward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fibrous shape of catalysts offers a higher surface area and more accessible active sites than the extrudate and granules counterparts. While entanglement of the fibrous structure may form a self-standing material, its low mass density and brittle nature of catalysts hinder it from practical application, hence, sturdy support is required. This study aims to fabricate a fibrous silica-bound titanium dioxide photocatalyst on top of a fiberglass surface mat (FSM) support using a blow-spinning (BS) technique. The spinning volume varied between 1 and 5 mL while maintaining the Ti/Si mass ratio at 40 and 60%. The BS produced long and continuous fiber of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-silica-titania composite on top of the FSM for both 40% and 60% composites. Calcination of the composite fiber at 450 °C/2h burnt off the PVP leaving behind the silica-titania composite. After calcination, the two samples displayed different morphology. The silica-titania composite in the 40% Ti/Si sample was found to be deeply penetrated the FSM support and formed a rigid composite. The fibrous structure of the silica-titania, however, collapsed. On the other hand, the silica-titania composite in the 60% Ti/Si sample sits on top of the FSM and partially retained the fibrous shape. Despite the fiber structural collapse and variation in the silica-titania location in the composite, it retained a high photocatalytic activity against methyl orange, methylene blue, and a combination of both dyes. The FSM had a high affinity to adsorb MB and MB removal is due to a combination of adsorption and photodegradation. MO removal, on the other hand mainly due to photodegradation. Higher TiO2 content and spinning volume are beneficial for MO removal but not for MB removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethanol second generation (G-2) production process generated black liquor that need to treat before the disposal to prevent environmental pollution. Usually, coagulation technology using polyaluminium chloride was employed to precipitate dissolved lignin and intended to decolorize black liquor. However, this single work is not effective to treat black liquor, so that it requires another work to treat remain brownish liquor. Isolated fungal strain from Japan Trametes versicolor U 80 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium are white rot fungi that are known in ligninolytic enzymes secretion to biodegrade soluble lignin. Decolorization of black and brownish liquor is an indicator of fungi works since lignin is known as the colour agent in liquor colouration. This work evaluated black and brownish liquor decolorization using both fungi that correspond to fungal growth. Liquor toxicity was observed based on mycelial dry weight after 30 days incubation as the presumption of the connection of fungal growth and decolorization. The biosorption from the dead cell was also evaluated for fungal adsorption capability in black and brownish decolorization. As the result, T. versicolor U 80 was able to decolorize brownish liquor 51.5% after 21 days incubation and 68.6% black liquor at 15 days incubation. MnP and Laccase enzymes activity in 15 and 21 days are correlated to those decolorized results. The dead cell was also able to decolorize 67.3% brownish liquor and 25.1% black liquor after 15 days incubation as biosorption mechanism. This research described fungal potential in decolorization as the simple black liquor treatment technology and gave valuable information related to environmental friendly decolorization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beverage industry wastewater contains high COD, TSS, and color. The development of efficient process treatment is needed to reduce the pollutant concentration from beverage industry wastewater. In this paper, the application of electrocoagulation and adsorption using activated carbon were investigated. The optimum conditions for electrocoagulation process were inter-electrode distance 2 cm, 12 voltage and monopolar arrangement which reduced color, COD, and TSS for 51.3, 56.3, and 70.2%, respectively. The further step was adsorption process with 10 g/L dose of powder activated carbon. It reduced color, COD, and TSS for 98.66, 92.15, and 90.12%, respectively. The results showed that electrocoagulation and adsorption could treat beverage industry wastewater into fulfilled the established quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coagulation and flocculation process was used to treat black liquor wastewater from alkali pretreatment of bioethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunch. The optimization and the effect of pH, coagulant and flocculant dosage against decolorization, TSS reduction, final pH and sludge volume were investigated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Six combination were used, however, no combination gave good result to all four responses. Decolorization percentage of 99.69% was obtained by the combination of PAC and anionic polyacrylamide. The combination of alum and anionic polyacrylamide gave 91.12% TSS reduction. Final pH of 7.3 was resulted also from the combination of PAC and anionic polyacrylamide While, 50 ml sludge volume was generated from the combination of PAC and anionic polyacrylamide. From RSM with Central Composite Design (CCD) analysis, strong interaction between coagulant dosage and pH revealed to be the significant factor for black liquor wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified cassava flour is made from fermented cassava and applied to substitute wheat flour. Mocaf wastewater was produce from the cassava soaking and fermentation process. This wastewater contains organic pollutant that must be treated before thrown into the environment. The objective of this study is to reduce COD, TSS, and TDS in Mocaf wastewater using electrocoagulation. The study was conducted on a laboratory scale using a batch reactor electrocoagulation with an aluminum electrode. The voltage of electro coagulator was varied (12, 18, and 24 Volt) with process time was 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes. The results showed that removal of COD, TDS, and TSS in mocaf wastewater increases with an increasing electrolysis time. COD, TSS, and TDS removal could achieve 73%, 90%, and 36% respectively. Kinetic adsorption data fitted with a pseudo-second-order for COD removal. At the end of electrolysis time, the pH of wastewater towards neutral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High amounts of black liquor are generated from bioethanol production by using oil palm empty fruit bunches. The black liquor is waste from alkaline pretreatment, it contains high amount of an alkaline solution (NaOH). The black liquor wastewater was highly contaminated with organic materials, and quite toxic for aquatic ecosystems if discharged directly into waters. This study aimed to determine ability of Fenton process combined with coagulation to treat black liquor. The addition 5% of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) could decolorized black liquor, degraded lignin, and produced sludge 70.64%, 68.28%, and 2.76 gram, respectively. Decolorization of black liquor was in line with degradation of black liquor because lignin is the main compound in black liquor. SEM images after addition of PAC of 5% indicated fragmentation of structure. Fenton reagent consist of 0.7 M FeSO4+ 3M H2O2 has able to decolorize black liquor, degrade lignin, and produce sludge 51.67% and 25.44%, and 0.44 gram, respectively. It was concluded that black liquor wastewater from bioethanol can be treated by using Fenton process combined with coagulation. However, these methods still need improvement to obtain the higher degradation rate, and coagulation sludge needs further consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethanol G2 production using oil palm empty fruit bunch as raw material consists of four steps, namely pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification process. Pretreatment process generates black liquor that causes serious environmental pollution if it is released to the environment. The objective of this research is studying the ability of iron oxide coating sands to adsorb the color of black liquor. The iron oxide coating sands were synthesized from FeCl3.6H2O with quartz sands as support material. This research was conducted on batch mode using black liquor in various pH values. Result obtained that kind of iron oxide on quartz sands's surface was goethite. The result also indicated decreasing of color intensity of black liquor after adsorption process. This research supports local material utilization in environmental technology development to solve some environmental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]