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Vitamin E acetate (VEA) is commonly used in manufacturing pharmaceuticals, food additives, and animal feeds. However, VEA possesses disadvantages, including low water solubility, low bioavailability, and susceptibility to degradation and oxidation. This study investigated the use of cocoliposomes for encapsulating VEA (VEACL). The cocoliposomes consisted of coconut phospholipids (CocoPLs) and cholesterol (Chol). Several parameters, such as functional groups, transition temperature, encapsulation efficiency (EE), release profile, particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential, were analyzed to evaluate the impact of cholesterol inclusion on the cocoliposome membrane. The results show that the Fourier transform infrared spectra of VEACL do not exhibit any new, distinct peaks that differ from the peaks of its constituent composition. Therefore, it confirmed that no chemical reactions occurred during the manufacturing of VEACL. Cholesterol in the system raises the transition temperature of phospholipids and enhances the stability of VEACL. The EE remains above 80% despite a 20% increase in cholesterol levels. The release rate of VEA from cocoliposomes was slower with VEACL–20%Chol compared to VEACL–0%Chol. The cholesterol level leads to a decrease in particle size and an increase in the negative zeta potential of the cocoliposomes. Data show that cocoliposomes are effective carriers for VEA encapsulation.

Yogyakarta is one of the areas in Indonesia with a high risk of earthquakes due to its proximity to the subduction zone of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate and the presence of active fault activity, namely the Opak fault, which generates shallow earthquakes. A total of 13 destructive earthquakes were recorded in Yogyakarta and surrounding areas from 1840 to 2023, with the most destructive earthquake occurring in 2006 in Bantul. A total of 417 earthquakes were felt in the Yogyakarta area between May 2006 and March 2016. The high earthquake activity after the 26 May 2006 earthquake indicates a stress field on the active fault segment that has not been fully released. This study aims to analyze the seismotectonic parameter b-value spatially and temporally to determine the accumulation of tectonic stress in Yogyakarta. The method used is a frequency-magnitude distribution with Gutenberg-Richter relation and Maximum Likelihood approach. Earthquake data were obtained from ISC and BMKG catalogs, with a total of 205 events. The results show that spatially, the b-value of the Yogyakarta region is generally low with a range of values of 0.35 - 0.75 using a grid of 1.5 x 1.5 km and a radius of 15 km with low values around the Opak fault and Ngalang Fault, meaning that the area still holds a high accumulation of stress energy and has the potential for large earthquakes to occur again in the future. Temporal analysis of the b-value shows a tendency for the b-value to decrease before a large earthquake and increase afterwards, reflecting the accumulation and release of stress in the rock.

We conducted a prospective study of 159 cases of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) bacteremia in 157 patients at 2 hospitals in Finland during November 2015–November 2019. Cellulitis was associated with nonsevere disease (p = 0.008); necrotizing fasciitis was associated with severe disease (p = 0.004). Fifty percent of patients had >1 clinical characteristic associated with risk for death. The case-fatality rate was 6%, and 7% of patients were treated in an intensive care unit. Blood leukocyte counts on days 2 (p = 0.032) and 3 (p = 0.020) and C-reactive protein levels on days 3 (p = 0.030) and 4 (p = 0.009) after admission were predictors of severe disease. The Pitt bacteremia score was an accurate predictor of death. Using the Pitt bacteremia score, leukocyte counts, and CRP responses during initial treatment can improve treatment strategies and survival for patients with SDSE.

The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between corporate social and environmental responsibility expenditure, research and development (R&D) intensity, and corporate investment in 47 basic industrial and chemical companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2015 to 2019. The study found a positive correlation between corporate social and environmental responsibility expenditure and R&D intensity and that R&D intensity fully mediates the relationship between corporate social and environmental responsibility expenditure and corporate investment. The results suggest that R&D intensity is crucial in enhancing corporate investment performance. This study contributes to the literature on corporate social and environmental responsibility expenditure, R&D intensity, and investment in emerging markets by providing empirical evidence that R&D intensity plays a key role in boosting corporate investment.

Abstract : This research aimed to examine the impact of business capital, duration of company, and business location on the revenue of micro, small, and medium-sized businesses in Bantul Regency, specifically in Banguntapan. This is a quantitative research that employs primary data sources; the population and sample size are 100 Indonesian merchants. The data was collected using a questionnaire with nominal and Likert scales. This study's data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that: 1) Business capital does not influence on the income of micro, small, and medium firms. 2)The duration of the business had a beneficial and substantial influence on the income of micro, small, and medium firms. 3)Micro, small, and medium-sized businesses' incomes are unaffected by their location. Future study is intended to explore variables other than those analyzed to gain more diverse results and learn about additional aspects that might impact the revenue of micro, small, and medium-sized firms. Abstrak : Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari modal usaha, jangka waktu berdirinya, dan lokasi usaha terhadap pendapatan usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah di Kabupaten Bantul, khususnya di Banguntapan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang memakai data primer; populasi dan ukuran sampel yaitu seratus pedagang Indonesia. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan memakai kuesioner dengan skala nominal dan likert. Data penelitian ini dianalisis memakai analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa: 1) modal usaha tidak memberikan pengaruhnya kepada pendapatan usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah. 2) lamanya usaha mempunyai pengaruh yang menguntungkan dan besar terhadap pendapatan usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah. 3) pendapatan usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah tidak terpengaruh oleh lokasinya. Penelitian di masa depan dimaksudkan untuk mengeksplorasi variabel-variabel selain yang dianalisis untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih beragam dan mempelajari aspek-aspek tambahan yang mungkin berdampak pada pendapatan usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah.

Abstract Background Tumor cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contribute to the polarization of macrophages towards tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). High expression levels of the RNA binding protein IGF2BP2/IMP2 are correlated with increased tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and poor prognosis in the clinic. However, there is a lack of understanding of whether IMP2 affects the cargo of cancer cell-derived EVs, thereby modulating macrophage polarization. Methods EVs were isolated from IMP2-expressing HCT116 parental cells (WT) and CRISPR/Cas9 IMP2 knockout (KO) cells. EVs were characterized according to MISEV guidelines, microRNA cargo was assessed by microRNA-Seq, and the protein cargo was analyzed by proteomics. Primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were polarized by EVs, and the expression of genes and surface markers was assessed using qPCR and flow cytometry, respectively. Morphological changes of macrophages, as well as the migratory potential of cancer cells, were assessed by the Incucyte® system and macrophage matrix degradation potential by zymography. Changes in the metabolic activity of macrophages were quantified using a Seahorse® analyzer. For in vivo studies, EVs were injected into the yolk sac of zebrafish larvae, and macrophages were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Results EVs from WT and KO cells had a similar size and concentration and were positive for 25 vesicle markers. The expression of tumor-promoting genes was higher in macrophages polarized with WT EVs than KO EVs, while the expression of TNF and IL6 was reduced. A similar pattern was observed in macrophages from zebrafish larvae treated in vivo. WT EV-polarized macrophages showed a higher abundance of TAM-like surface markers, higher matrix degrading activity, as well as a higher promotion of cancer cell migration. MicroRNA-Seq revealed a significant difference in the microRNA composition of WT and KO EVs, particularly a high abundance of miR-181a-5p in WT EVs, which was absent in KO EVs. Inhibitors of macropinocytosis and phagocytosis antagonized the delivery of miR-181a-5p into macrophages and the downregulation of the miR-181a-5p target DUSP6. Proteomics data showed differences in protein cargo in KO vs. WT EVs, with the differentially abundant proteins mainly involved in metabolic pathways. WT EV-treated macrophages exhibited a higher basal oxygen consumption rate and a lower extracellular acidification rate than KO EV-treated cells. Conclusion Our results show that IMP2 determines the cargo of EVs released by cancer cells, thereby modulating the EVs' actions on macrophages. Expression of IMP2 is linked to the secretion of EVs that polarize macrophages towards a tumor-promoting phenotype.

This study investigates the dynamics of financial competence among customers and employees of Bank BNI, focusing on the roles of mindset, saving behavior, and financial knowledge. Using a quantitative research design with a sample size of 100 participants selected through random sampling, data were analyzed using Smart PLS for path analysis. The findings reveal significant direct relationships: mindset positively influences both financial knowledge (FK) and financial competence (FC), while saving behavior directly enhances FC. Additionally, indirect effects show that both mindset and saving behavior contribute to FC through their positive impacts on FK. These results highlight the critical importance of psychological factors and proactive financial behaviors in shaping individuals' financial capabilities. For Bank BNI, promoting a positive financial mindset and supporting disciplined saving practices could effectively enhance financial literacy and decision-making among stakeholders. Future research could explore additional variables and interventions to further refine strategies for fostering financial competence across diverse demographic groups.

Abstract: Frederic Hegel centered his philosophy on the problem of recognition. He developed the idea that the individual defines himself in a conflictual relationship with others. For Hegel, self-consciousness can only be achieved through explicit recognition, granted by another consciousness. This recognition is motivated by the human desire to be recognized by others. Thus, the one who is recognized becomes the master, thanks to the slave who recognizes his sovereignty, and the slave becomes a slave thanks to the master who dominates his existence. The slave, linked to nature and the world of objects, seeks to transform himself through work. On the other hand, the master consumes the products of the slave's labor and lives thanks to him. The master-slave dialectic shows a relationship where each party recognizes itself through the other; their true essence is only realized through this mutual recognition. Keywords: self-awareness, others, desire, conflict, work.

The increase in coconut production in Lapeo Village has resulted in a rise in coconut husk waste. Regrettably, the local community tends to dispose of this waste rather than processing it. However, coconut husks, rich in nutritional content, especially fiber and protein, have the potential to be processed into various products with health benefits. Therefore, this community engagement initiative aims to provide knowledge about the nutritional content of coconut husks, followed by training sessions to process coconut husks into flour and create food products, namely semprit and banana sponge cake. Based on data analysis, this initiative has successfully increased community awareness regarding the nutritional content of coconut husks, proficiency in processing techniques, and enthusiasm for creating processed products. Furthermore, overall, this engagement contributes to opening new opportunities in utilizing coconut husk waste as a valuable high-economic-value raw material, with the hope of addressing local economic challenges and supporting environmental sustainability.

Rapid progress poses significant dangers to environmental contamination and harm, leading to disruptions in the conservation of the local ecosystem. Damage to the environment and pollution represent a collective responsibility shouldered by society, with the government accountable for all expenses related to restoring the impacted environment. The issues concerning those responsible for environmental harm can be addressed through judicial means or alternative dispute resolution methods. The questions to consider are: First, how is the resolution of environmental conflicts handled outside of court when viewed from a civil law perspective? Second, what challenges exist in resolving disputes outside of the judiciary in Indonesia? The approach taken for this research is normative in nature. The findings indicate that settling disputes outside of court aims to achieve a compensation agreement that mitigates further negative impacts on the environment. Common challenges encountered in out-of-court dispute resolution include differing viewpoints between the party that has suffered harm and the party responsible, as well as the complexities associated with enforcing administrative law that can lead to the withdrawal of business permits, prompting the need to address cases of environmental damage through legal channels.

Abstract DNA polymerase III sliding clamp (DnaN) was recently validated as a new anti-tuberculosis target employing griselimycins. Three (2 S,4 R)−4-methylproline moieties of methylgriselimycin play significant roles in target binding and metabolic stability. Here, we identify the mycoplanecin biosynthetic gene cluster by genome mining using bait genes from the 4-methylproline pathway. We isolate and structurally elucidate four mycoplanecins comprising scarce homo-amino acids and 4-alkylprolines. Evaluating mycoplanecin E against Mycobacterium tuberculosis surprisingly reveals an excitingly low minimum inhibition concentration at 83 ng/mL, thus outcompeting griselimycin by approximately 24-fold. We show that mycoplanecins bind DnaN with nanomolar affinity and provide a co-crystal structure of mycoplanecin A-bound DnaN. Additionally, we reconstitute the biosyntheses of the unusual l-homoleucine, l-homonorleucine, and (2 S,4 R)−4-ethylproline building blocks by characterizing in vitro the full set of eight enzymes involved. The biosynthetic study, bioactivity evaluation, and drug target validation of mycoplanecins pave the way for their further development to tackle multidrug-resistant mycobacterial infections.

In seven decades of the multiparty democracy period, Turkey has experienced four military coups. Even though the coups are thought to be a cold war phenomenon in the literature, they are still relevant. The failed coup attempt in 2016 reminds us that the military coup is still a critical issue in Turkish democracy and the economy. Interestingly, there is not an adequate amount of empirical research on the political economy of Turkey’s military coup experience. This study’s motivation is to provide empirical evidence for the economic growth-coup nexus literature with a core focus on Turkey, which is a remarkable case in many aspects. For this purpose, we extend an open-economy Cobb-Douglas production function with coups and use the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) method for the period 1950 to 2014. According to the study’s empirical findings, coup d’états negatively affect real GDP in Turkey. Through structural reforms, Turkey should strengthen its democratic institutions to prevent such antidemocratic attempts.

Gelatin is a type of protein consisting of amino acids produced through the hydrolysis of collagen. One natural source that can be used as a raw material for making gelatin is the shrimp shell. This study aims to determine the characteristics of gelatin made from Jerbung shrimp shells (Fenneropenaeus marguensis de Man) using three types of acid solvents, namely, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. The hydrolysis process by soaking with acid solvent was carried out with varying concentrations of 1%, 3% and 6%. The results of the analysis of the physical characteristics of gelatin with acetic acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid were suitable for SNI. The pH values ranged from 4.5–6.5, the water content was less than 16%, the ash content was 3.25%, the viscosity ranged from 1.5–7 cP, and the gel strength ranged from 50–300 blooms. The FTIR data of gelatin synthesized from 3 types of acids revealed typical absorption peaks, such as N–H and O–H functional groups at wavenumbers of 3600–3400 cm-1, C–H groups 3000–2840 cm-1, and C=O groups at wavenumbers of 1800–1650 cm-1. These results indicate that Jerbung shrimp shells have potential as alternative raw materials for making gelatin.

Penyakit antraknosa merupakan penyakit penting pada buah pepaya yang disebabkan oleh Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Pengendalian penyakit tanaman mengunakan fungisida nabati berasal dari bahan-bahan alami, seperti daun mangga, daun pepaya, daun mengkudu, dan rimpang lengkuas dapat menghambat C. gloeosporioides. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan ekstrak daun mangga, daun pepaya, daun mengkudu, daun sirih, dan rimpang lengkuas berdasarkan nilai AUDPC dalam mengendalikan penyakit antraknosa C. gloeosporioides. Percobaan dilakukan dalam dua tahap yaitu uji in vitro dan uji in vivo. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan uji in vitro disusun dalam Racangan Acak Lengkap dengan 6 perlakuan 5 ulangan. dan uji in vivo disusun dalam Racangan Acak Kelompok dengan 6 perlakuan 5 kelompok. Data yang diperoleh diuji lanjut mengunakan uji BNT pada taraf 5%. Konsentrasi yang digunakan masing masing ekstrak yaitu 60%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun sirih memiliki pengaruh yang paling efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides dibandingkan dengan perlakuan ekstrak daun mangga, daun mengkudu, daun pepaya, dan rimpang lengkuas

This research aims to analyze the influence of CSR expenditure elements on debt financing with accounting conservatism as a moderating variable. This research uses a quantitative approach by collecting secondary data from sustainability reports, financial reports, and annual reports taken from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website and the web pages of each company. The research sample covers the observation period 2020-2022. Using company data registered on IDX and publishing sustainability reports on the company website. The research sample was obtained using purposive sampling, and 213 observation samples were obtained. The research results show that the element of CSR performance, namely environmental expenditure, hurts debt financing. Meanwhile, elements of social expenditure and economic expenditure from CSR have a positive effect on debt financing. The results of the moderation test show that the influence of environmental expenditure and debt financing cannot be moderated by accounting conservatism. Meanwhile, accounting conservatism can moderate the influence of social expenditure and economic expenditure on debt financing. The first two implications of this research are the transparency of CSR activities in environmental, social, and economic expenditure, which is a positive signal of external parties' trust in the company's debt financing policy. Second, a high level of accounting conservatism considers the interests of stakeholders who strengthen CSR policies in that social and economic expenditures influence corporate debt financing decisions.

Social forestry has become an integral part of Indonesia's efforts to balance economic development, conservation of natural resources, and the well-being of local communities. The Jokowi administration has made significant efforts to promote this initiative, including allocating 12.7 million hectares of state forest areas and recognizing it as an instrument to address tenure issues in forest areas through the Omnibus Law on Job Creation with getting support from various regulations by relevant ministries. However, social forestry support is needed down to the local government/regional levels (provincial, regency, and village levels). This study aims to analyze the local government’s support for implementing social forestry. We employ Social Network Analysis to identify local government entities and their relationships in implementation processes. Additionally, document analysis is used to assess the extent of local government support through their working documents. The study shows that local government support for the implementation is still limited, with its execution primarily concentrated within a few agencies. Social forestry has not yet fully become a strategy for achieving community well-being around forests, enhancing local economies, or protecting forest resources. Furthermore, stakeholders' understanding of social forestry, resource availability, and local government policies to support it remains limited. Improvements in these three aspects are necessary to ensure successful implementation at the regional levels.

CuFe2O/hydroxyapatite magnetic composites were synthesized via a hydrothermal technique using Pensi clam shells as a calcium source and betel leaf extract as a capping agent. XRD patterns of the composite displayed appearance peaks of the hexagonal structure of hydroxyapatite and the cubic structure of spinel CuFe2O4. SEM and TEM images show the spherical CuFe2O4 nanoparticles were distributed on the surface of granular hydroxyapatite grains. CuFe2O/hydroxyapatite composites have an absorption edge in the visible region with Eg values within the range of 1.68–1.83 eV. The composites possess a soft ferromagnetic behavior with the range of saturation magnetic (Ms) is 17.7–38.4 emu/g, remnant magnetization (Mr) is 1.3–2.2 emu/g and magnetic coercivity (Hc) is 363–372 Oe. The surface area of the composite estimated by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method is 13.699 m2/g. The degradation percentage of Direct Red 81 dye reached 99.8% for 2 h irradiation. As an antibacterial agent against S. aureus and E. coli, the composite showed resistance with 11.9 mm of inhibition zone.

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] (GLY) adsorbs strongly in Finnish soils. A new method for GLY and its main degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in clay soils (Protovertic Luvisol) was developed and validated. A new method was necessary because the previous one required laborious cleaning pre-treatments, and its recovery was quite poor (

Abstract Sample preparation in untargeted metabolomics should allow reproducible extractions of as many molecules as possible. Thus, optimizing sample preparation is crucial. This study compared six different extraction procedures to find the most suitable for extracting zebrafish larvae in the context of an infection model. Two one-phase extractions employing methanol (I) and a single miscible phase of methanol/acetonitrile/water (II) and two two-phase methods using phase separation between chloroform and methanol/water combinations (III and IV) were tested. Additional bead homogenization was used for methods III and IV (III_B and IV_B). Nine internal standards and 59 molecules of interest (MoInt) related to mycobacterial infection were used for method evaluation. Two-phase methods (III and IV) led to a lower feature count, higher peak areas of MoInt, especially amino acids, and higher coefficients of variation in comparison to one-phase extractions. Adding bead homogenization increased feature count, peak areas, and CVs. Extraction I showed higher peak areas and lower CVs than extraction II, thus being the most suited one-phase method. Extraction III and IV showed similar results, with III being easier to execute and less prone to imprecisions. Thus, for future applications in zebrafish larvae metabolomics and infection models, extractions I and III might be chosen.

Background: Osteoarthritis currently remains a significant health problem due to its high prevalence and morbidity rate. Radiological examination is still used as a gold standard to determine the severity of knee osteoarthritis by using Kellgren-Lawrence grading. Dextrose prolotherapy has been known to be effective in treating pain in knee osteoarthritis, but none has compared the efficacy between mild and moderate-severe knee osteoarthritis. Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of prolotherapy based on its radiological and symptomatic severity in knee osteoarthritis. Methods: In this pre-post study, the participants who underwent dextrose prolotherapy injection (25% intra-articular and 15% periarticular) for three sessions with four weeks intervals were grouped into mild (grade 1-2) and severe (grade 3-4) groups. Participants’ functional status was measured with Western Ontario and McMaster Universities’ arthritis index scores at baseline and week 12. Results: A total of 21 patients (average age 61.42 ± 8.33, BMI 26.81± 3.72) received three therapy sessions. Both groups had significantly better Western Ontario and McMaster Universities arthritis index scores than baseline (-22.57± 11.9; p = 0.002 and -15.42 ± 15.75; p = 0.003). All parameters were improved significantly (p 0.05; CI 95%: -21.3 – 7.05). Conclusion: Prolotherapy effectively improves functional outcomes in all stages of knee osteoarthritis.

Abstract Background Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis is a human pathogen causing severe invasive infections. Detailed information on S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia and especially of predisposing factors are lacking. The purpose of the study is to investigate the risk factors of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia compared to the general population in Finland. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients older than 18 years with S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia in the Pirkanmaa health district from August 2015 to July 2018. The risk factors for S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia were investigated with respect to the normal population in Finland using the Finhealth study data provided by the Finnish institute for health and welfare. The study group was matched with the Finhealth study by age and sex. Results Altogether 230 cases of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia were detected. The medical records of 217 episodes of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia (involving 211 patients) were available for analysis. Obesity was a statistically significant risk factor for S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia (Odds Ratio 2.96 [95% CI 2.22–3.96]). Diabetes and coronary artery disease were also associated with an increased risk of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia (OR 4.82 [95% CI 3.62–6.42]) and (OR 3.03 [95% CI 2.18–4.19]). Conclusions We found obesity, diabetes, and coronary artery disease to be associated with an increased risk for S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia. These results provide an increased understanding of risk factors for S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia.

Introduction To evaluate the degree to which socioeconomic differences in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are accounted for by differences in maternal risk factors, to assess whether age-related risks of GDM differ across socioeconomic groups, and to identify priority populations for future interventions.Research design and methods We performed a register-based study using data from the Finnish Medical Birth Register and Statistics Finland on the 474 166 women who gave birth in Finland from 2008 to 2015. We collected information on GDM based on the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes O24.4 and O24.9. We used multivariable models to examine the association between socioeconomic status, maternal risk factors, and GDM. We further tested interaction on multiplicative and additive scales.Results The incidence of GDM was 8.7% in 2008–2011 and 12.5% in 2012–2015. Lower socioeconomic levels than upper level employees were associated with an increased risk of GDM. Up to 64.0% of socioeconomic differences in GDM were attributed to body mass index and 5.5% to smoking. There was evidence for effect modification. Relative to women in the upper level category who were aged less than 19 years, GDM adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for women 35 years or older in upper level versus long-term unemployed groups were 3.28 (2.08–5.18) and 5.29 (3.35–8.35), respectively.Conclusions There is a paradox that socioeconomic advantage increases the incidence of GDM at the population level while reducing the incidence of GDM within the population. Nevertheless, socioeconomic differences in GDM persist and widen with increasing maternal age, even after accounting for maternal risk factors.

The existence of cash in a company's financial balance sheet is an important component. Without cash, the company's activities will not be able to run. This research aims to analyze and provide empirical evidence regarding the influence of growth opportunity, net working capital, cash conversion cycle, cash flow, and firm size on cash holding in non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, Stock Exchange of Thailand and National Stock Exchange of India in 2018-2022. This research uses secondary data collected. The data used is non-financial company financial report data from 2018-2022. The sample for this research was taken using a purposive sampling technique, namely determining samples that met certain criteria so that 269 companies were used as samples in this research. The research data was then analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). Based on the test results using statistical tests, it shows that the growth opportunity and firm size variables have a significant negative effect on cash holding, the net working capital and cash flow variables have a significant positive effect, while the cash conversion cycle variable does not affect cash holding.

Abstract Background Daily delivery volume might affect the quality of obstetric care. We explored the busy day effect on selected obstetrical interventions and epidural analgesia performed during labour in different sized delivery hospitals and on the Finnish obstetric ecosystem. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study on Finnish Medical Birth Register data of singleton pregnancies (N = 601,247) from 26 delivery hospitals from 2006 to 2016. Delivery hospitals were stratified by annual delivery volume: C (category) 1:

(1) Background: Infections with pan-drug-resistant (PDR) bacteria, such as A. baumannii, are becoming increasingly common, especially in healthcare facilities. In this study, we selected 15 colistin-resistant clinical A. baumannii isolates from a hospital in Beirut, Lebanon, to test combination therapies and determine their sequence types (STs) and the mechanism of colistin resistance using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). (2) Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing via broth microdilution against 12 antimicrobials from different classes and growth rate assays were performed. A checkerboard assay was conducted on PDR isolates using six different antimicrobials, each in combination with colistin. Genomic DNA was extracted from all isolates and subjected to WGS. (3) Results: All isolates were resistant to all tested antimicrobials with the one exception that was susceptible to gentamicin. Combining colistin with either meropenem, ceftolozane–tazobactam, or teicoplanin showed synergistic activity. Sequencing data revealed that 67% of the isolates belonged to Pasteur ST2 and 33% to ST187. Furthermore, these isolates harbored a number of resistance genes, including blaOXA-23. Mutations in the pmrC gene were behind colistin resistance. (4) Conclusions: With the rise in antimicrobial resistance and the absence of novel antimicrobial production, alternative treatments must be found. The combination therapy results from this study suggest treatment options for PDR ST2 A. baumannii-infected patients.

Objective– This study is intended to see the relationship among three variables namely work from home, work life balance, and job satisfaction particularly during COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology– The research is a descriptive research method. Using online ques-tionnaire, a total of 150 higher education lecturers in Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh, Indonesia participated in the survey. The survey was conducted in December 2020. The data was ana-lyzed using SPSS. Results – This research revealed that there is a significant relationship between work from home and job satisfaction during COVID-19 outbreak in higher education lecturers, with the intervening variable of Work-Life balance also shows a significant impact toward job satisfac-tion. Research limitations/implications – This study has some limitation namely the small amount of data sample and focus only in one sector of sample participants (higher edu-cation lecturers), also this study only exercise three variables, meanwhile it is important to seek both personal and social factors such as person personality, behavior tendency, etc. Novelty/Originality – This study covers the impact of COVID-19 pandemic towards job related issues in the university context with participants mainly the lectures.

Objective: Current treatments for osteoarthritis do not resolve the underlying cause. Dextrose prolotherapy is an alternative method that has been proposed for treatment of osteoarthritis, due to its ability to aid tissue regeneration, improve clinical manifestations, and repair damaged tissue structures, which are pathological conditions in osteoarthritis. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of dextrose prolotherapy compared with other interventions in the management of osteoarthritis. Methods: Electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and BioMed Central were searched from inception to October 2021. Search terms included [(prolotherapy) OR (prolotherapies) OR (dextrose prolotherapy)] AND [(osteoarthritis) OR (osteoarthritides) OR (knee osteoarthritis) OR (hip osteoarthritis) OR (hand osteoarthritis) OR (shoulder osteoarthritis)]. Randomized controlled trials that compared the use of dextrose prolotherapy with other interventions (injection, placebo, therapy, or conservative treatment) in the treatment of osteoarthritis were included. Potential articles were screened for eligibility, and data were extracted by all authors. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Study population, methods, and results data were extracted and tabulated by 3 authors. Results: 12 studies reported that DPT was as effective or even more effective in improving functional outcomes compared with other interventions whilst others found that HA, PRP, EP, and ACS were more effective. 14 studies assessed the effectiveness of DPT and ten of them reported that DPT was more effective in reducing pain compared with other interventions. Conclusion: Dextrose prolotherapy in osteoarthritis confers potential benefits for pain and functional outcomes, but this systematic review found that the studies to date are at high risk of bias. LAY ABSTRACT Osteoarthritis is a long-term chronic illness defined by the degeneration of cartilage in joints, causing bones to rub together and causing stiffness, discomfort, and decreased movement. Current treatment options for osteoarthritis do not address the fundamental cause. Dextrose prolotherapy is a potential alternative approach for OA, due to its capacity to help tissue regeneration, improve clinical symptoms, and repair damaged tissue structures, which are pathogenic in osteoarthritis. Despite several comparison studies, the superiority of dextrose prolotherapy in osteoarthritis remains equivocal due to contradictory outcomes. Based on this review, dextrose prolotherapy should be considered as a possible treatment for osteoarthritis.

Indonesia telah mengatur pembatasan tayangan asing di layar stasiun televisi dalam negeri. Regulasi tersebut tertuang dalam Undang-Undang Penyiaran Nomor 32 Tahun 2002 Pasal 36 ayat 2 yang mewajibkan setiap stasiun televisi untuk menayangkan sekurang-kurangnya 60% tayangan produksi domestik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis permasalahan tayangan asing di televisi Indonesia dalam perspektif kritis industri budaya. Metode yang dilakukan adalah metode kualitatif studi kasus. Pengambilan data dari berbagai studi dokumen dan wawancara. Data yang telah dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan teknik pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa stasiun televisi swasta melanggar ketentuan mengenai muatan tayangan asing. Ada dua masalah utama tayangan asing di televisi Indonesia. Masalah pertama adalah lemahnya peran negara terhadap penyiaran di Indonesia. Kedua adalah masalah ekonomi media khususnya terkait dengan pekerja media. Indonesia issued the law regarding the limitation of foreign television programs in 2002. In Article 36, paragraph 2 of Law No. 32/2002 stated that every television station is obligated to broadcast domestic programs at least 60 percent of the total content. This research aimed to analyze foreign programs in Indonesia through a critical thinking perspective. This research adopted a study case, qualitative approach. Data collection was done through interviews, documents study. The collected data were analyzed by data collection, reduction, display, and conclusion drawing. The findings showed that The results showed that private television stations violated the provisions regarding the proportion of foreign programs. There were two main problems that emerge from foreign programs in private TV stations. The first problem was the weak role of the state in broadcasting in Indonesia. The second was the problem of the media economy, especially related to media workers.

The traditional conceptions and claims of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have profiled NGOs as civil society representatives and as benevolent philanthropic actors of development in the Global South. However, recent phenomena indicate NGOs often acting in opposition to their benevolent claims. This study attempts to move away from the normative concepts of NGOs and develop an analytical framework fitted with the current empirics in environmental governance. Using theories of organized interest groups in a democratic political system, we analyze the extent of NGOs fulfilling their roles as organized interest groups (OIGs), where they should take roles representing the interests of particular groups within societies and exerting political influence on governments on the basis of these common interests. We use empirics from Indonesian forest and environment-related governance, and our framework is called “Representation–Influence Framework,” which assists in establishing more systematic coherent typologies of OIGs. Analyzed from the perspective that NGOs claim to serve as representatives of specific groups within societies, we establish three overarching categories of OIGs, that is, 1) en route to fulfilling the claim, 2) breaking the claim, and 3) opposing the claim. We further detail our framework into a subset of nine OIG typologies. In this way, we provide pathways to begin deconstructing the common simplifications and misunderstandings about NGOs. For empirics, we identified 38 OIGs in the cases of social forestry and timber legality policies and populated them according to the typologies. We found that most of them are en route to fulfilling the claim of representing the groups’ interests, although their political influence on the government is, in most cases, limited.

Abstract Background This was a retrospective population-based study, utilizing the data of 601 247 singleton hospital deliveries collected from the Finnish Medical Birth Register (MBR) in 2006–2016. The aim of this study was to analyse the busy day effect on intrapartum adverse maternal outcomes. Methods To implement the study design, daily delivery frequencies and ranges (min-max) for each delivery unit (n = 26) were stratified to the daily delivery volume distributions by the delivery unit’s annual delivery volume and profile: Category (C)1

In this paper different curvature tensors on Lorentzian Kenmotsu manifod are studied. We investigate constant ϕ–holomorphic sectional curvature and ℒ-sectional curvature of Lorentzian Kenmotsu manifolds, obtaining conditions for them to be constant of Lorentzian Kenmotsu manifolds in such condition. We calculate the Ricci tensor and scalar curvature for all the cases. Moreover we investigate some properties of semi invariant submanifolds of a Lorentzian Kenmotsu space form. We show that if a semi-invariant submanifold of a Lorentzian Kenmotsu space form M is totally geodesic, then M is an η−Einstein manifold. We consider sectional curvature of semi invariant product of a Lorentzian Kenmotsu manifolds.

Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2022 for South Bangka Regency elucidates the Preservation of Communal Intellectual Property. This regulation encompasses various communal intellectual properties, some of which pertain to environmental concerns. However, the region faces serious environmental challenges, notably due to tin mining activities. Existing research indicates that tin mining exerts diverse impacts, including environmental ramifications. This normative study examines the inclusion of the environmental issues enclosed within a regional regulation for South Bangka Regency aimed at preserving communal intellectual property. The analysis reveals that the current regional regulation does not substantively designate environmental issues as strategically significant for protection. This is evident in the limited provisions addressing environmental aspects, including policies within the purview of this regional regulation.

The manufacturing industry in Indonesia has experienced growth over time, and this sector still contributes significantly to investment and investment in Indonesia. However, various global problems, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia and Ukraine war, have become threats to the sustainability of the manufacturing industry in the world, including Indonesia. One of the problems that arise is disruption of supply, manufacturing activities, and other risks that can hamper the sustainability of the manufacturing industry. Sustainable risk management can help organizations achieve sustainable goals, but sustainability and risk research studies still need to be widely carried out in Indonesia. Therefore, this study explored future research opportunities related to sustainability and risk in manufacturing. This research was conducted to find out topics related to sustainability and risk that have developed in recent years and research opportunities that can be done. The study analysis used a bibliometric analysis approach using R for Windows GUI front-end software (R4.2.2). The analysis results show that Industry 4.0 and circular economy are potential fields of study to be developed and collaborated with risk management and assessment.

At the same time as the strong ambition to improve sustainability and the healthiness of food systems through a transition towards a more plant-based diet, climate change is increasing the risk of plant diseases. Consequently, mycotoxigenic fungi have become a food safety issue of major importance. A variety of strategies to suppress fungal growth in the pre- and postharvest stages of plant production have been established, and the potential of various biological methods has been assessed to ensure food safety. Of the various food microbes, lactic acid bacteria are known for their capacity to suppress the growth of toxigenic fungi and adsorb free mycotoxins. The current study showed that lactic acid fermentation could mitigate aflatoxin risk in plant-based foods through a reduction in free aflatoxin B1. In line with previous studies, in which Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) was shown to reduce the level of free aflatoxin B1 in vitro, L. plantarum was shown to achieve up to a 90% reduction in free aflatoxin B1 in food fermentation. The results showed that traditional lactic acid fermentation, using L. plantarum as the starter strain, could be applied to mitigate aflatoxin B1 contamination risk in proteinaceous plant-based foodstuffs. In a wider context, fermentation using selected strains of lactic acid bacteria as starters could also enhance the availability of nutritious and safer food in terms of mycotoxin risk in low-income countries.

This study aims to examine factors affecting voluntary disclosure of carbon emissions. Factors affecting the disclosure of voluntary carbon emissions consist of emissions-intensive industries and financial distress represented by leverage. The sampling method used is pruposive sampling with the following criteria, companies that have received a corporate governance rating index during the observation period and published annual reports during the observation period (2013-2016). Based on the corporate governance index determined 66 sampled research. The analysis technique used to test the hypothesis of this research is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that emissions-intensive industries have a significant positive impact on the disclosure of voluntary carbon emissions. Financial distress has a significant negative impact on voluntary carbon disclosure.

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Students’ reading habit and gender differences are believed as two influential factors on students’ academic writing achievement. The purposes of this study were to find out the effect of the two factors on students’ academic writing achievement and to find out the relationship among them. 43 English students of UIN Imam Bonjol Padang in the fourth semester registered in academic year 2020/2021 were involved. Reading habit questionnaire and essay writing test were administered. To analyze the data, simple regression test, multiple regression test, and Pearson’s correlation test were applied. It was revealed that reading habit had no effect on students’ academic writing achievement; they had very weak correlation, whereas gender affected students’ academic writing achievement; they had weak relationship. Moreover, students’ reading habit and gender affected students’ academic writing achievement as many as 10.4 %.

Background: In Finland, the development of oral health in young, 19- to 21-year-old males regarding restorative treatment need seems to have slowed down according to cross-sectional conscript studies between 1976 and 2011. At the individual level, the mean number of decayed teeth (DT > 0) has also steadily continued to decline. In Finland, military service is mandatory, and around 85% of males complete it. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the oral health status of young men at the beginning of the 2020s. Methods: The data were collected in July 2021 in the eight biggest Finnish Defence force garrisons by ten calibrated dentists serving in the ranks. The inclusion criteria for this study were a year of birth between 2000 and 2002 and male gender (n = 508). Third molars were included. Restorative treatment need was evaluated using ICDAS scoring. The study was designed according to the STROBE guidelines. Results: Mean DT value was 1.13 when third molars were included and 1.03 when they were excluded. Mean DMFT value was 3.23 and 2.98, respectively. The proportion of conscripts with DT > 0 was 36.4% and 34.8%, respectively. The prevalence of caries was concentrated among a small number of conscripts. Most (76.5%) had BEWE (basic erosive wear examination) of 0–2. Conscripts in the moderate and severe ETW (erosive tooth wear) groups (BEWE 3–13) comprised 23.5% of the cohort. None of the conscripts fell into the most severe group (BEWE 14–18). Conclusions: The oral health of conscripts has improved over the last ten years, and restorative treatment need has decreased significantly. Compared to previous studies, restorative treatment need was concentrated on an even smaller proportion of conscripts.

Rata – rata return saham perbankan pada 2014 sampai dengan 2019 tidak selalu menunjukkan return yang positif. Pada tahun 2015, 2018 dan 2019 menunjukkan rata – rata return saham perbankan yang negative. Penelitian ini pengembangan dari penelitian sebelumnya atau berdasarkan agenda mendatang dengan menambahkan variable eksternal yaitu inflasi, pertumbuhan ekonomi dan tingkat bunga SBI. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada perbankan yang go public di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2014-2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan data dari 27 bank dari 43 perbankan yang memenuhi kriteria sampel. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian adalah return on equity (ROE) mempunyai pengaruh yang positif signifikan terhadap return saham pada Perbankan yang go public di BEI. Variable inflasi terbukti mempunyai pengaruh yang negative signifikan terhadap return saham pada perbankan yang go public di BEI. Variable loan to deposit ratio (LDR), net interest margin (NIM), pertumbuhan ekonomi dan suku bunga SBI tidak terbukti mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap return saham perbankan yang go public di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Kata Kunci : ROE, LDR, NIM, Inflasi, Pertumbuhan, SBI dan Return Saham

This paper outlines Representation-Influence Framework (RIF) for analyzing the roles of organized interest groups (OIGs) in environmental governance. This framework is created to check OIG claims as representatives of particular groups within society, to capture OIG diversity, including those acting beyond the pursuit of common interests. The development of this framework used two basic OIG roles—the extent of OIGs in representing group interests and exerting political influence on governments. This framework proposes three main categories of OIGs based on their claims as representatives of particular social groups, en route to fulfilling the claims, breaking the claims, and opposing the claims. Finally, this framework is able to present types of OIGs in environmental governance. • RIF is an applicable framework for analyzing the roles of organized interest groups • This framework proposes categories and types of OIGs based on the extent of their role-fulfillment in representing particular groups within society and exerting political influence on governments • This framework captures the actions of OIGs beyond the pursuit of common interests

Objectives This study aimed to explore the association between maternal age and smoking during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy across socioeconomic groups and to evaluate the interacting effect of maternal age and socioeconomic status on smoking with a view to informing public health interventions.Design This is a register-based study.Settings Data from the Finnish Medical Birth Register were cross-linked with background data from Statistics Finland.Participants The information of 932 671 pregnant women who gave birth in Finland from 2000 to 2015.Main outcome measures Maternal smoking during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy by occupation and maternal age.Results The proportion of women who smoked during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy was 10.5%. Using women 30–34 years as the reference group, adjusted ORs (aOR) and 95% CIs for smoking were 6.02 (5.81 to 6.24) in women below 20 years and 2.77 (2.71 to 2.84) in women 20 to 24 years. The prevalence of smoking across socioeconomic groups compared with upper-level employees increased, peaking for women in manual occupations (aOR 3.39, 95% CI 3.25 to 3.52) and unemployed women (aOR 4.49, 95% CI 4.30 to 4.68). Significant interactions on the additive scale with the relative excess risk due to interaction >2 were found for unemployed women aged 25–29 years and for teenage mothers and mothers aged 20–24 years across all socioeconomic groups, but not for self-employed women.Conclusions Smoking during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy was most common among teenage mothers across all socioeconomic groups. The association between maternal age and smoking differed by socioeconomic status for young mothers. Interventions should address a wider range of maternal risk factors among young mothers with low socioeconomic status and simultaneously target a broader number of women who smoke during the pregnancy.

Mycotoxin incidence in forage may heavily affect the amount of toxins consumed by cattle. However, many studies have focused on mycotoxin occurrence in cereals and there are less studies of forages, particularly of grass silages. For determining the occurrence of mycotoxins in farm silages under Northern European conditions in Finland, 37 grass silage and 6 whole-crop cereal silage batches were analysed separately for surface, core and, if present, visibly mouldy spots. Mycotoxins were found in 92% of the samples. All mouldy samples contained mycotoxins. Beauvericin was the most common mycotoxin in grass silages and roquefortine C in whole-crop cereal silages. In mouldy samples, beauvericin, mycophenolic acid and roquefortine C were the most common mycotoxins in the grass silage and mycophenolic acid in the whole-crop cereal silage. Aflatoxins were not found in any of the samples. On average, all samples contained more than one type of mycotoxin. Concentrations of mycotoxins varied considerably from very low to very high values. The results of this survey indicate that silage-fed ruminants can be exposed to a broad range of mycotoxins. The absence of visible moulds does not always indicate mycotoxin-free feed. All moulded samples contained mycotoxins and some at very high concentrations, and they contained more different types of mycotoxins than samples without visible mould. Thus, feeding mouldy feeds to animals should be avoided.

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women across the world. Recent studies have shown that cervical cancer is not only caused by persistent infection of human papillomavirus (HPV), but sexually transmitted infections (STIs) also play a role in the pathogenesis of abnormal cervical cells. STIs frequently occur with no specific symptoms, such as the infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis. Asymptomatic STIs could lead to persistent infection. Persistent infections caused by STIs have been hypothesised to increase the access of HPV into the deeper cervical tissue and cause cervical cell abnormalities. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the association between C. trachomatis and M. hominis infections and abnormal cervical cells. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 58 outpatients at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. Abnormal cervical cells were detected by a liquid-based cytology Pap smear, and bacterial identification was done by conducting conventional duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 58 patients, 14 (24.1%) showed abnormal cervical cells, whereas 44 (75.9%) patients showed normal cervical cells. The conventional duplex PCR demonstrated a positive result for C. trachomatis and M. hominis bacterial infections in only 1 (7.1%) and 2 (14.3%) patients with abnormal cervical cells, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed no significant association between the bacterial infections and the abnormal cervical cytology in the patients (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Infections caused by C. trachomatis and/or M. hominis were not associated with abnormal cervical cells.

This research was implemented in the greenhouse at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Sub-distric Gedung Johor, Medan Johor District, Medan City, North Sumatra Province. This research was implemented from November to December 2020. This study aims to determine the effect of concentration of AB Mix and ZPT solutions on the growth and production of mustard greens. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatment factors the concentration of AB Mix solution and ZPT application. The first factors, the concentration of AB Mix solution consisting of 3 levels: K0 = control, K1 = 550 ppm, K2 = 1100 ppm. The second factor was giving ZPT the earliest in 3 levels: Z0 = control, Z1 = 0.5 ml, Z2 = 1 ml. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, wet weight and dry weight. Its is know from the results concentrations of AB Mix solution significantly affected plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, wet weight and dry weight. Giving of ZPT had a significant effect on leaf width but had no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, wet weight and dry weight. The interaction of AB Mix solution concentration and ZPT giving had no significant effect on the growth and production of mustard greens.

Tin mining activities in the Bangka Belitung Islands have been going on for a long time. A number of literates noted that tin mining in this area had begun in 1709 AD. Tin mining occurs massively when the government opens the tap for tin mining which was originally only allowed to be mined by certain parties, in this context PT. Tin and PT. Kobatin, can be mined by anyone, including the general public. As a result, tin mining became out of control. Tin mines target not only certain areas such as rivers, plantation areas, but also kelekak which contains local plants typical of this region. Kelekak is the name for the typical plantations of the people of this region which contain local plants. On the other hand, Law No. 29 of 2000 concerning the Protection of Plant Varieties, one of which requires the protection of local varieties as part of the conservation of biodiversity. Massive tin mining, especially on land, as well as the free access to tin mining, certainly has an impact on efforts to protect local varieties. This empirical juridical research aims to determine the impact of tin mining on the existence of local varieties, as well as the problems of regulation of protection of local varieties when associated with permits for tin mining. From the results of the study, it was found that regulatoryly, there are parts that do not support each other between the Mineral and Coal Mining Law, Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management, and the PVP Law that is currently in effect. In addition, tin mining has an impact on efforts to protect local varieties. The land which originally contained local varieties of plants, turned into tin-added land which in turn turned into a kolong (small lake).

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an economically important plant disease. Some Fusarium species produce mycotoxins that cause food safety concerns for both humans and animals. One especially important mycotoxin-producing fungus causing FHB is Fusarium graminearum. However, Fusarium species form a disease complex where different Fusarium species co-occur in the infected cereals. Effective management strategies for FHB are needed. Development of the management tools requires information about the diversity and abundance of the whole Fusarium community. Molecular quantification assays for detecting individual Fusarium species and subgroups exist, but a method for the detection and quantification of the whole Fusarium group is still lacking. In this study, a new TaqMan-based qPCR method (FusE) targeting the Fusarium-specific elongation factor region (EF1α) was developed for the detection and quantification of Fusarium spp. The FusE method was proven as a sensitive method with a detection limit of 1 pg of Fusarium DNA. Fusarium abundance results from oat samples correlated significantly with deoxynivalenol (DON) toxin content. In addition, the whole Fusarium community in Finnish oat samples was characterized with a new metabarcoding method. A shift from F. culmorum to F. graminearum in FHB-infected oats has been detected in Europe, and the results of this study confirm that. These new molecular methods can be applied in the assessment of the Fusarium community and mycotoxin risk in cereals. Knowledge gained from the Fusarium community analyses can be applied in developing and selecting effective management strategies for FHB.

Dermatofitosis adalah suatu infeksi pada jaringan berkeratin yang disebabkan karena adanya kolonisasi dari jamur jenis dermatofita. Salah satu spesies dermatofita yang paling banyak menginfeksi yaitu Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Tanaman bawang dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl.) Merr. Ex K. Heyne) merupakan tanaman yang biasa digunakan masyarakat untuk mengobati penyakit kulit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui aktivitas antijamur ekstrak etanol umbi bawang terhadap pertumbuhan Trichophyton mentagrophytes, mengetahui kandungan metabolit sekunder dan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi efektif larutan uji yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Metodologi penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental murni secara in-vitro dengan rancangan acak lengkap posttest only control group design. Aktivitas antijamur ekstrak diuji dengan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer. Kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah itrakonazol 8 µg dan kontrol negatif adalah Tween 80 10%. Hasil penelitian adalah ekstrak etanol umbi bawang dayak memiliki aktivitas antijamur pada konsentrasi 600; 300; 150 mg/mL, KHM pada 150 mg/mL dengan zona hambat 9,15 mm, hasil skrining fitokimia didapatkan fenol, flavonoid, tanin, saponin, dan kuinon. Simpulan studi ini ialah ekstrak etanol umbi bawang dayak memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Trichophyton mentagrophytes

An array of research methods has been employed for social-qualitative inquiries. However, the selection of specific research methods has rarely been given adequate attention. We mapped out the variety of research methods used in social-qualitative inquiries used in the study of forest policy. Our “problem-method fit” map is based on the usage quantity of a method employed in specific forest policy research themes and contextual analyses. Our map provides a suitable basis for rapid appraisal before deciding appropriate research methods for future studies. While the map provides only an indication of the appropriate methods, it may be supplemented and adapted case-by-case according to the specific needs of the research theme. • We mapped the commonly used research methods in forest policy analysis • The map is “problem-method fit” for specific policy themes and contextual analyses • It can be used as for rapid appraisal when choosing appropriate research methods