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During 1980-1990 BRAC, a Bangladeshi non-governmental organization, taught over 12 million mothers how to prepare oral rehydration therapy (ORT) at home with lobon (common salt) and gur (unrefined brown sugar). This was followed by a strong promotion and distribution of prepackaged ORS by various agencies including the government. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With climate change projections indicating an increase in the frequency of extreme heat events and irregular rainfall patterns globally, the threat to global food security looms large. Terminal heat stress, which occurs during the critical reproductive stage, significantly limits lentil productivity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve lentil's resilience to heat stress to sustain production. However, studies identifying heat-tolerant sources in lentils are limited. To address these issues, we assessed 158 lentil genotypes under normal and late-sown conditions over two consecutive seasons. We employed eleven heat stress indices to identify lines tolerant to heat stress. All genotypes exhibited a decrease in average grain yield when subjected to stress conditions as compared to non-stress conditions, indicating the impact of heat stress on crop yield. Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlation between yield in normal and late-sown conditions and the following heat stress indices: STI, MP, MRP, YI, GMP, and HM. In contrast, TOL, SSPI, and PYR showed negative associations with yield in late-sown conditions. Based on these indices, we identified the genotypes P13143, P13130, and P13135 as high-yielding in both stress and non-stress conditions. Cluster analysis and biplot display in PCA also confirmed that genotypes P13143, P13130, and P13135 exhibited suitability and high yield potential in both environments. These genotypes can be utilized as donors in future breeding programs to introduce genetic variations for improving heat stress tolerance in lentil., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Tinospora cordifolia extract exhibits diverse benefits-anti-arthritis, anti-malarial, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, antihepatotoxic, and antipyretic effects. Its specific anti-inflammatory and healing capacities remain unexplored, prompting a study utilizing a mouse skin wound model and direct T. cordifolia extraction. UV-Vis spectroscopy depicted an absorption range of 200-400 nm, while FTIR analysis identified alcohols, phenols, amines, amides, aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, and alkenes. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of components: 5methyl-5-Hexen-2-Ol, n-hexadecenoic acid, cholesta-4,6-dien-3beta-ol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, stearate which are present in the extract. Histopathological examination confirmed accelerated wound healing, showcasing reduced inflammation, restored blood vessels, collagen fibers, and swift epidermal closure. T. cordifolia extract exhibits promise in enhancing wound healing through its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2025 Das et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

We demonstrate experimentally that the combination of half-metallic property and shape memory features of the Ni 50 Mn 18 Ga 25 Cu 7 (NMGC) alloy can synergistically catalyze both the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions, leading to excellent water splitting. NMGC, a copper-doped nickel-based ferromagnetic shape memory alloy, undergoes first-order martensite to austenite phase transition with temperature variations. The martensite phase of NMGC demonstrates remarkable efficiency for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). With a large current density of 414 ± 3.8 mA/cm 2 at 2.9 V, an OER overpotential of only 220 ± 1.7 mV at 20 mA/cm 2 , and a HER overpotential of 282 ± 2.2 mV at -10 mA/cm 2 , NMGC (martensite) exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance compared to the austenite phase. Additionally, under a 5000 Oe external magnetic field, NMGC (martensite) shows a significant reduction of 52 mV in OER overpotential and 6 mV for HER, highlighting the promising role of spin and phase in enhancing the water-splitting kinetics.

Molecular layer deposition (MLD) of ethylene glycol-alucone (EG-alucone) on the Nafion cation exchange membrane is investigated to understand its impact on the morphology of the composite and consequent enhancement of ion transport selectivity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Density functional theory, and Doppler broadening positron annihilation spectroscopy are comprehensively employed to examine the morphology of the composite, particularly the engineered interface between EG-alucone and Nafion. These studies reveal the diffusion and subsequent reaction of the Lewis-acidic trimethyl aluminum precursor with the polymer substrate during MLD. The Al─F bond, thus formed, modifies the well-defined microstructures of Nafion and creates a distinct hybrid region with size-based exclusion properties. Post-MLD hydration partially converts the deposited EG-alucone to alumina, reshaping the surface morphology and potentially forming a conformal top layer. The positively charged nature of this top layer, along with the steric sieving effect at the EG-alucone-polymer interface, contribute to the observed improvement in monovalent ion selectivity (Cs + /Na + = 1.99 ± 0.08 & Cs + /Ba 2+ = 1.50 ± 0.05) without significantly compromising membrane conductivity. A three-layer model of the composite membrane, supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and radiotracer-based transport measurements, elucidates the structure-property relationship responsible for the observed selective ion transport., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The research aims to explore the vulnerability of Bangladesh to drought by considering a comprehensive set of twenty-four factors, classified into four major categories: meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socioeconomic vulnerability. To achieve this, the study utilized a knowledge-based multi-criteria method known as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to delineate drought vulnerability zones across the country. Weight estimation was accomplished by creating pairwise comparison matrices for factors and different types of droughts, drawing on relevant literature, field experience, and expert opinions. Additionally, online-based interviews and group discussions were conducted with 30 national and foreign professionals, researchers, and academics specializing in drought-related issues in Bangladesh. Results from overall drought vulnerability map shows that the eastern hills region displays a notably high vulnerability rate of 56.85% and an extreme low vulnerability rate of 0.03%. The north central region shows substantial vulnerability at high levels (35.85%), while the north east exhibits a significant proportion (41.68%) classified as low vulnerability. The north west region stands out with a vulnerability rate of 40.39%, emphasizing its importance for drought management strategies. The River and Estuary region displays a modest vulnerability percentage (38.44%), suggesting a balanced susceptibility distribution. The south central and south east regions show significant vulnerabilities (18.99% and 39.60%, respectively), while the south west region exhibits notable vulnerability of 41.06%. The resulting model achieved an acceptable level of performance, as indicated by an area under the curve value of 0.819. Policymakers and administrators equipped with a comprehensive vulnerability map can utilize it to develop and implement effective drought mitigation strategies, thereby minimizing the losses associated with drought., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

There are often outbreaks of infectious diseases on farms, which not only disrupt production but also cause significant economic losses. Vaccines are given to prevent the spread of these infectious diseases, but they produce only systemic antibodies or antibodies in the mucosa of a particular system. So, a new mucosal vaccination route is needed where the vaccine will produce antibodies in the systemic circulation as well as in the mucosa of many systems. In our study, the cloaca was targeted because it is associated with the mucosa of many systems. Whole-mount and routine histological staining show both lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissues in the lamina propria of cloaca. These lymphatic tissues are made up of Bu-1+ B-cells, CD3 + T-cells, and KUL01+ macrophages and monocytes. So, this is a new mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, named cloaca-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT). The CALT contains antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, MHC II molecules, and T cells) and is equipped with blood vessels and high endothelial venules, which indicate its functional status. More antibodies were produced in the treatment group compared to the vehicle control group after administration of the infectious bursal disease (IBD ) and the Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine through cloaca. In addition, the cloaca-associated route produces a higher number of antibodies than the other traditional routes, which reveals the uniqueness of this route. Cloacal-vaccinated chickens showed less damage to the follicle and epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius compared to other groups, indicating its lower cytotoxic effect. Therefore, the cloaca-associated mucosal vaccination route produces more antibodies than other mucosal vaccination routes, which will protect the chickens on the farm to a greater extent., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Md. Abdul Masum reports financial support was provided by University Grants Commission of Bangladesh. Md. Abdul Masum reports financial support was provided by Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Ministry of Science and Technology. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Barometric pressure monitoring typically depends on conventional rigid microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for single-point measurements. However, applications such as fluid dynamics require mapping barometric pressure distribution to study phenomena such as pressure variations on an aircraft wing during flight. In this study, we developed a mechanically flexible, multichannel air pressure sensor sheet using laser-induced graphene (LIG). This air pressure sensor sheet is designed to be mechanically flexible, allowing it to conform to nonplanar objects. First, the crystallinity change of LIG is studied by monitoring the bottom and top surfaces, revealing the presence of multilayered graphene and amorphous-like carbon in the formation of LIG. This explains the crystallinity change before and after the transfer process. Using LIG with optimal structures, negative and positive pressure detection is achieved, enabling its use as an air pressure sensor. Finally, as a proof-of-concept for the multichannel air pressure sensor sheet, the pressure distribution on the surface of an aircraft wing model is successfully mapped out.

This report describes a systematic approach for precise engineering of a catalyst-metal oxide interface through combining complementary approaches of chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition. Specifically, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) fabricated nanostructured hard-carbon framework (NCF) is employed as synergistic support for precise deposition of NiO x particles through Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The three variants of NCF-NiO x system (dimensions ranging from 3-12 nm, surface coverage ranging from 0.14 %-2 %) achieved exhibit unique electrocatalytic water oxidation activities, that are further strongly influenced by an external magnetic field (H ext ). This confluence of size engineering and associated magnetic field effects interplay to produce the largest lowering in R ct at H ext =200 mT. A comprehensive analysis of electrocatalytic parameters including the Tafel slope and double layer capacitance establishes further insights on co-relation of size effect and magnetic properties to understand the role of nanocarbon supported transition metal oxides in water electrolysis., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

A study was carried out to ascertain the impact of planting time and weeding schedule on the yield and quality of baby corn. The trial included three planting times viz. 15 November, 15 December and 14 January and five levels of weeding regime viz. no weeding, two hand weeding (HW) at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and 30 DAS, herbicide pendimethalin @ 2.5 L ha-1 (pre-emergence) + one HW at 30 DAS, herbicide pyrazosulfuran-ethyl @ 2.0 L ha-1 (post-emergence) + one HW at 30 DAS and combined herbicide of pendimethalin + pyrazosulfuran-ethyl. The maximum cob yield with husk (11.93 t ha-1) and cob yield without husk (3.07 t ha-1) were obtained from the 15 December sowing with the application of pendimethalin followed by pyrazosulfuran-ethyl. Plants sown on 15 December with the application pyrazosulfuran-ethyl with one HW at 30 DAS gave the highest protein content in cobs (20.20%), while the leaf protein content showed the highest result (18.70%) in the plants sown on 15 December with no weeding. Therefore, it can be concluded that the baby corn might be planted on December 15 with the combined application of pendimethalin + pyrazosulfuran-ethyl herbicides and pyrazosulfuran-ethyl + one HW at 30 DAS for maximum cob yield and protein content, respectively., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist, (Copyright: © 2024 Haque et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The vulnerability of coastal regions to climate change is a growing global concern, particularly in Bangladesh, which is vulnerable to flooding and storm surges due to its low-lying coastal areas. In this study, we used the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) method to assess the physical and social vulnerability of the entire coastal areas of Bangladesh, using 10 critical factors to evaluate the coastal vulnerability model (CVM). Our analysis indicates that a significant portion of the coastal regions of Bangladesh is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. We found that one-third of the study area, encompassing around 13,000 km 2 , was classified as having high or very high coastal vulnerability. Districts in the central delta region, such as Barguna, Bhola, Noakhali, Patuakhali, and Pirojpur, were found to have high to very high physical vulnerability. Meanwhile, the southern parts of the study area were identified as highly socially vulnerable. Our findings also showed that the coastal areas of Patuakhali, Bhola, Barguna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat were particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The coastal vulnerability map we developed using the FAHP method showed satisfactory modeling, with an AUC of 0.875. By addressing the physical and social vulnerability factors identified in our study, policymakers can take proactive steps to ensure the safety and wellbeing of coastal residents in the face of climate change., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Salinity intrusion into the freshwater system due to climate change and anthropogenic activities is a growing global concern, which has made humans and domesticated animals more susceptible to diseases, resulting in less productivity. However, the effects of salinity on domesticated and wild birds, especially in terms of production and immunity, have not been fully elucidated yet. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effects of salinity on the production and immunity of birds and the mechanisms by which immunity is compromised. Broiler chicks were subjected to different concentrations of salty water (control = normal water, treatment = 5 g/L, treatment = 10 g/L, and treatment = 15 g/L). The collected blood and organs from different groups of broilers were biochemically and histopathologically examined. Birds in salt-treated groups consumed significantly less feed than the control group, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly higher. Body weight gain was significantly lower in salt-treated groups compared to control. Serum analysis revealed a lower systemic antibody titer in the salt-treated groups compared to the control. Primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) were reduced in size in the salt-treated group due to cellular migration and depletion from these organs. Importantly, most of the parenchyma of lymphoid organs was replaced with fibrotic tissue. Gut microbes, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp ., from salt-treated groups, showed less viability but developed antibiotic resistance. Levels of salinity were significantly and negatively correlated with feed intake, body weight gain, antibody titer, lymphoid organ size, and viable count of gut microbes, while FCR, fibrosis of lymphoid organs, and antibiotic resistance were significant positively correlated. In conclusion, increased salinity is a possible threat to food security and safety as it decreases body weight gain, reduces immunity, and influences the development of multi-drug resistance in gut microbes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of BNP-incorporated borafluorenate heterocycles formed via thermolysis reactions of pyridylphosphine and bis(phosphine)-coordinated borafluorene azides. The use of diphenyl-2-pyridylphosphine (PyPh 2 P), trans-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (Ph 2 P(H)C═C(H)PPh 2 ), and bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (Ph 2 PC(H 2 )PPh 2 ) as stabilizing ligands resulted in Staudinger reactions to form complex heterocycles with four- (BN 2 P, BNPC, P 2 N 2 ) and five-membered (BNP 2 C and BN 2 PC) rings, which were successfully isolated and fully characterized by multinuclear NMR and X-ray crystallography. However, when bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (Ph 2 P-Ph-PPh 2 ) was used as the ligand in a reaction with 9-bromo-9-borafluorene (BF-Br), due to the close proximity of the donor P atoms, the diphosphine-stabilized borafluoronium ion with an unusual borafluorene dibromide anion was formed. Reaction of the borafluoronium ion with trimethylsilyl azide left the cation intact, and the dibromide anion was substituted by a diazide. Density functional theory calculations were used to provide mechanistic insight into the formation of these new boracyclic compounds. This work highlights a new method in which donor phosphine ligands may be used to promote dimerization, cyclization, and ring contraction reactions to produce boracycles via Staudinger reactions.

The aim of the study was to estimate future groundwater potential zones based on machine learning algorithms and climate change scenarios. Fourteen parameters (i.e., curvature, drainage density, slope, roughness, rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, lineament density, land use and land cover, general soil types, geology, geomorphology, topographic position index (TPI), topographic wetness index (TWI)) were used in developing machine learning algorithms. Three machine learning algorithms (i.e., artificial neural network (ANN), logistic model tree (LMT), and logistic regression (LR)) were applied to identify groundwater potential zones. The best-fit model was selected based on the ROC curve. Representative concentration pathways (RCP) of 2.5, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 climate scenarios of precipitation were used for modeling future climate change. Finally, future groundwater potential zones were identified for 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040 based on the best machine learning model and future RCP models. According to findings, ANN shows better accuracy than the other two models (AUC: 0.875). The ANN model predicted that 23.10 percent of the land was in very high groundwater potential zones, whereas 33.50 percent was in extremely high groundwater potential zones. The study forecasts precipitation values under different climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5) for 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040 using an ANN model and shows spatial distribution maps for each scenario. Finally, sixteen scenarios were generated for future groundwater potential zones. Government officials may utilize the study's results to inform evidence-based choices on water management and planning at the national level., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Substitution of a C=C bond by an isoelectronic B-N bond is a well-established strategy to alter the electronic structure and stability of acenes. BN-substituted acenes that possess narrow energy gaps have attractive optoelectronic properties. However, they are susceptible to air and/or light. Here we present the design, synthesis and molecular structures of fully π-conjugated cationic BN-doped acenes stabilized by carbodicarbene ligands. They are luminescent in the solution and solid states and show high air and moisture stability. Compared with their neutral BN-substituted counterparts as well as the parent all-carbon acenes, these species display improved quantum yields and small optical gaps. The electronic structures of the azabora-anthracene and azabora-tetracene cations resemble higher-order acenes while possessing high photo-oxidative resistance. Investigations using density functional theory suggest that the stability and photo-physics of these conjugated systems may be ascribed to their cationic nature and the electronic properties of the carbodicarbene., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Structure of metallic glasses fascinates as the generic amorphous structural template for ubiquitous systems. Its specification necessitates determination of the complete hierarchical structure, starting from short-range-order (SRO) → medium-range-order (MRO) → bulk structure and free volume (FV) distribution. This link has largely remained elusive since previous investigations adopted one-technique-at-a-time approach, focusing on limited aspects of any one domain. Reconstruction of structure from experimental data inversion is non-unique for many of these techniques. As a result, complete and precise structural understanding of glass has not emerged yet. In this work, we demonstrate the first experimental pathway for reconstruction of the integrated structure, for Zr 67 Ni 33 and Zr 52 Ti 6 Al 10 Cu 18 Ni 14 glasses. Our strategy engages diverse (× 7) multi-scale techniques [XAFS, 3D-APT, ABED/NBED, FEM, XRD, PAS, FHREM] on the same glass. This strategy complemented mutual limitations of techniques and corroborated common parameters to generate complete, self-consistent and precise parameters. Further, MRO domain size and inter-void separation were correlated to identify the presence of FV at MRO boundaries. This enabled the first experimental reconstruction of hierarchical subset: SRO → MRO → FV → bulk structure. The first ever image of intermediate region between MRO domains emerged from this link. We clarify that determination of all subsets is not our objective; the essence and novelty of this work lies in directing the pathway towards finite solution, in the most logical and unambiguous way., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Real-time monitoring of low temperatures (usually below 0 °C) or cold environments is a specific requirement that finds its high demand in the aerospace, pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries to maintain the temperature at high altitudes or in refrigerators and cold storage. In general, this purpose is achieved by using a sub-zero temperature sensor coupled with a control system. However, the market available such temperature sensors are very expensive, and bulky, thus not being suitable for portable operation, and also they suffer from poor accuracy. Therefore, the development of high-performance, low-cost, lightweight, and portable sub-zero temperature sensors is highly desired. In our recent work, we developed such sensors and integrated them with auxiliary electronics to demonstrate their wireless operation for the continuous and real-time monitoring of cold environments. So, in order to obtain low-cost sensors a cost-effective inkjet printing technology was employed for the fabrication of devices. A lightweight polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as the substrate and an electrically conducting graphene nanocomposite was used as the temperature-sensing material. To obtain a functional graphene nanocomposite film with a thickness of 530 nm and a conductivity of ~189 S m -1 , the printed graphene nanocomposite was photonically sintered using a xenon flash lamp. This step was crucial for obtaining a sensor on the soft PDMS platform. The graphene nanocomposite film exhibited a positive temperature coefficient resistance value of approximately 0.119 %/°C, and its resistance values varied almost linearly (with an Adjusted R 2 value (model accuracy) of 0.99) with temperature within the operating range of -30 °C to 80 °C. The sensor was properly encapsulated for protection without significantly affecting its performance. The sensors demonstrated sufficient flexibility, with a bending radius of 20 mm, and sustained 500 continuous bending cycles. Finally, the real-time operation of the sensors was demonstrated by wirelessly transmitting and monitoring the temperature over a smartphone platform., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support received from the DST-IMPRINT (File No.: IMP/2019/00237) and SERB-TETRA (File No.: TTR/2022/00005)., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression. Here, we compile the available data regarding the role immune cells play in MS, drawn from both human and animal research. While T and B lymphocytes, chiefly enhance MS pathology, regulatory T cells (Tregs) may serve a more protective role, as can B cells, depending on context and location. Cells chiefly involved in innate immunity, including macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, play varied roles. In addition, there is evidence regarding the involvement of innate-like immune cells, such as γδ T cells, NKT cells, MAIT cells, and innate-like B cells as crucial contributors to MS pathophysiology. It is unclear which of these cell subsets are involved in the onset or progression of disease or in protective mechanisms due to their plastic nature, which can change their properties and functions depending on microenvironmental exposure and the response of neural networks in damage control. This highlights the need for a multipronged approach, combining stringently designed clinical data with carefully controlled in vitro and in vivo research findings, to identify the underlying mechanisms so that more effective therapeutics can be developed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Sujan Kumar Sarkar et al.)

Extensive chromium (Cr) release into water and soil severely impairs crop productivity worldwide. Nanoparticle (NP) technology has shown potential for reducing heavy metal toxicity and improving plant physicochemical profiles. Herein, we investigated the effects of exogenous zinc oxide NPs (ZnO-NPs) on alleviating Cr stress in Cr-sensitive and tolerant chickpea genotypes. Hydroponically grown chickpea plants were exposed to Cr stress (0 and 120 μM) and ZnO-NPs (25 μM, 20 nm size) twice at a 7-day interval. Cr exposure reduced physiochemical profiles, ion content, cell viability, and gas exchange parameters, and it increased organic acid exudate accumulation in roots and the Cr content in the roots and leaves of the plants. However, ZnO-NP application significantly increased plant growth, enzymatic activities, proline, total soluble sugar, and protein and gas exchange parameters and reduced malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels, Cr content in roots, and organic acid presence to improve root cell viability. This study provides new insights into the role of ZnO-NPs in reducing oxidative stress along with Cr accumulation and mobility due to low levels of organic acids in chickpea roots. Notably, the Cr-tolerant genotype exhibited more pronounced alleviation of Cr stress by ZnO-NPs. These findings highlight the potential of ZnO-NP in regulating plant growth, reducing Cr accumulation, and promoting sustainable agricultural development., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)