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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to design and test a device to guide medial patellofemoral reconstruction surgeries. Materials and methods: A three-dimensional (3D) printed, modular and cost-effective medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction guide, Pat-Rig, was designed with parallel holes running in the medio-lateral direction. This device was manufactured using a commercial additive manufacturing facility, and bench tested using a custom-built test rig. CT scans of patella bones were reconstructed, and the device was tested on four 3D-printed patellas of various sizes. RESULTS: The device was successful in guiding the surgical drill into the patella to drill parallel holes adhering to the current surgical requirements and specifications. The device was augmented with an innovative radiopaque scale which can allow the surgeon to accurately predict the landmarks to drill and measure the drill depth of the tunnels. CONCLUSION: There are no devices on the market that accurately predict the drill locations on the patella during MPFL reconstruction surgeries. The device, Pat-Rig, was found to overcome the current limitations of the MPFL surgeries and was able to provide satisfactory surgical guidance during the reconstruction. Level of evidence: Level 5 Keywords: knee surgery, patella, orthopaedic, MPFL reconstruction, 3D-printed, novel surgical device.

PROMs in sports medicine could be a useful tool to analyze the results of several sports injuries in athletes and sports practitioners, regardless of the involved anatomical site (the shoulder, hip, knee, foot, and ankle). Moreover, the athletic population has singular expectations and objectives, differing from the general and sedentary population. Therefore, PROMs could have a more significant role in sports, particularly when designed for this specific population, and the level of physical demand reported, the stress involved in sports practice due to competition level should be used as patient’s references. This chapter approaches different types of PROMs commonly used in orthopedics and also discusses the development of PROMs in sports medicine.

The human knee is a hinge joint, primarily facilitating locomotion. Knee joint instability, due to ligament injuries (anterior cruciate ligament [ACL], posterior cruciate ligament [PCL], medial collateral ligament [MCL] and lateral collateral ligament [LCL]), is a result of direct or indirect trauma, non-anatomical stresses during pivoting movements about the knee, imbalanced landing during jumping and rapid deceleration during high intensity locomotion [1]. Biomechanical indications of an unstable knee joint include decreased joint integrity, hyper laxity, abrupt locking and catching combined with clicking noises during locomotion. Approximately, two hundred and fifty thousand ACL injuries occur in the United States of America, annually [2].Copyright © 2018 by ASME

Background: Rotator cuff tears are a common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction. More recently, there has been a renewed interest in understanding the subscapularis tears. There are multiple articles in the literature showing the short term results of isolated subscapularis tendon repair. However, the midterm and long term outcome studies for arthroscopic subscapularis repair are few. This study evaluates the functional outcome after arthroscopic subscapularis repair. Materials and Methods: The records of 35 patients who underwent an arthroscopic subscapularis repair between May 2008 and June 2012 were included in this retrospective study. The records of all patients were reviewed. There were 22 males and 13 female patients with mean age of 58.2 years (range 41-72 years). All patients had a complete history, physical examination, and radiographs of their shoulders. Visual analogue scale (VAS), range of movements, power of cuff muscles, and modified University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score were assessed. Results: The mean followup was 2.8 years (range 2-4 year). Functional outcome after arthroscopic subscapularis repair has an excellent outcome as analysed by clinical outcome, VAS score and UCLA score. Results were analyzed and had statistically significant values. The VAS for pain improved significantly (P < 0.001), and the mean modified UCLA score improved significantly (P < 0.001) from 14.24 ± 4.72 preoperatively to 33.15 ± 2.29 at 2 years postoperative. According to the UCLA system, there were 22 excellent, 11 good, and 2 fair results. Around 95% of patients returned to their usual work after surgery. Conclusion: At a median followup of 2 years, 95% of patients had a good to excellent result after an arthroscopic subscapularis tendon repair. We conclude that the midterm results show that arthroscopic subscapularis repair remains a good option for the treatment of patients with subscapularis tendon repair.

Medial Patello Femoral Ligament (MPFL) is the main stabilizer of the patellar bone in the knee complex. This fan shaped ligament prevents lateral dislocations of patella, especially during the initial 30° of knee flexion as there is minimal bony support from femur on the lateral aspect of the patella [1–2]. Patella dislocations are one of the common knee joint pathologies and it has been reported that each dislocation of the patella induces micro-tears in the MPFL [3]. It has been also observed in previous studies that there exists a very high chance of patellar re-dislocations for those individuals who have experienced the dislocation once. Complete MPFL rupture occurs in 94% of the patients suffering from repeated patellar dislocations [3–4]. Out of the 130 various methods of MPFL reconstruction, the Double Bundle Procedure is the most commonly used as it provides a larger degree of pain-free range of motion [5–8]. Locating the exact drilling location on the medial aspect of the patella and the medial femur is a challenge for the surgeon and literature suggests that the current procedure leads to non-anatomical placement of the ligament [9]. A novel device has been developed (Pat-Rig) to address the issue of locating the exact drill locations of the ligament graft tunnels into the patella [10–12]. This paper addresses the second problem of locating the femoral landmark accurately.

The os acetabuli is thought to arise from unfused secondary ossification centers or as rim fractures in the setting of dysplastic hips or hips with femoroacetabular impingement. Resection of a large os acetabuli can lead to structural instability of the joint, and in these cases, osteoplasty of the impingement, reduction and internal fixation of the osseous fragment, and labral repair have been described in the literature. Anchor fixation for labral repair in the surrounding zone of the osteosynthesis might bring some technical problems. We aim to describe a technical modification improving labral lesion treatment while addressing the rim fracture. The addition of a suture to the screw addresses both lesions because it simultaneously has the function of a screw and an anchor. A suture-on-screw technique for os acetabuli fixation helps surgeons to gain versatility and is more cost-effective for the patients and health services.

Ganglion cysts are found in locations which are under constant stress. Although somewhat controversial, one common explanation for the formation of ganglion cysts is that they are the result of mucoid cystic degeneration in collagenous structures. Most commonly, they are found along the tendons or joints of wrist or hand. The common locations of ganglion cysts are the wrist, knee, and anterolateral aspect of the ankle. Intra-articular ganglion cysts of the knee are rare, and most originate from the cruciate ligaments. The symptoms and signs of intra-articular ganglion cysts of the knee are pain, effusion, limitation of motion, and a clicking sensation. Increased size may lead to increased symptoms. Their location can sometimes interfere with joint movement. We present a case of ganglion cyst arising over medial collateral ligament which was presented as a swelling and investigated using sonography, magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy, surgically resected and confirmed on histopathology. Thus awareness of the symptoms and locations is necessary.

We report a case of irreducible dorsal dislocation of all the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints of the foot following injury at sport. Plantar plate prevented reduction at all the joints, which necessitated an open reduction and stabilization with K-wire. This report highlights the necessity of prompt open reduction and reviews the mechanism of injury and complex anatomy at metatarsophalangeal joint. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV, Case study

Introduction: Pigmented VillonodularSynovitis is a rare, benign condition which is locally aggressive and can undergo malignant transformation. It is characterized mostly with a hyper plastic synovium, large effusion and bone erosions. On an average it is clinically correctly identified after 4.4 years of presentation. It mostly involves the smaller joints and in larger joints commonly seen in the knee joint. Case Report: 49 years old male presented with right knee pain since 3 months, insidious in onset, localized in nature, with difficulty in walking and sitting for a long time with no episode of injury on the right knee. The patient had one episode of instability with occasional episodes of locking. Clinically there was retro patellar tenderness with full range of movement of the knee. MRI showed a lesion measuring approximately1.5*1.5*0.5 cm in the retropatellar space suspected to be a loose body. Arthroscopically a localized soft tissue growth was noted in the retropatellar space which was resected. Histology of the resected lesion demonstrated localized PVNS. Conclusion: The findings in this case suggest that localized PVNS may be mistaken as a loose body radiologically and there must be a high suspicion of PVNS in a localized abnormal growth in the knee joint.

Laxmeter is a knee ligament measurement device invented by the collaborative efforts of a Biomedical Engineer and an orthopaedic surgeon. The device aids in measuring knee ligament laxity at various levels of flexion and at full extension. This paper describes the design features of the laxmeter and also briefs on the cultural restrictions that one must address whilst designing a medical device targeted towards a specific population. This Indo-African device is not only a cheaper alternative to the high cost stress radiography devices, but also addresses a major cultural issue related to the usage of devices such as this.

Trauma is the leading nonobstetric cause of maternal death. The worst complication can be fetal compromise that threatens premature labor or even fetal death. We are reporting a case of a 30-year-old primi, short stature woman who had fracture femur with hypovolaemic shock. Managing such trauma complicated by shock in a pregnant patient needs multidisciplinary approach. Clinician team evaluating and coordinating the care of pregnant trauma patient should understand the pathophysiological changes in pregnancy with trauma to manage hypovolaemic shock, related complications, treatment of fracture, and radiation exposure to the fetus. The use of imaging studies, invasive hemodynamics and surgery, if necessary, should be individualized. A clear understanding of fetal viability, physiological changes of pregnancy, and pathophysiology of shock, is mandatory for optimal, maternal functional, and obstetrical outcome.