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Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) consist of multiple connections between arteries and veins without a capillary bed and are characterized by an early draining vein. 1 , 2 This pathology affects mainly young adults, and the morbimortality is caused mostly by rupture and hemorrhage. 3-6 In this Video 1, we present a case of a 29-year-old female patient presenting with a sudden severe headache. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the presence of a left AVM located at the fusiform gyrus, above the tentorium cerebelli, and angiography depicted those temporal branches of the left middle cerebral artery and posterior lateral choroidal arteries irrigated the AVM. In contrast, the main venous drainage was to the transverse sinus. The patient was submitted for microsurgical treatment, and the technique involved the resection of the inferior temporal gyrus to reach the fusiform gyrus and, hence, the AVM. The inferior temporal gyrus is part of both the lateral surface and the basal surface of the brain. 7 , 8 Since the inferior temporal gyrus does not contain the main white matter tracts, 7 , 8 such as the sagittal stratum, its resection represents a surgical strategy to reach the fusiform and the lateral occipitotemporal gyri and their pathologies. The patient consented to the procedure and to the publication of their image. In addition, the study was accepted by the ethics committee. The patient evolved without complications or deficits., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital lesions, and because of their structure, complexity, flow, size, and location organization, they are lesions that require extensive anatomic knowledge and mastery of microsurgical skills and techniques. Human placentas as a training model for AVM surgery are promising alternatives. This article aims to describe the technique for forming an AVM-type lesion in human placentas and its usefulness in the training of microsurgical treatment techniques., Methods: In this study, 15 fresh human placental models were treated. A nidus was created using synthetic material, and dynamic flow was evaluated with intravascular injection of Indocyanine Green. The catheter system was connected to a continuous flow infusion pump. For simulation purposes, 4 vascular neurosurgeons and 4 vascular neurosurgery fellows used the same techniques and instruments used in real surgery to simulate the resection of AVM lesions. Subjective assessments were conducted, evaluating the validity and structured content on a 5-point Likert scale. Evaluation criteria included the execution of technical maneuvers and the model's expression and structural aspects., Results: We describe the step-by-step creation of an AVM in a placental biological model for the performance of vascular microsurgery training in the laboratory. We created in the human placenta a lesion with the characteristics of an AVM for microsurgical training in the laboratory, which presents key features realistic to a real AVM, such as 1 or more feeder arteries, nidus (synthetic), draining vein(s), continuous and pulsatile flow, and 3-dimensional configuration. Furthermore, it demonstrates the applicability of microsurgical techniques to the model compared with performing surgery on a patient., Conclusion: Considering it an effective method for laboratory training, the creation of arteriovenous malformations in human placentas enables students to replicate, comprehend the structure, and master microsurgical techniques in a realistic model., (Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2024. All rights reserved.)

Cavernous malformations (CMs) are rare and often oligosymptomatic vascular lesions. The main symptoms include seizure and focal neurologic deficits. 1-3 Depending on the symptomatology, location, size, and risk factors for bleeding, like the presence of a developmental venous anomaly, CMs can be highly morbid. Thus surgical resection may be considered. Deep-seated and eloquent CMs, like those in the uncus, can be challenging. 4 , 5 In Video 1, we present a 23-year-old male adult who developed focal seizures (i.e., oral automatisms) after an episode of sudden intense headache 1 year ago. His neurologic examination was unremarkable. The patient consented to the procedure and publication of his image. Nevertheless, his magnetic resonance images showed an uncal 2-cm Zabramski type I CM. We exposed the insula and its limen through a right pterional craniotomy and transsylvian corridor. During the video, we discuss the surgical nuances to access and resect this CM lesion en bloc while preserving important vascular structures and white matter tracts. Postoperative neuroimaging demonstrated total resection. In postoperative day 1, the patient had 1 episode of generalized seizure and evolved with contralateral hemiparesis. The patient had a good recovery and was discharged on postoperative day 21. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient had no new epileptic events and presented complete weakness improvement. Through this minimally invasive and well-known surgical corridor, we preserve the mesial and lateral portion of the temporal lobe, reducing the risk of lesions to the Meyer loop and limbic association area., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cavernous malformations (CMs) are rare, often oligosymptomatic vascular lesions. Common manifestations include seizures and focal neurological deficits. Depending on the symptoms, location, size, and risk factors of bleeding, such as the presence of a developmental venous anomaly, the injury can be highly morbid. Hence, one can consider surgical resection. Deep and eloquently located CMs, such as those located in the temporal trunk, can be quite challenging and require an exact operative technique.1-7 We present a 27-year-old patient with a history of headaches that began two years ago and significantly worsened in the last month, associated with visual blurring, scotomas, nausea, phonophobia, and photophobia as well as paresthesias in the hands and perioral region. Imaging investigation revealed a CM in the temporal stem (Zabramski classification II). Owing to the risk of rebleeding and the young age, surgical resection was performed using a transsylvian approach to preserve the temporal cortex. We describe the technique applied and demonstrate the necessary care manipulating the distal sylvian fissure and the superficial sylvian veins. We also detail the anatomy of the temporal stem and the benefit of the transsylvian approach to preserve the white matter fibers that compose the temporal stem. The patient consented to the procedure and to the publication of his/her image. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution. Performed CM resection using the transsylvian pterional craniotomy technique, and it proceeded without complications. The postoperative period was also uneventful. The postoperative imaging demonstrated total resection of the cavernoma., (Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2024. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Mutations of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene have been associated with a spectrum of disorders called PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, which predisposes the individual to develop various types of tumors and vascular anomalies. Its phenotypic spectrum includes Cowden syndrome (CS), Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), Proteus syndrome, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), some sporadic cancers, Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD), and various types of associated vascular anomalies., Clinical Presentation: A previously healthy 27-year-old woman was experiencing visual scintillating scotomas and mild chronic headaches for the past 2 years. The initial computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans did not reveal any abnormalities, but the possibility of pseudotumor cerebri was considered. Furthermore, a cerebral angiogram showed a posterior fossa dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF), which was initially treated through embolization. However, in spite of proper treatment, this patient experienced multiple recurrent dAVFs in different locations, requiring multiple embolizations and surgeries. Despite exhibiting altered cerebral perfusion and hemodynamics, the patient did not display any significant symptoms until she experienced a sudden stroke resulting from deep venous thrombosis, which was not associated with any medical procedures or medication use. A comprehensive analysis was performed due to the aggressive nature of the dAVFs. Surprisingly, exome sequencing of a blood sample revealed a PTEN gene variant in chromosome 10, indicative of Cowden syndrome. However, no tumors or other vascular lesions were detected in other systems that would constitute Cowden syndrome., Conclusion: The rapid formation of multiple and complex dAVFs, coupled with not meeting the criteria for any other PTEN-related syndrome, unequivocally leads to the presentation of a novel phenotype of the PTEN germline variant., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Jong-A-Liem, Sarti, dos Santos, Giacon, Wuo-Silva, Baeta, de Campos Filho and Chaddad-Neto.)

Background: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a complex condition with both mechanical and chemical effects, resulting in mortality rates of 50-80%. Recent reports advocate for neuroendoscopic treatment, particularly endoscopic brainwashing (EBW), but long-term functional outcomes remain insufficiently explored. This study aims to outline the step-by-step procedure of EBW as applied in our institution, providing results and comparing them with those of external ventricular drainage (EVD) alone., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of adult patients with IVH who underwent EBW and patients submitted to EVD alone at our institution. All medical records were reviewed to describe clinical and radiological characteristics., Results: Although both groups had similar baseline factors, EBW patients exhibited a larger hemoventricle (median Graeb score 25 vs. 23 in EVD, P = 0.03) and a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. Short-term mortality was lower in EBW (52% and 60% at 1 and 6 months) compared to EVD (80% for both), though not statistically significant (P = 0.06). At one month, 16% of EBW patients achieved a good outcome (Modified Rankin scale < 3) versus none in the EVD group (P = 0.1). In the long term, favorable outcomes were observed in 32% of EBW patients and 11% of EVD patients (P = 0.03), with no significant difference in shunt dependency., Conclusion: Comparing EBW and EVD, patients submitted to the former treatment have the highest modified Graeb scores and, at a long-term follow-up, have better outcomes, demonstrated by the improvement of the patients in the follow-up., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Surgical Neurology International.)

Purpose: The possibility that ventricular opening generates postoperative complications after surgical tumor treatment often restricts the degree of tumor resection. This study aims to determine whether the ventricular opening is associated with more complications in surgeries for resectioning supratentorial intra-axial brain tumors in the pediatric population., Methods: A retrospective review analysis was performed of patients treated at IOP/GRAACC between 2002 and 2020 under 19 years of age and underwent surgery for supratentorial intra-axial primary brain tumor resection. Data were collected from 43 patients., Results: Glial tumor was more common than non-glial (65% vs. 35%, p = 0.09). The ventricular opening was not related to neoplastic spreads to the neuroaxis (6% vs. 0, p > 0.9) or leptomeningeal (3% vs. 0, p > 0.9). Of the patients whose ventricle was opened, 10% developed hydrocephalus requiring treatment, while none of the patients in the group without ventricular opening developed hydrocephalus (p = 0.5). There was also no statistical difference regarding ventriculitis. Postoperative subdural hygroma formation correlated with the ventricular opening (43% vs. 0, p = 0.003). The survival at 1, 5, and 10 years of cases with the ventricular opening was 93.2%, 89.7%, and 75.7%, respectively, while in cases without ventricular opening, it was 100%, 83%, and 83%, respectively, respectively, with no statistical difference between the mortality curves., Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that ventricular violation was not associated with the occurrence of significant complications. It was related to the formation of subdural hygroma, which did not require additional treatment., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Training in microsurgical neuroanatomy is a priority for neurosurgical education. During the 20 th century, microsurgical laboratories arose and provided a way to develop surgical skills. Few reports addressed the assembly, construction, and details of a training laboratory., Methods: We have conducted a literature review and searched legislation on the need to plan the structure of the laboratory., Results: We projected and built a laboratory through a public-private partnership. High-tech workstations and instruments were planned to meet the needs of residents, fellows, and student. All steps and materials were in accordance with the Brazilian legislation and articles previously selected., Conclusion: We described our experience and demonstrated the implementation of a micro neurosurgical skills laboratory., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Surgical Neurology International.)