Search

Most of the Indonesian wood species exhibit a wide differences in treatability. This may reduce effectiveness in loading several wood species simultaneously. This study investigated treatability of 41 wood species through full-cell process using CCB (copper-chrome-boron) preservatives. Representative wood samples, measuring 5 cm wide, 5 cm thick and I 00 cm long were preparedfrom each species and then remain to reach the air-dry condition. Pressures imposed during the process were consisted of initial and final vacuum al 500 mm Hg for 15 minutes, and a hydraulicpressure of 10 atmospheresfor 60 minutes. The results revealed that 20 of the study species were classified easy, I 2 species were moderate, 5 species were difficult, and the remaining 4 species were very difficult. Wood species within the class could be treated simultaneously. Results also indicated that there were great variations of chemical retention within the same class of penetration.

Wood Samples of five species measuring 3 cm x 3cm x 3cm (200 samples for each species) were treated with cold soaking treatment using Wolmanil CB and Diffusol CB preservatives for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days at the concentrations of 2, 4, 6, and 8 percent, The test result of experiment, after taking both retention and penetration requirements into concideration for wood used under roof, and in the open air both without ground contact, showed that only two species, perupuk and keruing daun lebar, could be satisfactorily treated with Wolmanil CB under the experimental conditions, while other three species, damar kunyil, lanan and dungun, haven 't been meet the standar. Diffusol CB preservative showed a good result only on one species, i. e. perupuk. Keruing daun lebar for under roof and in the open air usage both without ground contact can be consecutively soaked for 7 days in Wolmanit CB solution of 6 and 8 percent, while perupuk, only for under roof without ground contact, for 9 days in 8 percent solution. Perupuk used under roof and in the open air without ground contact could be soaked for 7 days in Diffusol CB solution of 4 and 6 percent.

Pada saat ini, kayu dari dolok diameter kecil yang lebih rentan terhadap organisme perusak, merupakan pilihan tak terliindarkan untuk menggantikan kayu tua dari hutan alam yang mulai langka. Perbaikan sifat keawetan dengan memasukkan bahan kimia ke dalam kayu dapat meningkatkan daya tahan kayu dari serangan organisme perusak, Teknik memasukkan bahan kimia ke dalam kayu sangat menentukan keberhasilan dalam perbaikon sifat keawetannya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar air kayu mangium, konsentrasi larutan dan lama perendaman terhadap retensi dan penembusan senyawa boron. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa kadar air kayu tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap retensi dan penembusan boron. Sebaliknya konsentrasi larutan berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap retensi dan penembusan boron. Lama rendaman dingin berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap retensi, tetapi terhadap penembusan tidak berpengaruh nyata. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang baik, disarankan bahwa kayu mangium yang akan dipakai di bawah atap tanpa berhubungan dengan tanah yang diawetkan menggunakan metode rendaman dingin dengan larutan boron 10%, diperlukan waktu rendaman paling sedikit lima hari.

Tisuk (Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb.) and sukun (Artocarpus horridus Jarret.) trees are numerously planted by the rural community in Ciamis regency. The wood portion of tisuk has been much in use for constructions material and furniture, while sukun is intended as multipurpose plants. Due to poor or low durability of the wood portion in both species, prior to its uses, it should be preserved or treated. Preservation scheme for both wood species with particular preservatives, unfortunately, has not yet been available. Therefore. a through investigation is urgently required to work out such a proper scheme. Inherent with such, ninety pieces or wood samples, measuring of 5 by 5 by 30 cm, were prepared from each of both species for the treating trial. After being dried, the samples pieces were treated with CCB (copper-chrome-boron) and boron preservatives by the full-cell process. The preservatives (CCB and boron) were each used in solution at three varying concentrations, i.e. 2, 3, and 4 percent. Initial and final vacuums were maintained at 600 mmHg for 30 and 15 minutes respectively. On the other hand, the treating phase was employed at three variable pressures i.e. 4, 6, and 8 hours, for one hour. The results revealed that both tisuk and sukun were satisfactorily treatable with CCB solution at 4 and 2 percent concentrations, respectively. For both CCB treated wood species used under roof and exposed to the open air without ground contact the recommended pressures were 4 and 8 atmospheres. A schedule treatment 4 and 2 percent boron with 4 atmospheres pressure is respectively recommended for tisuk and sukun used under roof without ground contact.

Three Wood species, i.e. tusam (Pinus merkusii Junh. et De Vr.), karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) and jeungjing paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) were treated with two bor preservatives using cold soaking method. The two preservatives used were borax at 5 % level and the mixture of borax and boric acid at 10 % level. The soaking periods were 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Forty samples of the size 5 x 5 x 50 cm were used for each species and each treatment in thisn experiment. The avemge moisture content of the samples for each species were 29 .9 %, 31. 9% and 30.3% respectively. The results showed that two species, i.e. tusam and karet achieved the minimum standard on preservative retention and pentatiue. The required minimum retention for borex preservative is 8. 7 kg/m3, whereas for the mixture of borax and boric acid is 8.4 kg/m3. The required minimum penetration for both preservatives is 10 mm. The .study recommended that tusam should be treated in 5 days using borax preservative or 1 day using the mixture of borax and boric, both with cold soaking method. The treatment for karet was recommended to use the mixture of borax and boric acid within 3 days.

Investigation about the cold-soaking treatment has been conducted on five wood species (i.e. keruing, nyatoh, melur, pulai and meranti merah) for housing purposes. The penetrating preservative for this case was CCB (copper-chrome-boron) chemicals. Before being treated. the wood specimens measuring 3 - 5 cm (in length) by 3 - 5 cm (in width) were prepared from each of the five species. Such specimens could not be treated by implementing the conventionally prescribed treating schedule. because the measurement of preservative retention at such schedule should follow the revised standard/schedule which differed from the conventional one. Hence, in cold-soaking treatment using CCB preservative, the specimens of wood species for such purpose had to be modified in their sizes/shapes. Three different sizes/shapes were prepared, i.e. beam, truss, and rafters; and then were allowed to reach their air-dry moisture contents. Afterwards. they underwent cold-soaking treatment using CCB preservative in two different concentrations (i.e. 5 percent and 10 percent). Meanwhile. the soaking durations implemented for each concentration were consecutively 3,5 and 7 days. The results revealed that all the wood species in all three sizes/shapes (i.e. beam. truss. and rafters)could be treated using the revised schedule. Except for meranti in truss and rafter. Related as such. the revised treating schedule for these five species has been appropriately devised.

The result of dip diffusion treatment of ten wood species from lrian Jaya is reported in this paper. The wood species comprised among others wafut (Cananga odorata Hook.f. et Th.), starka (Octomeles sumatrana Miq.), senai (Dracontomelon mangiferum Bl.), sutiet (Spondias cytherea Sonn.), bemoe (Canarium indicum L.), raja (Pterygota forbesii F.v.Muell), sehiega (Celtis latifolia Planch.), sehiye (Sterculia macrophylla Vent.), susu (Alstonia scholaris R.Br.), and bimiek (Pterocymbium beccarii K. Schum.). Particular attention is directed to penetration and retention requirement/or wood uses under roof and outdoor without soil contact. Solution concentration of BFCA preservative used was 30 percent. Among ten wood species tested, only one species (sehye) could not be treated by dip diffusion process in 30 percent solution, because retention requirement for use under roof without soil contact (condition A) could not be reached. Two of the remaining nine wood species which could be treated by dip diffusion process and hence fulfilling the requirement for uses under condition B were raja and sehiega woods. Storage phase proposed for bemoe, raja and sehiega wood is 8 weeks, while for six other wood species ( wafut, stark a, senai, sutiet, susu and bimiek) is 4 weeks. During storage phase, severe attack of blue-stain on seven wood species were observed, while the remaining three species which were not affected were senai, sehiega and bimiek wood. An addition of anti blue-stain compound in the preservative is recommended

Wood samples of three species measuring .3 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm (150 samples for each species) were treated with cold soaking treatment using borax and boric acid preservatives for 1,3,5, 7, and 9 days at the concentrations of 2,3, and 5 percent. The test result of experiment, after taking both retention and penetration requirements into consideration for wood used under roof without ground contact showed that only two species, damar kunyit and pulai, could be satisfactorily treated with Boric Acid under the experimental conditions, while other species, benuang, couldn't meet the standard. Borax preservative showed a good result only on one species. i.e. pulai. For under roof usage without ground contact, pulai can be consecutively soaked for 9 and 7 days in boric acid solution of 3 and 5 percent, while in borax, for 5 and 3 days soaking time are 3 and 5 percent. Damar kunyit used under roof without ground contact could be soaked for 7 days in boric acid solution of 5 percent.

Five air dried timber species measured 2.5 x 5 x 10 cm was brushed by preservative in one of the broader side for four, seven and ten times which similar with 1.25 g, 1.75 g and 2.25 g preservative. The preservative used were Xylamon 5. 61 OC and Cuprinol 118 L, with the replication per treatment were ten. Two weeks after treatment preservative penetration in all samples was measured. The results showed that the preservative penetration of all treatment did not mee trequirements for timber housing. Additional brushing may be could improve penetration and meet the standard but it will be costly. The cost offour, seven and ten times brushing if appliedin door frame are Rp 245,530,- Rp. 343,742,- and Rp. 44J,953,- per m3 with the price of preservative Rp. 13,500,- per liter.Key words: brushing, Xylamon, Cuprinol, penetration

Air dry sungkai (peronema canescens jack) wood samples, measuring 3 cm x 3 cm (432 samples) were treated with cold soaking treatment using wolmanit CB and Diffusol CB and diffusol CB preseruatibes for 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9 daya at the concentrations of 2, 4, 6, and 8 %. The results show ot the construction sungkai timber used under the root without soil contact can be treated with both preservatives at the concentration of 6 and 8 %. the soaking duration for each concentration was 9 and 4 days respectively for wolmanit CB preservative, and 7 and 6 days for diffusol CB. For out door construction without soil contact, the timbers should be treated by 8 % diffusol CB by soaking duration of 9 days.

Twenty wood species obtained from Irion Joya measuring 5 x 5 x 60 cm were treated by hot and cold soaking using BFCA preservative with 5 and 10 percent of solution concentration. Hot immersion period was kept for 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours, with temperature range of 60°C-70°C, followed by cold immersion for 24 hours. The test result of the twenty wood species, after taking both penetration and retention requirements into consideration for wood uses under roof, and in the open air both without soil contact, showed that two wood species among them i.e. nifoek (Eucalyptus deglupta Bl.) and seriega (Eugenia sp.), could not be satisfactorily treated under the experimental conditions. The other eighteen species could be treated by either one, several, or all treating schedules employed in this research. Nevertheless, it is important to note that two of the eighteen species, i.e. sougwa (Palaquium multiflorum) and matoa (Pometia pinna ta Forst.) fulfilled the requirements for wood usage under the roof only without soil contact. The preservation schedule proposed for the eighteen wood species is presented in Table 4.

Wood samples of 15 species measuring 5 x 5 x 30 cm were treated with 5 percent of BFCA preservative by hot and cold soaking. Hot soaking period was respectiuely 1 hour, 3 houn and 5 hours, with temperature range of 65ᵒC ­- 70ᵒ C, followed by cold soaking for 24 hours. The test result of experiment, after taking both retention and penetration requirements into consideration for wood uses under roof, and in the open air both without ground contact, showed that nine Wood species could be satisfactorily treated under the experimental conditions. However, it is important to note that one of the nine species, i.e. benuang (Octomeles sumatrana) fulfilled the requirements for wood usage under the roof only without ground contact. The preservation schedule proposed for nine wood species is also presented in this paper.

Bagan pengawetan bagi kayu Indonesia yang diawetkan secara rendaman panas dingin menggunakan bahan pengawet yang masih diizinkan baru diperoleh pada beberapa jenis saja. Penelitian lanjutan terhadap jenis kayu lain menggunakan berbagai bahan pengawet perlu dilakukan. Tujuh jenis kayu dalam keadaan kering udara berukuran 5 cm x 5 cm x 50 cm, diawetkan dengan proses rendaman panas dingin menggunakan bahan pengawet lmpralit 16 SP don lmpralit CKB dengan konsentrasi larutan 5 % dan 10 %. Lama rendaman panas yang digunakan 1 jam dan 3 jam dengan suhu antara 65 °C - 70 °C yang masing-masing diikuti rendaman dingin I hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari tujuh jenis kayu yang diteliti, Lima jenis, yaitu damar,rengas, sengon, sumpung dan tusam, dapat diawetkan dengan kedua jenis bahan pengawet, sedangkan dua jenis kayu lainnya, yaitu melina dan suren, tidak ada yang mencapai persyaratan yang ditentukan. Dari percobaan ini dapat disusun bagan pengawetan yang dianjurkan untuk kelima jenis kayu tersebut.

The aim of this experiment was to learn the properties/characteristics of activated charcoal manufacturedfrom various ligno­cellulosic materials, i.e. coconut shell, oil­palm bunches, wood sawdust (sawn from mixed forest wood species), and empty oil­palm bunches. At first, each of the four ligno­cellulosic materials was carbonized into charcoal under the particular conditions, as follows : the materials converted to small particles with 0.3 ­ 0.5 cm size, an implementing carbonization temperature at 500oC. The charcoal was activated using the condition: activating temperature at 900oC for 30 minutes, and exercising air flow rate at 800 ­ I,100oC. The variables implemented in this experiment were kinds of raw materials (i.e. 4 kinds as previously mentioned), and soaking in 1 percent NaOH (alkali) for 24 hours which was further compared with the one without soaking. Charcoal properties showed that coconut shell obtained the highest in fixed carbon content, the lowest in volatile matter and ash. Results in activated charcoal analyses showed that coconut shell obtained the highest in yield (50.5%) while the empty fruit bunch was the lowest (29.3%). The coconut shell also obtained the highest in fixed carbon (85.9%) while the lowest was saw dust (69.1%). Soaking treatment showed better quality on most of activated charcoal properties. Coconut shell gave the highest in benzene adsorption (20.17%) and iod adsorption (881.8 mg/g). In general, other raw materials showed low adsorption to benzene, while most of them has been met the AWWA B.600 ­ 78 standard or iod adsorption. The CPO refining showed that saw dust activated charcoal gave the best in refining (54.8% transmission) followed by empty fruit bunch, coconut shell and oil palm shell.

Since CCA preservative was banned in Indonesia, alternative preservative should be searched. One of the preservative which has good fixation characteristic like CCA is ZFE. preservative that contain zink, fluor and chrom. The retention and penetration of ZFK in five Indonesian wood species were studied. The ZFK preservative was applied using soaking method for 3, 5 and 7 days, where the solution concentration applied was 5 % and 10%. Five wood species choosed in the experiment were damar (Agathis loranthifolia), keruing (Dipterocarpus caudiferus), jelutung (Dyera costulata), meranti merah (Shorea palembanica) and nyatoh (Palaquium leiocarpum). The lest results based on retention and penetration requirements for wood used under roof, and in the open air both without ground contact, showed that only two species, keruing and jelutung, could satisfactorily meet the standard under the experimental conditions, while other tree species (damar, meranti merah and nyatoh) do not comply with tire standard. For under roof and in the open air uses without ground contact keruing can be consecutively soaked for 7 days in Basilit ZFK solution of 10% , while jelutung for 5 days.

Fifteen wood species from Irian Jaya with sample test pieces measuring 5 x 5 x 60 cm, and water content from 20. 0-21.4 percent, were subjected to cold soaking treatment, using 5 and 10 percent concentration of BFCA preservative, for three, five and seven days. Taking into account the penetration and retention requirement for wood use condition under roof and outdoor, without ground contact, the result indicates that matoa wood could not be treated with the schedule proposed in this paper. The other fourteen wood species could be treated with any of the treatment schedule (Table 4). However, two species (honggimako and senai) meet only the requirement for use under roof without ground contact.

The penetration of wood preservative of ten wood species from Lampung was studied. The obaervation was conduct- ed afier the timber had been preserved by diffusion method. The BFCA 30% and wood •mples of 6 cm by 10 cm by 200 cm were used in this experiment. The results showed that wood .species haB significant effect on penetration, whi'le duration of di/fusion storage period haB the mme effect only on keruing, damar a8Clm, balam and cengal banglai.Eight weeks of storage was better than 4 weeks on those timber,. but not for the other species. According to IUFRO clasBifieation,pulai. kayu tabu and bintangur can be clasBifiedas permeable, while the others were classified aB moderate

Moulding products made of two wood species in the form of coves were treated with BFCA preservative by cold soaking. The length of the test pieces were 30 cm. The duration of cold soaking treatment were 2, 4, 6 and 8 days, with preservative concentrations of 5 and 10 percent. The test results, after taking both retention and penetration requirements into consideration for wood uses under roof and in the open air without ground contact, showed that both wood species could be satisfactorily treated under experimental conditions. The treatment schedules proposed for both species are also presented in this paper. The average swelling of those species after treatment comparing to dimension are relatively small, therefore could be avaidable and has no affect on their use.

Wood samples of 17 species measuring 5 cm x 5 cm x 30 cm were treated with BFCA preservative by cold soaking treatment were 1, 3 and 5 days with preservative concentration of 5 and 10 percent. Taking retention and penetration requirements into consideration for wood uses under roof and in the Open air, both .Without ground contact, the resulls that seven wood species could be satisfactorily treated under the experimental conditions. However, it is important to note that three of the seven species, i.e. tumbawa (Dysoxylum sp.), cempaka (Ehmerilla ovalis) and merawan (Hopeasp.) falfilled only the requirements for wood usage under the roof without ground contact. The treatment schedule proposed for the seven wood species is also presented in this paper.

Tujuh jenis kayu dalam keadaan kering udara berukuran 5 x 5 x 50 cm, diawetkan dengan proses rendaman dingin menggunakan bahan pengawet lmpralit 16 SP dan lmpralit CKB. Lama rendaman dingin yang digunakan 3 dan 5 hari dengan konsentrasi larutan 5 % dan 10 %. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari tujuh jenis kayu yang diieliti, dua jenis, yaitu sengon dan tusam, dapat diawetkan bahan pengawet Impralit 16 SP dengan kondisi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, sedangkan Lima jenis kayu lainnya, yaitu damar, gmelina, rengas, sumpung dan suren, tidak ada yang mencapai persyaratan yang ditentukan. Dengan bahan pengawet Impralit CKB hanya berhasil baik pada satu jenis kayu, yaitu pada kayu tusam. Bahan pengawet lmpralit 16 SP dengan konsentrasi 10 % dan lama perendaman masing-masing 5 hari dan 3 hari hanya dapat digunakan mengawetkan kayu sengon dan tusam yang dipasang di bawah atap tanpa berhubungan dengan tanah. Kayu tusam yang digunakan di bawah atap dan di udara terbuka tanpa berhubungan dengan tanah dapat diawetkan bahan pengawet lmpralit CKB masing-masing dengan konsentrasi 5 % dan 10 % selama 5 hari dan 3 hari.