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During their working lives, the majority of structural components are often subjected to dynamic loadings. These parts may frequently need to operate in harsh dynamic environments where resonant vibrations do the most harm. Stress and frequency are used to estimate a material's susceptibility to vibration-induced material fracture. For the structure's safety, the vibration's maximum amplitude must not exceed a certain threshold. As a result, vibration analysis has become crucial when designing a structure in order to predict its response and take the appropriate action to regulate structural vibrations and their amplitudes. In order to evaluate the free vibration of woven fibre Glass/Epoxy composite plates in free-free boundary conditions, the current study incorporates comprehensive experimental effort. The hand-layup technique is used to create the composite plates made of woven glass fibre and epoxy matrix specimens. Tensile testing of specimens is another experimental method for determining the elastic properties of the plate. In order to determine the Natural frequencies, an experimental research is conducted utilising the modal analysis technique. This experiment is also used to verify the outcomes of the FEA performed with Ansys. In-depth research is done on the impact of various parameters, such as aspect ratio and fibre orientation, on woven fibre composite plates under free-free boundary conditions. For researchers and engineers working on design applications, this study may be a significant resource., {"references":["IJMER, Vol. 3, Jan.-Feb. 2013, pp. 377-380, S. U. Ratnaparkhi, \"Vibration analysis of composite plate,\" ISSN: 2249-6645.","Composite material: A Review over G.V. Mahajan and V. S. Aher, automotive application and contemporary development\", International Volume 2, Issue 11 of the Journal of Scientific and Research Publication 2012-11-01, ISSN 2250-3153.","Free vibration study of isotropic materials, Kanak Kalita and Abir Dutta, 2003.\" International Journal of Composite Plates and Composite Rectangular Plates\", mechanical and research, Volume 3, ISSN 2249-0019. 2013's Number 4, pages 301-308.","\"Analysis for Buckling and Cracking,\" by R. Rikards, A. Chate, and O. Ozolinsh ELSEVIER, \"Vibration of composite stiffened shells and plates,\"Composite Structure 51, 361-370 (2001).","\"Recent developments in finite element analysis for laminated composite plates,\" by Y.X. Zhang and C.H. Yang. 147–157 in Composite Structures 88 (2009).","M.K.Pandit, K.K. Shukla, B.N. Singh, A.K.S. Bisht Journal of Sound and Vibration 324 (2009) 126–138, \"Non Linear Vibration Analysis of Composite Plates with Material Uncertainties: A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach\".","Faruk Frat Calm, \"Free and forced vibrations of non-uniform composite beams,\" Composite Structures 88 (2009) 413–423."]}

In this paper, we simulated a new line tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) with a Z-shaped gate. The proposed Z-TFET generates vertical tunneling due to the presence of the front gate over the entire source region. This generates faster tunneling between the source and the channel region, providing a 3-decade improvement in drain current compared to conventional DG-TFET. The ambipolar current is also improved by 1-decade with a subthreshold swing (SS) of 40 mV/decade (reduces by 18%). Further optimization of the front and back gate is performed to investigate its impact on the analog performance of Z-TFET. The simulated results exhibit improvement in ambipolar current, reduction in OFF current by optimizing the back-gate length. This simulation work is performed in the presence of field-induced quantum confinement using the TCAD device simulator. Additional reliability issue of the structure in the presence of the interface trap charge at the semiconductor-oxide interface is properly investigated. The effect of trap charge density (Nf) and capture cross-section (σ) variation on the transfer characteristics and average SS has been examined. The proposed device can provide a higher ION/IOFF of 1013 and ION/IAMB of 107.

A new Ge/SiGe heterojunction double-gate tunnel field effect transistor (DGT) model with hetero dielectric gate and Gaussian doping drain region is investigated for the first time. The introduction of heterojunction with hetero dielectric will reduce band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) leakage current while maintaining high mobility to enhance drain current and transconductance characteristics of the device significantly. Along with that, the combined effect of analytical drain doping profile (Gaussian) and hetero dielectric suppresses the ambipolar behavior. Different DC characteristics of the device like energy band analysis, electric field, drain current and BTBT generation rate are analyzed for the proposed structure. RF figure of merit for the HD-HJDGT-GD is express by analyzing its transconductance (gm), cut off frequency (fT), maximum oscillation frequency (fmax), gain bandwidth product (GBP) and transconductance frequency product (TFP). The outcome of the model under study is compared with conventional DGT. It is apparent from the analysis that the recommended model has better DC and RF performance, which makes this device worth studying to be used in high-frequency applications. TCAD simulation is performed by using Sentaurus 2D device simulator from Synopsys.

Introduction: Here we propose an accurate drain current model for a Symmetric Dual Gate Tunnel FET (SDG-TFET) using effective tunneling length and generation rate of carrier over tunneling junction area. Analytical Modeling: The surface potential of the model is obtained by solving 2-dimensional Poisson’s equation and further extends to determine the magnitude of initial tunneling length and final tunneling length. The different DC performance indicators like drain current (ID), threshold voltage (Vth), transconductance (gm) and Subthreshold Slope (SS) for the present model are extensively investigated and the results are compared with that of Single Gate Tunnel FET (SGTFET). Conclusion: The practical importance of this model relies on its accuracy and improved electrostatic performance over SG-TFET. The analytical model results are validated using TCAD Sentaurus (Synopsys) device simulator.

Process-based groundwater models are useful to understand complex aquifer systems and make predictions about their response to hydrological changes. A conceptual model for evaluating responses to environmental changes is presented, considering the hydrogeologic framework, flow processes, aquifer hydraulic properties, boundary conditions, and sources and sinks of the groundwater system. Based on this conceptual model, a quasi-three-dimensional transient groundwater flow model was designed using MODFLOW to simulate the groundwater system of Mahanadi River delta, eastern India. The model was constructed in the context of an upper unconfined aquifer and lower confined aquifer, separated by an aquitard. Hydraulic heads of 13 shallow wells and 11 deep wells were used to calibrate transient groundwater conditions during 1997–2006, followed by validation (2007–2011). The aquifer and aquitard hydraulic properties were obtained by pumping tests and were calibrated along with the rainfall recharge. The statistical and graphical performance indicators suggested a reasonably good simulation of groundwater flow over the study area. Sensitivity analysis revealed that groundwater level is most sensitive to the hydraulic conductivities of both the aquifers, followed by vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining layer. The calibrated model was then employed to explore groundwater-flow dynamics in response to changes in pumping and recharge conditions. The simulation results indicate that pumping has a substantial effect on the confined aquifer flow regime as compared to the unconfined aquifer. The results and insights from this study have important implications for other regional groundwater modeling studies, especially in multi-layered aquifer systems.

Climate, groundwater extraction, and surface water flows have complex nonlinear relationships with groundwater level in agricultural regions. To better understand the relative importance of each driver and predict groundwater level change, we develop a new ensemble modeling framework based on spectral analysis, machine learning, and uncertainty analysis, as an alternative to complex and computationally expensive physical models. We apply and evaluate this new approach in the context of two aquifer systems supporting agricultural production in the United States: the High Plains aquifer (HPA) and the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (MRVA). We select input data sets by using a combination of mutual information, genetic algorithms, and lag analysis, and then use the selected data sets in a Multilayer Perceptron network architecture to simulate seasonal groundwater level change. As expected, model results suggest that irrigation demand has the highest influence on groundwater level change for a majority of the wells. The subset of groundwater observations not used in model training or cross-validation correlates strongly (R > 0.8) with model results for 88 and 83% of the wells in the HPA and MRVA, respectively. In both aquifer systems, the error in the modeled cumulative groundwater level change during testing (2003–2012) was less than 2 m over a majority of the area. We conclude that our modeling framework can serve as an alternative approach to simulating groundwater level change and water availability, especially in regions where subsurface properties are unknown.

In this paper a simulated device configuration is introduced for doping less charge plasma tunnel FET (CP-TFET) to improving the drain current and ambipolar nature. To achieve these improvements, we have proposed drain electrode work-function modulation engineering along with hetero dielectric in CP-TFET. The use of varied work-function modulation technique in drain region significantly reduces the ambipolar current by modifying the tunneling barrier width at the proximity of drain junction. However, the combined effect of hetero dielectric with drain electrode work-function modulation results in improved ON-current $(\mathrm{I}_\mathrm{ON})$ and reduced ambipolar-current (IAMB). The paper presents a comparative DC analysis of drain work-function modulated hetero gate charge plasma TFET (DWM-HCP-TFET) with that of conventional charge plasma TFET (CP-TFET). Analysis is done to prove the superiority of DWM-HCP-TFET over the conventional model.

Effective characterization of lithology is vital for the conceptualization of complex aquifer systems, which is a prerequisite for the development of reliable groundwater-flow and contaminant-transport models. However, such information is often limited for most groundwater basins. This study explores the usefulness and potential of a hybrid soft-computing framework; a traditional artificial neural network with gradient descent-momentum training (ANN-GDM) and a traditional genetic algorithm (GA) based ANN (ANN-GA) approach were developed and compared with a novel hybrid self-organizing map (SOM) based ANN (SOM-ANN-GA) method for the prediction of lithology at a basin scale. This framework is demonstrated through a case study involving a complex multi-layered aquifer system in India, where well-log sites were clustered on the basis of sand-layer frequencies; within each cluster, subsurface layers were reclassified into four depth classes based on the maximum drilling depth. ANN models for each depth class were developed using each of the three approaches. Of the three, the hybrid SOM-ANN-GA models were able to recognize incomplete geologic pattern more reasonably, followed by ANN-GA and ANN-GDM models. It is concluded that the hybrid soft-computing framework can serve as a promising tool for characterizing lithology in groundwater basins with missing lithologic patterns.

This article builds on Allison James and Alan Prout’s call to focus more on theorizing the social construction of time in childhood and explores how school, as an organization and an experience, influences students’ conceptions of childhood and experiences of being a child. Extending the conception of time of childhood to include their future projections, we assert that aspiring to become an adult, while seeming to diminish the experience of childhood, actually provides motivation and hope to children. We also posit that school’s emphasis on “preparation to become” influences children’s experience in school and “imagined futures” as adults. The article is based on interviews with Indian tribal students between the ages of 9 and 15 who attended school at a residential school serving 25,000 students and at government day schools in Odisha, India.

Water resources sustainability is a worldwide concern because of climate variability, growing population, and excessive groundwater exploitation in order to meet freshwater demand. Addressing these conflicting challenges sometimes can be aided by using both simulation and mathematical optimization tools. This study combines a groundwater-flow simulation model and two optimization models to develop optimal reconnaissance-level water management strategies. For a given set of hydrologic and management constraints, both of the optimization models are applied to part of the Mahanadi River basin groundwater system, which is an important source of water supply in Odisha State, India. The first optimization model employs a calibrated groundwater simulation model (MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model) within the Simulation-Optimization MOdeling System (SOMOS) module number 1 (SOMO1) to estimate maximum permissible groundwater extraction, subject to suitable constraints that protect the aquifer from seawater intrusion. The second optimization model uses linear programming optimization to: (a) optimize conjunctive allocation of surface water and groundwater and (b) to determine a cropping pattern that maximizes net annual returns from crop yields, without causing seawater intrusion. Together, the optimization models consider the weather seasons, and the suitability and variability of existing cultivable land, crops, and the hydrogeologic system better than the models that do not employ the distributed maximum groundwater pumping rates that will not induce seawater intrusion. The optimization outcomes suggest that minimizing agricultural rice cultivation (especially during the non-monsoon season) and increasing crop diversification would improve farmers&rsquo, livelihoods and aid sustainable use of water resources.

In this paper, we present a new Z-shaped line tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) employing drain doping engineering with a split drain structure (SD-ZHP-TFET). The split drain (SD) approach in the proposed ZHP-TFET helps increasing tunneling width at the channel-drain interface, reducing ambipolarity. Moreover, a horizontal pocket (HP) is implanted in the source region to boost the ON-current of the proposed SD-ZHP-TFET structure. The effect of both these approaches in the line-TFET provides higher ON-current and reduces ambipolarity significantly. Split drain structure in the ZHP-TFET exhibits a three-decade improvement in the ambipolar current without affecting the subthreshold (SS) and leakage current significantly. A calibrated simulation study of split drain thickness (tu) and drain region doping variation on the analog performance are investigated using the technology computer-aided design device simulator. Moreover, the high-frequency figure of merit regarding total gate capacitance (Cgg), unit-gain cut-off frequency (fT) is analysed. It is found that the drain doping improves the cut-off frequency from 1.8 GHz in ZHP-TFET to 2.2 GHz in the proposed SD-ZHP-TFET structure. Thus the proposed device is capable of providing higher ION/IOFF (≈1013) and ION/IAMB (≈1013) ratio with an average SS of 44 mV/decade.

This paper presents a new Ge/SiGe heterojunction double-gate Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (DGTFET) that can significantly reduce band-to-band Tunneling (BTBT) leakage current while withholding its high mobility by introducing a low bandgap material, making it suitable for energy efficient analog and digital applications. The study shows an excellent reduction in ambipolar current with Gaussian doping profile at the drain side. The heterojunction DGTFET with Gaussian doping (HeTFET-GD) exhibits improvement in terms of drain current, ambipolar current and transconductance in comparison with conventional homojunction TFET. Much improved drain current, transconductance, and reduced ambipolar current allow the device to be used in very low power and high-speed applications. The proposed HeTFET-GD device simulation work was done by Sentaurus TCAD 2D device simulator from Synopsys.

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. The consistent increasing demand of raw materials used for concrete production paves the way for suitable recycled or waste materials instead of conventional materials which are likely to deplete in years ahead. In this present research, an attempt is made on the use of Crumb rubber from recycled rubber tyres through the cracker mill, granulator mill and micro mill and Silica fume from the byproduct of silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys as a partial replacement of fine aggregates and cement respectively in concrete. The properties and suitability of the raw materials for the experiment were determined. A preliminary part of the programme constitutes the preparation of M30 grade of concrete mix design using IS method. The specimens (150 mm × 150 mm) were cast with optimum percentage (6%) replacements of the fine aggregate by crumb rubber. Then the Silica fume is partially replaced with cement as strength enhancer at various percentages (i.e. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) at the optimum percent of crumb rubber. The Silica fume is used to improve the strength properties of rubberized concrete up to some extent. The maximum compressive strength achieved at the age of 28 curing day is 35.5 N/mm2 at 15% replacement of silica fume. The strength is increased to 5.07%, 23.94% compared to control concrete and rubberized concrete respectively.

Quantification of groundwater resources is indispensable for developing an efficient strategy for sustainable groundwater management. Integration of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques with multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) has emerged as a powerful tool for the economical and rapid assessment of groundwater resources at a macroscale. The main intent of this study is to evaluate the performance of two GIS-based approaches, namely MCDA as Approach I and probabilistic modeling as Approach II for groundwater prospecting. In Approach I, the thematic layers and their features relevant to groundwater prospect were extracted using RS and GIS, and appropriate weightages were assigned to individual layers and their features based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) scale. After the normalization of these weights, the selected thematic layers were integrated in the GIS environment to generate a groundwater prospect map. In Approach II, two probabilistic models, viz. frequency ratio (FR) and weight of evidence (WOE), were used. The FR and WOE probability values were calculated for each of the selected themes and then groundwater prospect maps were generated by overlaying the themes in GIS. The groundwater prospect maps thus obtained by the two approaches were classified into four distinct groundwater potential zones. These maps were verified using the available well-yield data. The verification results indicated that out of the AHP, FR and WOE techniques, the AHP technique is superior (prediction accuracy of 77 %) to the probabilistic models (FR and WOE), though the WOE model also performed reasonably well with a prediction accuracy of 73 %. It is concluded that for more reliable results, the AHP technique can be used for assessing groundwater potential in a given area/region. The findings of this study are useful for the cost-effective identification of suitable well locations as well as for the efficient planning and development of groundwater resources.

Massive geodata is generally defined by its storage requirements and not by objects' geographic extent. It should be optimized to improve time and space complexity which can be achieved via compression. The methodologies used in image compression applications are classified as lossy and lossless compression. Image compression applications compress images which in turn lead to efficient utilization of time, memory and bandwidth. In this paper, various compression methods for massive geodata objects have been analyzed and compared which will ultimately help in identifying optimal compression method as per different requirements or depending on specific type of geodata. Algorithms have been compared based on efficiency, compression ratio, PSNR & error estimates.

The efficacy of multiple linear regression (MLR) as a modeling tool was investigated for forecasting groundwater levels in unconfined aquifer systems. The monthly groundwater level data of 17 sites and monthly data of rainfall, river stage and temperature and seasonal dummy variables were considered as input variables for MLR modeling. Three different approaches based upon plausible combinations of these input variables were considered to develop MLR models for individual sites. The regression coefficients of each MLR model following all the approaches were determined and the performance of these regression models was assessed using multiple correlation coefficient (R), multiple R 2, adjusted R 2, F-statistic, p-level, and standard error of estimate goodness-of-fit statistics. The best MLR models obtained for individual sites were then calibrated and validated to forecast groundwater levels over the study area. The analysis of the modeling results indicated that the MLR models developed in this study are able to predict groundwater levels with a reasonable accuracy at almost all the sites under study. It is concluded that the MLR technique can serve as a cost-effective and easy-to-use groundwater modeling tool for hydrogeologists, especially under inadequate field data condition.

Groundwater modelling has emerged as a powerful tool to develop a sustainable management plan for efficient groundwater utilization and protection of this vital resource. This study deals with the development of five hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) models and their critical assessment for simulating spatio-temporal fluctuations of groundwater in an alluvial aquifer system. Unlike past studies, in this study, all the relevant input variables having significant influence on groundwater have been considered, and the hybrid ANN technique [ANN-cum-Genetic Algorithm (GA)] has been used to simulate groundwater levels at 17 sites over the study area. The parameters of the ANN models were optimized using a GA optimization technique. The predictive ability of the five hybrid ANN models developed for each of the 17 sites was evaluated using six goodness-of-fit criteria and graphical indicators, together with adequate uncertainty analyses. The analysis of the results of this study revealed that the multilayer perceptron Levenberg–Marquardt model is the most efficient in predicting monthly groundwater levels at almost all of the 17 sites, while the radial basis function model is the least efficient. The GA technique was found to be superior to the commonly used trial-and-error method for determining optimal ANN architecture and internal parameters. Of the goodness-of-fit statistics used in this study, only root-mean-squared error, r2 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency were found to be more powerful and useful in assessing the performance of the ANN models. It can be concluded that the hybrid ANN modelling approach can be effectively used for predicting spatio-temporal fluctuations of groundwater at basin or subbasin scales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an iatrogenic complication. In most cases, the clinical manifestations of OHSS are self-limited and OHSS resolves spontaneously within a few days, provided that appropriate supportive measures are taken. However, OHSS has been associated with substantial morbidity, principally acute respiratory distress, and fatal complications have been reported in patients with severe or critical OHSS.

The potential of multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques in predicting transient water levels over a groundwater basin were compared. MLR and ANN modeling was carried out at 17 sites in Japan, considering all significant inputs: rainfall, ambient temperature, river stage, 11 seasonal dummy variables, and influential lags of rainfall, ambient temperature, river stage and groundwater level. Seventeen site-specific ANN models were developed, using multi-layer feed-forward neural networks trained with Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithms. The performance of the models was evaluated using statistical and graphical indicators. Comparison of the goodness-of-fit statistics of the MLR models with those of the ANN models indicated that there is better agreement between the ANN-predicted groundwater levels and the observed groundwater levels at all the sites, compared to the MLR. This finding was supported by the graphical indicators and the residual analysis. Thus, it is concluded that the ANN technique is superior to the MLR technique in predicting spatio-temporal distribution of groundwater levels in a basin. However, considering the practical advantages of the MLR technique, it is recommended as an alternative and cost-effective groundwater modeling tool.

Similipal Tiger Reserve is a large insurgent-affected protected area (PA) located in the northern Eastern Ghats, India, with a resident tribal population of about 12,500. In 2007-08, we carried out...

Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells requires trafficking and exocytosis of H-K-ATPaserich tubulovesicles (TVs) toward apical membranes in response to histamine stimulation via cAMP elevation. Here, we found that TRPML1 (ML1), a protein that is mutated in type IV Mucolipidosis (ML-IV), is a tubulovesicular channel essential for TV exocytosis and acid secretion. Whereas ML-IV patients are reportedly achlorhydric, transgenic overexpression of ML1 in mouse parietal cells induced constitutive acid secretion. Gastric acid secretion was blocked and stimulated by ML1 inhibitors and agonists, respectively. Organelle-targeted Ca2+ imaging and direct patch-clamping of apical vacuolar membranes revealed that ML1 mediates a PKA-activated conductance on TV membranes that is required for histamine-induced Ca2+ release from TV stores. Hence, we demonstrated that ML1, acting as a Ca2+ channel in TVs, links transmitter-initiated cyclic nucleotide signaling with Ca2+-dependent TV exocytosis in parietal cells, providing a regulatory mechanism that could be targeted to manage acid-related gastric diseases.

This paper deals with the analysis of groundwater condition in an alluvial aquifer system underlying Kushabhadra-Bhargavi River basin of Odisha, India. The rainfall data and river-stage data of the Kushabhadra River were analyzed for the periods of 1995–2009 and 1991–2010, respectively. Using the available lithologic data, geologic profiles along North-South and East-West sections were prepared and stratigraphy analysis was performed to characterize aquifers and confining layers present in the river basin. The results of stratigraphic analyses indicated that a two-layered aquifer system consisting of an unconfined aquifer and a confined aquifer exists in the study area. The thickness of unconfined aquifer varies from 3.4 to 46.5 m, whereas that of confined aquifer varies from 3.1 to 80.3 m over the basin with an interconnecting confining layer of thickness ranging from 2.1 to 60.0 m. The rainfall-groundwater dynamics and hydraulic connectivity were also investigated for gaining insights into groundwater characteristics. The analysis of groundwater levels indicated that the correlation among the 14 sites is better for most pairs of the sites (r = 0.50 to 0.96) in case of pre-monsoon season’s data and annual data as compared to monsoon and post-monsoon season’s data. This indicates good hydraulic connectivity among the observed sites in the study area. The significant seasonal groundwater fluctuations in the study area indicate appreciable recharge to the aquifer during the monsoon season. The findings obtained and insights gained from this study can be helpful for the water managers and decision makers to understand groundwater dynamics for the efficient planning and management of vital groundwater resources in the region. It is recommended that groundwater monitoring should be continued at more sites to understand long-term spatio-temporal characteristics of groundwater in the study area.

This paper presents a 2D analytical model for symmetric double gate Tunnel Field Effect transistor (DG-TFET) based on tunneling path in the channel. The potential profile is obtained by solving 2D Poisson's equation in the rectangular coordinate system. The drain current is extracted by integrating the band to band tunneling generation rate, initial and final tunneling length. The primary focus is on initial tunneling length as it directly influence the drain current amplitude of the device. The DG-TFET shows ON-current improvement as compared with SG-TFET. The validation of analytical results with simulated results is done by TCAD device simulator.

In India, conservation of biodiversity goes hand in hand with human welfare, as millions of people live adjacent or within protected areas and depend upon forests products. The high density and biomass requirements of these households could result in the degradation of forests and loss of biodiversity. We assessed the collection of forest products among households in five sites in the Western and Eastern Ghats of peninsular India: the Kogar region of the Central Western Ghats, the Bandipur and Sigur regions of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve of the southern Western Ghats and Similipal Tiger Reserve of the northern Eastern Ghats, and tested whether extraction pressure on forests was associated with the proportion of agricultural households, wage labour and population density. We also examined whether data on loss of cover as stated by the State of the Forest Reports was supported by field data. The regions differed in land use: Kogar, KMTR and Similipal were primarily agricultural regions, whereas households engaged in wage labour or in running small businesses were predominant in Sigur and Bandipur. Fuel–wood was collected ubiquitously for household use in all sites, used mainly for domestic requirements and secondarily for generating income. Green leaves for making fertilizer and fodder were collected for household use and did not enter the market. Cattle manure for the global organic coffee industry was a major forest product in Bandipur and Sigur. Extraction pressure on forests was positively associated with the availability of wage labour and was negatively with the proportion of agricultural households. Data from official sources seem inadequate to measure forest degradation in protected forests. Accurate estimation of forest condition through field assessments and remote sensing, and understanding the socio-economic variables associated with forest loss and degradation are needed for the sustainable management of Indian protected areas.

Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells requires trafficking and exocytosis of H/K-ATPase-rich tubulovesicles (TVs) toward apical membranes in response to histamine stimulation via cyclic AMP elevation. Here, we found that TRPML1 (ML1), a protein that is mutated in type IV mucolipidosis (ML-IV), is a tubulovesicular channel essential for TV exocytosis and acid secretion. Whereas ML-IV patients are reportedly achlorhydric, transgenic overexpression of ML1 in mouse parietal cells induced constitutive acid secretion. Gastric acid secretion was blocked and stimulated by ML1 inhibitors and agonists, respectively. Organelle-targeted Ca2+ imaging and direct patch-clamping of apical vacuolar membranes revealed that ML1 mediates a PKA-activated conductance on TV membranes that is required for histamine-induced Ca2+ release from TV stores. Hence, we demonstrated that ML1, acting as a Ca2+ channel in TVs, links transmitter-initiated cyclic nucleotide signaling with Ca2+-dependent TV exocytosis in parietal cells, providing a regulatory mechanism that could be targeted to manage acid-related gastric diseases.

A compact electric field generator has been explored to transmit electric energy wirelessly to piezoelectric components by using the electric resonance of a flat spiral coil antenna-like structure and a capacitor in series. In the flat spiral coil antenna-like electric field generator, the ac electric field is transmitted wirelessly to the piezoelectric plate placed in a plane perpendicular to the plane of antenna. When the spiral coil antenna-like electric field generator and capacitor are in electric resonance, the wireless electric energy transmission to the piezoelectric component can be enhanced. At resonance frequency of 772 kHz and optimum electrical load resistance of 350 Ω, a maximum output power of 164.58 µW and energy conversion efficiency of 0.03% have been achieved wirelessly by the piezoelectric plate operating in the thickness vibration mode, placed 4 mm away from antenna plane with an input ac source power of 0.54 W, and an inductance of 0.0413 mH of the flat spiral coil antenna-like electric field generator.