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U radu su prikazani rezultati prve dve faze u postupku ocenjivanja životnog ciklusa (LCA) uljane repice proizvedene u uslovima koji se mogu smatrati tipičnim na značajnom delu teritorije Vojvodine. Procena ulaza proizvodnje (količina mineralnih đubriva, pesticida i dizel goriva) se zasniva na preporukama stručnih službi, dok se izlazi, odnosno emisije zagađujućih supstanci u životnu sredinu, utvrđuju primenom savremenih metoda uz uvažavanje lokalno specifičnih uslova proizvodnje. Podaci o ulazima i izlazima proizvodnje su uneti u OpenLCA softver koji je u kombinaciji sa bazom podataka ecoinvent korišćen za utvrđivanje rezultata inventarisanja. Rezultat inventarisanja sadrži podatke o više stotina različitih zagađujućih supstanci koje se emituju u životnu sredinu u procesima koji čine proizvodni lanac uljane repice, kao i detaljan inventar utrošenih, odnosno korišćenih prirodnih resursa. Rezultati inventarisanja sadrže podatke samo o količinama različitih razmena sa životnom sredinom i kao takvi nisu pogodni za izvođenje zaključaka o ukupnom uticaju proizvodnje uljane repice na životnu sredinu. Iz tog razloga, analizu je potrebno upotpuniti trećom fazom LCA, koja daje dodatna objašnjenja i tumačenja značaja rezultata inventarisanja sa aspekta zaštite životne sredine., This is the first part of an environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) study of oilseed rape cultivated under conditions prevalent in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia. The paper presents the initial two phases of the LCA: goal and scope definition, as well as the life cycle inventory (LCI). The assessment exclusively focuses on the rapeseed oil production chain, which includes the transportation of oilseeds to regional silos as its final stage. The assessment of production inputs, including quantities of mineral fertilizers, pesticides, and diesel fuel needed to achieve an assumed yield of 3000 kg ha-1, relies on recommendations from relevant agricultural advisory institutions. Emissions of pollutants into the environment, considered as outputs, are calculated using methodologies that account for locally specific conditions and production practices. Collected or estimated input and output data are entered into the OpenLCA software, which, in conjunction with the ecoinvent 3.7 database, computes the results of the LCI analysis. The LCI result contains data on hundreds of different pollutants emitted into the environment during the processes that make up the oilseed rape production chain, as well as a detailed inventory of consumed or used natural resources. However, LCI results only provide data on the quantities of different exchanges with the environment, not their potential impacts. Thus, they are not suitable for concluding the overall impact of oilseed rape production on the environment. Consequently, the analysis requires supplementation through the third LCA phase: the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). This phase provides further explanations and interpretations of the significance of inventory results from an environmental protection perspective.

Wheat is the main arable crop, grown on about 220 million hectares worldwide. Fertilization is one of the most important factors determining crops productivity and its most important characteristics. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) uptake from the soil large amounts of mineral elements during the growing season and it has a high soil fertility requirement, and nitrogen (N) remarkably contributes to grain yield formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of N top dressing (54 kg ha-1 N, added as CAN mineral fertilizer) and the combination of nitrogen and different foliar fertilizers: Fitofert Speed G (3 l ha-1), Slavol (7 l ha-1) and Wuxal super (7 l ha-1) on some parameters of productivity and morphological characteristics of the winter wheat variety Farinelli. The field trial was carried out in 2022/2023 growing season under the agro-ecological conditions of Zaječar, Serbia, on Vertisol soil type. Control treatment received no fertilization. Standard agricultural techniques were applied as in regular winter wheat cultivation. Stem height was increased under all treatments in comparison to control (59.3 cm), whilst the highest plants were recorded under treatment with combination of N and foliar fertilizer Wuxal super (67.5 cm). In each of fertilization treatments plants had 6 internodes, and this number was much higher than 4 internodes recorded in control. The highest number of spikes per m2 was obtained in the treatment with N and foliar fertilizer Fitofert Speed G while the lowest was recorded in the control (491 and 432 spikes per m2, respectively).

Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is a complex problem that complicates the barley selection and breeding process. The knowledge of the relationship between cereal phenology and climatic data is important for understanding GEI and the physiological pathways responsible for the interaction effect. The grain yield of twenty winter barley genotypes in six environments was observed. Factors influencing the variability were analyzed using a linear mixed model. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was applied to determine the most relevant environmental variables in certain stages of development that explained GEI effects. Biplot with environmental variables explained 43.7% of the GEI. The barley was generally the most sensitive to the environmental conditions (relative humidity, maximum temperature and its variation, sun hours, and precipitation) during the anthesis and filling stage (May) which caused GEI. Temperature variables did not show significance only in the vegetative phase. Different genotypes responded differently to environmental factors. Genotypes NS-525, NS-589, and J-103 were highlighted as widely adaptable, and Zajeˇcar was a suitable and reliable location for yield testing. The GEI information presented in this paper can be useful in traditional plant breeding and future breeding programs through molecular research of crop developmental genes and examination of physiological processes in two-row barley.

Global organic agriculture and consumption of organic food has continuously increased over the past decades. The aim of the research was to determine and compare cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations in organic and conventional root and tuber vegetables from the Serbian market. Samples of three root and tuber vegetables commonly consumed in Serbia, including potatoes, carrots and beetroots, were collected at two green markets and four supermarkets in the territory of the city of Belgrade, Serbia. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in fresh weight were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Mean concentrations of Cd and Pb in two types of vegetables were compared by the t-test. Cd and Pb concentrations in both types of vegetables were below allowable limits. Potato mean Cd concentration was significantly lower in the organic than in the conventional type (0.021 mg kg-1 and 0.037 mg kg-1, respectively). In carrots, it was the opposite, Cd concentration was higher in the organic type, but the difference was not significant either between the two types or for beetroots. Results indicated lower Pb levels in organic potatoes and beetroots, and higher Pb levels in organic carrots, but differences between means were not significant in all tested vegetables. Obtained results are not conclusive, but they indicate lower or similar concentrations of both metals in organic vegetables in comparison to conventional types. © 2022 Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Belgrade). All rights reserved.

This research was conducted with some spike traits of twenty winter six-row barley genotypes in six environments. The aim of this study was to determine the significance and take advantage useful genotype by environment interacton (GEI) by applying AMMI-1 model. High statistical significance GEI was determined. Wide adaptability genotypes were J-29, J-33, J-9 and J-21 for spike length (SL) as Grand and Ozren for grain number per spike (GNS). The winner genotypes in all environments were Ozren and Grand for SL as Ozren for GNS. All the examined environments can be considered as one megaenvironment, which indicates that unpredictable interactions dominate in this research.

Interakcija genotipa i spoljašnje sredine (GEI) je kompleksan problem koji komplikuje proces selekcije i oplemenjivanja ratarskih kultura te je stoga važno utvrditi njenu značajnost i iskoristiti njene pozitivne karakteristike. U radu je analiziran prinos zrna dvadeset genotipova ozimog dvoredog ječma u šest spoljašnjih sredina (dve vegetacione sezone na tri lokaliteta). Za analizu interakcije korišćen je linearni mešoviti model i model glavnih efekata i višestruke interakcije (AMMI) sa AMMI1 biplot prikazom. Utvrđena je visoka statistička značajnost interakcije dok je AMMI1 model objasnio 40.1% varijacije interakcije. Stabilnost genotipova određena je parametrima stabilnosti AMMI modela (AMMI1, AMMI2 i ASV) i utvrđena je značajna korelacija rangova genotipova između njih. Prinos nije pokazao značajnu korelaciju ni sa jednim parametrom. Na osnovu Genotip Selekcionog Indeksa (GSI), genotipovi J-82, J-103, NS-589 i J-176 su izdvojeni kao široko adaptabilni i superiorni u pogledu prinosa i stabilnosti što je potvrđeno i biplot prikazom. Genotipovi koji su na osnovu AMMI1 procenjenih vrednosti prinosa preporučeni za svaki od lokaliteta su najprinosniji NS-525, NS-593, J-176, NS-589, J-103 i J-82. Razlike u interakcijskom efektu između godina (Zemun Polje i Zaječar) kao i slab diskriminatorski efekat (Kragujevac) ne izdvajaju ni jedan lokalitet kao pogodnu test lokaciju. Winner pristupom, sve ispitivane sredine možemo smatrati kao jednu mega-sredinu što ukazuje da u ogledu dominiraju nepredvidive interakcije što specifične adaptacije čini manje značajnim. AMMI1 model je pouzdan i informativan u interpretaciji interakcije i ništa se značajno neće promeniti ako se druga interakcijska komponenta naknadno uključi. Izdvojene su neke inbred linije ječma što ovaj model čini pogodnim u selekciji perspektivnih genotipova., Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is a complex problem which complicates the selection and breeding process of field crops, and therefore it is important to determine the significance and take advantage of GEI. The paper analyzed the grain yield of twenty genotypes of winter two-row barley in six environments (two growing seasons in three localities). A linear mixed model and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model with AMMI1 biplot display were used for interaction analysis. High statistical significance GEI was determined and AMMI1 model was explain 47% of interaction. The stability of the genotypes was estimated by different AMMI stability parameters (AMMI1, AMMI2 and ASV) and a significant correlation was established between them. Grain yield and stability were not related. Genotypes J-82, J-103, NS-589 and J-176 were selected as superior and wide adaptability using Genotype Selection Index (GSI). They highlight as stable and high yielding which was agreement with results of biplot analysis. On based AMMI1 estimates of grain yield, the genotypes recommended in each of the localities were the most yielding NS-525, NS-593, J-176, NS-589, J-103and J-82. The difference in the interaction effect by year (Zemun Polje and Zaječar) and weak discriminating effect (Kragujevac) does not sepatare any suitable test location. By winner approach, all the examined environments can be considered as one mega-environment, which indicates that unpredictable interactions dominate in this research, due to which specific adaptations were not of high importance. AMMI1 model is reliable and informative in the interpretation of the GEI which indicates that essentially nothing happens when the second interaction axis is subsequently included. Some inbred lines of barley have stood out, which makes this model suitable for the selection of perspective genotypes.

U ovom preglednom radu prvo su opisane klasične metode mutageneze i mehanizam nastanka mutacija, a zatim su nabrojane molekularne tehnike u mutacionom oplemenjivanju: 1. inserciona mutagneza, 2. transformacije, 3. editovanje i 4. TILLING. Najveća pažnja posvećena je TILLING tehnici kroz prikaz svake od njehih etapa. Molekularne tehnike omogućuju unos gena za poželjne osobine u genom i unapređuju klasičnu selekciju u mutacionim populacijama kroz analizu ciljanih mesta na genomu. Ove prednosti molekularnih tehnika reafirmišu mutaciono oplemenjivanje povrća i drugih grupa biljaka., In this review paper, the classical methods of mutagenesis and the mechanism of mutations are first described, and then the molecular techniques in mutation breeding are listed: 1. insertional mutagenesis, 2. transformations, 3. editing and 4. TILLING. The greatest attention is paid to the TILLING technique through the presentation of each of its stages. Molecular techniques enable the introduction of genes for desirable traits into the genome and improve classical selection in mutational populations through the analysis of targeted sites on the genome. These advantages of molecular techniques reaffirm the mutational breeding of vegetables and other plant groups.

Post-anthesis drought affects wheat production worldwide, primarily through the limitation of grain filling. The enhanced remobilization of stem reserves induced by drought can provide considerable carbon sources for grain filling. The aim of this study, which was part of an ongoing wheat-breeding program targeting drought tolerance, was to assess the ability of 20 contrasting common wheat genotypes (2 cultivars, 8 F6:7 families (FAM), and 10 parent genotypes (PAR) used to make the families) to remobilize stem dry matter under water-stressed conditions simulated via defoliation 10 days after anthesis, and to estimate the contribution of stem dry matter remobilization to grain weight. In two-year field trials, the genotypes were scored for agro-physiological and peduncle morpho-anatomical traits. Stem reserve contribution to grain weight per spike was significantly enhanced in defoliated plants but did not differ amongst the groups of genotypes. F6:7 families had higher grain-filling rate and 1000-grain weight but without improvement in grain weight per spike under defoliation compared with parental groups. The total area of chlorenchyma, phloem-area-related traits, and stem reserve contribution to grain weight were positively associated with grain weight per spike under defoliation, whilst in both treatments, the grain-filling rate was determined by stem height. These results imply that the grain-filling rate is a trait desirable for drought tolerance that can be improved during the breeding process. © 2023 by the authors.

Underutilized crops are described as plant species that were once popular but have since been neglected by mainstream agriculture for several reasons. A widespread monoculture agricultural revolution and a tendency toward more high-yielding varieties were the main reasons for the underutilization of certain crops. Remarkably, underutilized crops have endured even without formal support, which indicates that besides their exceptional nutritional value and beneficial effects on human health they contain desirable traits that could be useful for building resilience and adaptation to climate-changing environments. As such, the re-establishment of these plants to the global food system is desired. To find solutions for overcoming the obstacles for the reintroduction of these crops and to bring the neglected species back to cultivation and utilization, a comprehensive understanding of the potential reasons for the reduced cultivation of these crops is necessary. In this article, potential reasons, causes, and conditions for the decreased cultivation and consumption of certain crops are discussed with a presentation of case studies of the following species: buckwheat, lentils, green leafy vegetables, sow thistle, grass pea, cucumber melon, and eggplant. Finally, potential solutions for overcoming the identified obstacles associated with both the cultivation and consumption of certain underutilized crops and neglected species are provided. Documented benefits of the production of various crops in agricultural production systems and the beneficial effects of increased consumption of these crops for human health should stimulate and encourage people from various disciplines, i.e., farmers, researchers, agronomists, nutritionists, and policymakers to join the efforts to bring neglected species back to cultivation and consumption.

Delivery of micronutrients to plants through seed priming improves seedling vigour and increases crops yields. Two-year filed trial was conducted in Pančevo, Serbia, with aim to study the effect of seed priming with zinc (Zn) on field performance of three maize hybrids on calcareous chernozem deficient in plant available Zn. Seed priming treatments were: control (without priming), water priming and priming with 4 mM zinc sulphate water solution. Seed priming had significant effect on early plant growth, plant height, yield components, grain yield and grain Zn concentration. Zn-priming promoted plant growth and increased final plant height. Across two growing seasons with contrasting precipitation and three tested maize hybrids, Zn-priming resulted in an average increase of grain yield by about 18% compared to control, and by about 8.4% compared to water priming. A significant relationship between plant growth parameters, grain yield components and grain yield was detected. Grain Zn concentration was increased by Zn-priming in two hybrids in the season with less precipitation and in one hybrid in the second season. The results imply that using the seeds with elevated Zn content can improve overall field performance of maize grown on calcareous chernozem.

Aluminium (Al) toxicity in acid soils is a global problem. Here, we investigated Al tolerance in high yielding winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars bred in Serbia. The common relative mot length (RRL) test for Al tolerance, and both physiological (malate efflux) and molecular (Aluminium-Activated Malate Transporter 1 [TaALMT1] expression) approaches were used for this characterization. Both moderately Al-tolerant cvs. Ljiljana and Arabeska showed significantly higher malate efflux rate from the root tips in comparison to moderately Al-sensitive cv. Pobeda and followed the RRL pattern. Irrespectively of Al supply, moderately Al-tolerant cultivars showed significantly higher relative TaALMT1 expression than the Al-sensitive ones. A considerably high level of Al tolerance was found in cv. Ljiljana, which showed the highest Al-induced malate efflux along with the highest constitutive expression level of TaALMT1 transcripts. Our results also demonstrate that Al tolerance is based on a constitutive trait of high TaALMT1 expression and malate efflux in wheat roots, resulting in a decrease in root length reduction.

Good crop establishment is essential for achieving high yield and constraints to good establishment include untimely sowing and low seed quality combined with various adverse growing conditions after sowing. Seed priming is a pre-sowing technique used for the improvement of germination, reduction of the time from sowing to emergence and improvement of emergence uniformity. Various seed priming techniques, such as hydropriming and priming with zinc, are used nowadays to improve crop establishment. The importance of seed priming with zinc for better germination, improved stand establishment, and higher maize yield are well documented. However, there is still a lack of results on the effects of seed priming with water and zinc on seed quality and viability, given that maize seed can be kept in storage for many years without a significant reduction in germination. The study was aimed to evaluate the effects of seed priming with water and Zn on the quality and viability of the maize seed. In order to evaluate the response of four maize hybrids to priming with water (hydropriming) and 4 mM zinc sulphate, primed seeds were subjected to laboratory tests, namely to the germination test, the cold test, and the accelerated aging test. Both priming treatments increased the seed quality, but the beneficial effect of Zn-priming maintained to a larger extent than hydropriming in cold-treated and aged seeds. The negative effects of hydropriming on the viability o f the aged seed of hybrid NS 4023 imply a possible limitation to deferred sowing of primed maize seed., U današnje vreme, različite tehnike prajminga semena, kao što su hidroprajming i prajming semena cinkom, koriste se u cilju poboljšanja useva. Značaj tehnika prajminga u postizanju bolje klijavosti semena, poboljšanju useva i postizanju visokog prinosa kukuruza dobro je dokumentovana. Međutim, još uvek nedostaju rezultati o uticaju prajminga semena vodom i cinkom na kvalitet i životnu sposobnost semena, s obzirom da se seme kukuruza može čuvati u skladištu duži niz godina bez značajnog smanjenja klijavosti. Ovo istraživanje je sprovedeno sa ciljem da se ispita uticaj prajminga semena vodom i cinkom na kvalitet i životnu sposobnost semena kukuruza. Za procenu odgovora četiri hibrida kukuruza na prajming semena vodom i 4mM rastvorom cink-sulfata, seme je nakon prajminga podvrgnuto laboratorijskim testovima, testu klijavosti, hladnom testu i testu ubrzanog starenja. Oba tretmana prajminga semena su uticala na povećanje kvaliteta semena kukuruza, ali blagotvorni efekat prajminga semena cinkom se ispoljio u većem stepenu od hidroprajminga u stresnim uslovima hladnog testa i testa ubrzanog starenja. Negativni efekti hidroprajminga na životnu sposobnost semena hibrida NS 4023 ukazuju na moguće ograničenje za odloženu setvu semena kukuruza nakon prajminga.

Enhanced dry matter remobilization from vegetative tissues under terminal drought contributes to wheat grain yield. Two-year field study was conducted with aim to determine the range of compensatory effect (CE) based on stem dry matter remobilization in defoliated (10 days after anthesis) and intact plants of 61 wheat (Triticum aestivum L) genotypes included three groups: 17 standard genotypes, 27 F4: 5 families and 17 parent genotypes (only second season) used to make F4: 5 families. Agronomical, morphological and anatomical traits which influence the CE were analysed. Over two seasons CE was affected by environmental conditions. On average across standards and F4: 5 families CE was higher in the first season when mean stress intensity index of 0.145 (quantified as mild stress) was lower than 0.278 (quantified as moderate stress) obtained for the second season. Genotypes with higher number of spikelets and grains per spike, as well later flowering showed be yield loss compensation. Stem biomass and peduncle anatomical traits which determine potential for accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, such as stem wall thickness, photosynthetically not active parenchyma and number of large vascular bundles, showed positive correlation with CE. Although compensation of yield loss might be improved through breeding process (our F4: 5 families had slightly higher mean CE than their parents under moderate stress), it does not mitigate the effect of post-anthesis drought in great extent (up to 38.4%).

Since maize is grown in climatically diverse regions and under different production conditions, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of two common stress factors (drought and salinity), on seed germination, as well as on seedling root and shoot length of maize hybrids. The experiments were conducted in 2015, in the Laboratory for Seed Testing of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad, Serbia, on seven maize hybrids from different maturity groups (from FAO 300 to FAO 700). For simulation of drought conditions we have used polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (control and concentration of 1, 10, 16 and 23%). For study of salt stress, NaCl in concentration of 0.02, 0.07, 0.12, 0.17, 0.20 and 0.22 M has been used. The data obtained were processed by ANOVA. Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used to measure statistical differences between treatment methods and the control. In drought stress study, germination percentage started to decrease at the 0.1 MPa. Root and seedling length were less affected by PEG treatment. In salt stress study, a significant drop in germination was observed at the concentration of 0.20 M of NaCl.

The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of oilseed rape seeds, produced at various locations, immediately after harvest and after a one-year storage period under controlled and uncontrolled conditions. The experimental testing was performed on seeds of five winter oilseed rape varieties produced at two localities (Rimski Šančevi and Pančevo). Following harvest and a one-year storage period, the seed quality was determined under laboratory conditions using standard germination tests. Seed germination, seedling length and vigour index were determined after seven days. The seed germination, length of seedling and vigour index values of the seeds produced at both localities were lower after one year of storage. Differences obtained between the seeds stored under controlled and uncontrolled conditions were not statistically significant. The seeds with higher initial values of all the tested parameters proved better under storage conditions., Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi kvalitet semena neposredno posle žetve i nakon godinu dana skladištenja, u kontrolisanim i nekontrolisanim uslovima, kod semena proizvedenog na različitim lokalitetima. Ispitivanja su izvedena na semenu, pet sorti ozime uljane repice, proizvedenog na dva lokaliteta (Rimski Šančevi i Pančevo). Nakon žetve i godinu dana skladištenja, u laboratorijskim uslovima, utvrđen je kvalitet semena primenom standardnog laboratorijskog metoda. Nakon 7 dana utvrđeni su klijavost semena, dužina ponika i vigor indeks. Klijavost semena kod sorata proizvedenih na lokalitetu Rimski Šančevi kretala se 91,00 - 95,50%. Nakon godinu dana starenja kod semena čuvanog u kontrolisanim uslovima klijavost je bila niža i iznosila je 85,00 - 91,75%, dok je kod semena čuvanog u nekontrolisanim uslovima klijavost iznosila 84,50 - 90,75%. Klijavost semena kod sorata proizvedenih na lokalitetu Pančevo je bila značajno manja i neposreno posle žetve je iznosila 73,75 - 82,50%. Nakon godinu dana starenja klijavost je statistički značajno opala i kod semena čuvanog u kontrolisanim (51,25 - 71,0%) i nekontrolisanim uslovima (53,50 - 71,25%). Dužina ponika i vigor indeks su bili niži nakon godinu dana sklaištenja kod semena proizvedenog na oba lokaliteta. Razlike dobijene između semena čuvanog u kontrolisanim i nekontrolisanim uslovima nisu bile statistički značajne. Seme koje je imalo više početne vrednosti ispitivanih parametara bolje je podnelo uslove sklaištenja.

Background. Dyslipidemia is a common feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although it has been observed that the pattern of lipid abnormalities can vary according to the stage of CKD, there is lack of data concerning the distribution of lipoprotein subclasses at various stages of the disease. In addition, association of proatherogenic small, dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) subclasses with markers of inflammation, such is galectin-3, is not sufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to analyze concentrations and relative proportions of sdLDL-cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and galectin-3 in patients with CKD, with respect to the stage of the disease. Also, we sought possible independent associations of galectin-3 and sdLDL-C. Methods. The study involved 100 hemodialysis (HD) and 50 pre-dialysis patients, together with 94 healthy individuals. SdLDL-C was measured by heparin-magnesium precipitation method. Galectin-3 was measured by ELISA technique. Results. Galectin-3 levels were higher in pre-dialysis and HD patients than in the control group (p lt 0.01). The concentration of sdLDL-C was highest in the pre-dialysis group and lowest in HD patients (p lt 0.01). CKD patients with increased galectin-3 concentrations had significantly higher relative proportions of cholesterol in sdLDL (% sdLDL-C) than their counterparts with lower galectin-3 levels (p lt 0.05). Relative proportion of sdLDL-C was shown to be an independent determinant of galectin-3 concentration. Conclusions. Our results demonstrated alterations in concentrations and proportions of sdLDL-C according to the stages of CKD. The observed independent associations of % sdLDL-C and galectin-3 provide further insight into their complex interaction during the progression of atherosclerosis in CKD.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for plants. Cereals are the most important source of proteins and minerals for almost half of the world population, whose health is affected by zinc deficiency. Therefore, global research is focused at increasing zinc content in the most important agricultural products by studying the mechanisms of Zn-efficiency and practical application of zinc in crops production. Although mineral fertilizers with zinc are available in the market in Serbia, they are rarely applied in crop production. The main objectives of the research were to evaluate genotypic variability of Zn-efficiency in domestic maize hybrids, with special emphasis on their efficiency in grain zinc accumulation and to examine the effect of seed priming and foliar application of zinc on the growth, yield and grain mineral content. Also, the aim of the research was to examine how seed quality and viability are affected by seed priming with water (hydropriming) and zinc. Results obtained from the nutrient solution experiment indicated significant genotypic differences in Zn-efficiency in nine hybrids, based on shoot growth and zinc concentration in the leaves under treatments with zinc deficiency (0.05 uM) and the optimal zinc concentration (0.5 uM). In the two-year field experiment, Zn-efficient hybrids NS 6030 and NS 4030 and Zn-inefficient NS 4023 and NS 3022 were grown on two sites, on calcareous soil with low available Zn. Despite obtained significant differences between hybrids in zinc grain concentration, the results do not indicate to remarkable genotypic differences in the efficiency in zinc accumulation in the grain. There was no significant correlation between grain zinc and iron concentration..., Cink (Zn) je esencijalni mikroelement za biljke. Žitarice su najvažniji izvor proteina i minerala za skoro polovinu populacije u svetu, čije je zdravlje ugroženo nedostatkom cinka. Stoga su istraživanja u svetu usmerena ka povećanju sadržaja cinka u najvažnijim poljoprivrednim proizvodima, proučavanjem mehanizama Zn-efikasnosti i primeni cinka u proizvodnoj praksi, najčešće na karbonatnim zemljištima koja su često Zn-deficitarna. Iako su mineralna đubriva sa cinkom dostupna na tržištu u Srbiji, retko se primenjuju u proizvodnoj praksi u ratarstvu. Glavni ciljevi ovih istraživanja bili su da se utvrdi da li postoje genotipske razlike u Zn-efikasnosti između domaćih hibrida kukuruza, sa posebnim osvrtom na efikasnost hibrida u akumulaciji cinka u zrnu, i da se prouči uticaj prajminga semena i folijarne primene cinka na porast, prinos i mineralni sastav zrna kukuruza. Cilj je bio i da se prouči uticaj prajminga semena vodom (hidroprajming) i cinkom na kvalitet i životnu sposobnost semena. Rezultati ogleda u hranljivim rastvorima ukazali su na značajne genotipske razlike u Zn-efikasnosti devet hibrida, određene na osnovu porasta nadzemnog dela biljaka i koncentracije cinka u listovima u tretmanima sa deficitom cinka (0,05 μM) i optimalnom koncentracijom (0,5 μM). U dvogodišnjem poljskom ogledu, Zn-efikasni hibridi NS 6030 i NS 4030 i Zn-neefikasni NS 4023 i NS 3022 gajeni su na dva lokaliteta, na karbonatnom zemljištu slabo obezbeđenom dostupnim cinkom. Uprkos zabeleženim značajnim razlikama između hibrida u koncentraciji cinka u zrnu, rezultati ne ukazuju na velike genotipske razlike u efikasnosti njegove akumulacije u zrnu. Korelacija između koncentracije cinka i gvožđa u zrnu nije bila značajna...

Цинк (Zn) је есенцијални микроелемент за биљкe. Житарице су најважнији извор протеина и минерала за скоро половину популације у свету, чије је здравље угрожено недостатком цинка. Стога су истраживања у свету усмерена ка повећању садржаја цинка у најважнијим пољопривредним производима, проучавањем механизама Zn-ефикасности и примени цинка у производној пракси, најчешће на карбонатним земљиштима која су често Zn-дефицитарна. Иако су минерална ђубрива са цинком доступна на тржишту у Србији, ретко се примењују у производној пракси у ратарству. Главни циљеви ових истраживања били су да се утврди да ли постоје генотипске разлике у Zn-ефикасности између домаћих хибрида кукуруза, са посебним освртом на ефикасност хибрида у акумулацији цинка у зрну, и да се проучи утицај прајминга семена и фолијарне примене цинка на пораст, принос и минерални састав зрна кукуруза. Циљ је био и да се проучи утицај прајминга семена водом (хидропрајминг) и цинком на квалитет и животну способност семена. Резултати огледа у хранљивим растворима указали су на значајне генотипске разлике у Zn-ефикасности девет хибрида, одређене на основу пораста надземног дела биљака и концентрације цинка у листовима у третманима са дефицитом цинка (0,05 μМ) и оптималном концентрацијом (0,5 μМ). У двогодишњем пољском огледу, Zn-ефикасни хибриди NS 6030 и NS 4030 и Zn-неефикасни NS 4023 и NS 3022 гајени су на два локалитета, на карбонатном земљишту слабо обезбеђеном доступним цинком. Упркос забележеним значајним разликама између хибрида у концентрацији цинка у зрну, резултати не указују на велике генотипске разлике у ефикасности његове акумулације у зрну. Корелација између концентрације цинка и гвожђа у зрну није била значајна..., Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for plants. Cereals are the most important source of proteins and minerals for almost half of the world population, whose health is affected by zinc deficiency. Therefore, global research is focused at increasing zinc content in the most important agricultural products by studying the mechanisms of Zn-efficiency and practical application of zinc in crops production. Although mineral fertilizers with zinc are available in the market in Serbia, they are rarely applied in crop production. The main objectives of the research were to evaluate genotypic variability of Zn-efficiency in domestic maize hybrids, with special emphasis on their efficiency in grain zinc accumulation and to examine the effect of seed priming and foliar application of zinc on the growth, yield and grain mineral content. Also, the aim of the research was to examine how seed quality and viability are affected by seed priming with water (hydropriming) and zinc. Results obtained from the nutrient solution experiment indicated significant genotypic differences in Zn-efficiency in nine hybrids, based on shoot growth and zinc concentration in the leaves under treatments with zinc deficiency (0.05 uM) and the optimal zinc concentration (0.5 uM). In the two-year field experiment, Zn-efficient hybrids NS 6030 and NS 4030 and Zn-inefficient NS 4023 and NS 3022 were grown on two sites, on calcareous soil with low available Zn. Despite obtained significant differences between hybrids in zinc grain concentration, the results do not indicate to remarkable genotypic differences in the efficiency in zinc accumulation in the grain. There was no significant correlation between grain zinc and iron concentration...

Мискантус (Miscanthus x giganteus Greef et Deu.) представља енергетски усев из групе ратарских биљака која годишњом продукцијом биомасе може да обезбеди задовољавајуће количине сировине за добијање биогорива. Истраживања о утицају густине садње на закоровљеност и принос биомасе мискантуса су изведена постављањем пољских микроогледа у периоду од 2011-2014. године, на земљишту типа бескарбонатни чернозем у Земуну и ритској црници у Грабовцу. Резултати истраживања показали су да је густина садње имала статистички значајан утицај на закоровљеност засада мискантуса. На оба локалитета већа закоровљеност засада била је при мањој густини садње (2 ризома m-2). Већа закоровљеност усева утврђена је на земљишту типа чернозем (локалитет Земун), док је већи број коровских врста детерминисан на земљишту типа ритска црница (локалитет Грабовца). Сува маса корова расла је од прве до треће оцене закоровљености у првој и другој години, док је мискантус у трећој години у фази метличења порастом висине стабла и бројем листова испољио одређену компетицију у односу на корове. Коровске врсте нису показале исти интезитет компетитивости у односу на мискантус. У Земуну су током трогодишњег периода у коровској заједници биле присутне Lolium multiflorum Lam., Convolvulus arvensis L. и Sonchus oleraceus (L.) Gou., док је изузетно конкурентна према мискантусу била Lolium multiflorum Lam. На локалитету Грабовац у све три године биле су присутне врсте Convolvulus arvensis L., Polygonum aviculare L., Cirsium arvense L., Setaria glauca L., Ambrosia artemisifolia L. и Chenopodium album L., али су најконкурентније за усев мискантуса биле Setaria glauca L. и Ambrosia artemisifolia L..., Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus Greef et Deu.) is an energy crop from the group of arable crops which can provide sufficient quantity of raw material for biofuel. The study was carried out by setting up field microtrials at two growing sites Zemun and Grabovac (chernozem and humogley soil type, respectively). The results of the study showed that the planting density had a significant effect on the weed infestation of miscanthus plantation. At both sites, the weed infestation of the plantation was increased at a lower planting density (2 rhizomes m-2). More intensive weed infestation was recorded in Zemun, while a larger number of weed species was determined in Grabovac. Weed dry weight was increasing from the first to third measurement of weed growth in the first and the second season, whilst miscanthus at tasseling growth stage became more competitive againts weeds in the third year due to increased stem height and number of leaves per stem. There was a differential intensity of competition between weed species and miscanthus. In Zemun, during the three-year period, in the floristic composition there were Lolium multiflorum Lam., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Sonchus oleraceus (L.) Gou., while Lolium multiflorum Lam. was extremely competitive towards miscanthus. Weed species Convolvulus arvensis L., Polygonum aviculare L., Cirsium arvense L., Setaria glauca L., Ambrosia artemisifolia L. and Chenopodium album L. were determined in Grabovac in three years, but the most competitive ones for miscanthus crop were Setaria glauca L. and Ambrosia artemisifolia L...

Water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) accumulating in internodes of the wheat stem can be a consequential contributor to grain filling, especially under stress conditions. In this study the WSC content and the WSC specific content (WSCSC) per unit of length were determined in the uppermost internode (peduncle) of the main stem at 10 days after anthesis across 44 wheat genotypes in two-year field trials. The defoliation was done at 10 days after anthesis by cutting off all leaf blades and defoliated plants were grown along with the intact control plants. Among 16 morphological, anatomical and developmental traits, the area of pith intercellular of peduncle, chlorophyll content in flag leaf and the flag leaf area appeared to be most important for WSC accumulation in peduncle. High WSCSC genotypes tended to have higher grain weight per spike than low WSCSC genotypes both in defoliated and control plants.

Assimilated carbon during vegetative and early reproductive growth in wheat is temporarily stored in stem internodes and leaf sheaths (LSs), and can later be remobilized and transported to developing grain. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of several peduncle (the uppermost internode) morpho-anatomical and biochemical traits on grain weight, and to assess the contribution of the peduncle water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves shortly after anthesis to its variation. In 2-year field trials, 61 wheat genotypes were used (27 F-4:5 families, 17 parents used for the crosses and the 17 current best standards), comparing intact control plants (CP) with plants that were defoliated (DP) by cutting off all leaf blades 10 days after anthesis. Estimated contributions of peduncle (culm (C) and flag LS) assimilate reserves to grain weight/spike were from 006 to 031 and from 011 to 045 in CP and DP plants, respectively. In both CP and DP plants, a higher contribution was from the LS than from the C. High peduncle reserve mobilization efficiency, a longer exposed part of the peduncle and larger C storage capacity (through higher parenchyma and/or lower lignified area) were of specific benefit for maintaining grain weight in defoliated plants. F-4:5 families had higher transport capacity in the peduncle, but without any improvement in WSC-related traits compared with the best standards.

Response of 16 oilseed rape genotypes to B (boron) toxicity was analyzed by comparing the results of two experiments conducted in a glasshouse. In Experiment 1 plants were grown in standard nutrient solutions with 10 µMB (control) and 1000 µM B. Relative root and shoot growth varied from 20-120% and 31-117%, respectively. Variation in B concentration in shoots was also wide (206.5-441.7 µg B g-1 DW) as well as total B uptake by plant (62.3-281.2 µg B g1). Four selected genotypes were grown in Experiment 2 in pots filled with high B soil (8 kg ha-1 B; B8). Shoot growth was not affected by B8 treatment, while root and shoot B concentration was significantly increased compared to control. Genotypes Panther and Pronto which performed low relative root and shoot growth and high B accumulation in plants in Experiment 1, had good growth in B8 treatment. In Experiment 2 genotype NS-L-7 had significantly lower B concentration in shots under treatment B8, but also very high B accumulation in Experiment 1. In addition, cluster analyses classified genotypes in three groups according to traits contrasting in their significance for analyzing response to B toxicity. The first group included four varieties based on their shared characteristics that have small value for the relative growth of roots and shoots and large values of B concentration in shoot. In the second largest group were connected ten genotypes that are heterogeneous in traits and do not stand out on any characteristic. Genotypes NS-L-7 and Navajo were separated in the third group because they had big relative growth of root and shoot, but also a high concentration of B in the shoot, and high total B uptake. Results showed that none of tested genotypes could not be recommended for breeding process to tolerance for B toxicity., Izvod Odgovor 16 genotipova uljane repice na toksičnost B (bora) analizirana je poređenjem rezultata dva ogleda izvedenim u stakleniku. U Ogledu 1, biljke su gajene u hranljivim rastvorima sa dva tretmana B: 10 µM B (kontrola) i 1000 µM B (toksična koncentracija). Vrednosti za relativni porast korena i nadzemnog dela varirale su od 20-120% i 31-117%, po redu. Koncentracija B je takođe značajno varirala (206.5-441.7 µg B g-1 SM) kao i ukupno usvojena količina B po biljci. Na osnovu rezultata dobijenih u Ogledu 1 odabrana su četiri genotipa koja su u Ogledu 2 gajena u posudama sa zemljištem kome je dodat B preračunato za poljske uslove u količini od 8 kg ha-1 (B8) uz kontrolu..Toksične količine B nisu negativno uticale na porast biljaka, dok je koncentracija B u korenu i nadzemnoj masi značajno povećana u poređenju sa kontrolom. Iako su u Ogledu 1 zabeležene velike razlike u porastu biljaka i koncentraciji B u suvoj masi, rezultati dobijeni u Ogledu 2, nisu pokazali da je kod bilo kog genotipa prisutna tipična reakcija na osnovu koje bi bili svrstani u grupu osetljivih ili tolerantnih na tiksičnost B. Genotipovi Panther i Pronto kod kojih je u Ogledu 1 zabeležen mali relativni porast korena i nadzemnog dela, kao i velika koncentracija B u biljci, imali su dobar porast u tretmanu sa 8 kg ha-1. U Ogledu 2, kod genotipa NS-L-7 zabeležena je značajno niža koncnetracija B u nadzemnom delu biljaka, ali i velika akumulacija B u Ogledu 1. Kluster analizom genotipovi su podeljeni u tri grupe na osnovu relativnog porasta korena i nadzemnog dela, koncentracije B u njima i ukupnom usvajanju B po biljci, ali tako da ne ukazuju na eventualno postojanje otpornosti na toksičnost B. Istraživanje je pokazalo da ni jedan od 16 testiranih genotipova ne može da bude preporučen za proces oplemenjivanja za otpornost na toksičnost B.

Study was focused on effect of silicon (Si) on growth and nutritional status of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under low boron (B) external supply. Plants were grown under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solutions with two low B treatments (0.2 μM B and 0.5 μM B) with or without addition of Si and control treatment containing sufficient B supply. Shoots growth was only slightly affected by Si supply while accumulation of B in fully developed leaves was significantly higher only at 0.5 μM B. In roots, nutrients contents were relatively constant, while accumulation of all nutrients in leaves was affected by addition of Si. Differences were significant only in K, Fe and Mo between treatments 0.5 μM B and 0.5 μM B with Si added and in Zn between both treatments. In comparison with other studies, results confirmed that plant species show different response to Si application. Interaction of B and Si should be involved in further research in B deficiency in sunflower.

Boron efficiency of 16 oilseed rape genotypes was tested using both hydroponic and pot-soil growing techniques. From the nutrient solution experiment (0.1 and 10 mu M B), 4 representative contrasting genotypes were selected based on relative root and shoot growth. These were then grown in pots with low-B soil (0.25 mg kg(-1)). From the nutrient solution experiment, 2 genotypes selected as B-inefficient did not show any growth disorders, and the concentration of B in the shoots was above critical. Furthermore, 4 contrasting genotypes were subjected to the stable B-11 isotope-enriched uptake solution for 6 h to verify possible low B-induced active uptake by roots and xylem loading of B. The concentration of B-11 in either root cell sap or xylem exudate was higher than in the external nutrient solution, which indicated the presence of low B-induced active uptake for all tested genotypes, and, to some extent, their efficiency with low B. In conclusion, a combination of different growing techniques under controlled environmental conditions together with different parameters including relative root and shoot weight, shoot B concentration, and B uptake provided reliable B efficiency results in oilseed rape genotypes.

White lupine (Lupinus albus L.) is considered as highly efficient in the P uptake and utilization of sparingly available source of soil phosphorus, due to morphological and physiological adaptations of roots. These plants have short roots with high density of rootlets, which poses a mechanism of the increased biosynthesis and efflux of citrate, which are capable of solubilising complexed aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) from Al- and Fe-phosphates by chelation, thus increasing the availability of P. The aim of this work was to show that soya bean (Glycine hispida Max) could use a part of P that was mobilised in the lupine rhizosphere under conditions of low availability of P. Plants were grown in a greenhouse, in pots with acid soil and low available P (pH 5,5; 39 mg kg-1 P). White lupine and soya bean were grown as a single crop, as a control, and intercropped as well. The concentration of P in the white lupine leaf (0.20 % P) was significantly higher compared to soya bean (0.14% P) when grown separately (control). Leaf P concentration of soya bean intercropped plants was significantly increased compared to the single crop soya bean plants (around 43%) and reached the concentration obtained for lupine grown as the single crop. The P concetration in intercropped soya bean roots was only slightly increased compared to the single crop, while the highest P concentration occurred in white lupine. Results indicate that intercropping in general, can increase P availability for P-inefficient plants, particularly in acid soils where P from fertilisers can be immobilised due to a high content of Al and Fe., Bela lupina (Lupinus albus L.) pripada grupi biljaka efikasnih u iskorišćavanju fosfora (P) iz kiselih zemljišta, zahvaljujući morfološkoj i fiziološkoj prilagođenosti korenovog sistema. Ove biljke formiraju guste bočne korenove male dužine (klaster korenovi) koji ispoljavaju adaptivni mehnizam povećane biosinteze i efluksa citrata. Citrati, kao jaki helatori, u rizosferi heliraju aluminijum (Al) i gvožđe (Fe) iz nepristupačnih Al- i Fe-fosfata, prevodeći ih tako u oblik pristupačan za biljke. Cilj ovg rada bio je stoga da se pokaže da soja (Glycine hispida Max), gajena u združenoj setvi sa lupinom u uslovima slabe obezbeđenosti zemljišta pristupačnim P, može da iskoristi deo P koji je u zoni korenovog sistema lupine preveden u pristupačni oblik. Biljke su gajene u staklari u sudovima sa kiselim zemljištem, deficitarnim pristupačnim P (pH (u H2O) = 5,5; 39 mg P kg-1 zemljišta). Kao kontrola lupina i soja su gajene odvojeno kao čist usev. Koncentracija P u listu lupine (0,20 % P), bila je statistički značajno veća u odnosu na soju (0,14% P) kada su gajene kao čist usev (kontrola). U združenoj setvi koncentracija P u nadzemnom delu lupine nije se menjala u odnosu na kontrolu, dok se kod soje statistički značajno povećala (oko 43 % povećanja u odnosu na kontrolu). Ovi rezultati ukazuju da ovakav način združene setve može da utiče na poboljšano iskorišćavanje P kod P-neefikasnih biljaka, kao što je soja, posebno u jako kiselim zemljištima u kojima zbog visoke koncentracije Al i Fe postoji opasnost od imobilizacije P iz đubriva.

Seed treatment is a common way of fungicide and insecticide use nowadays, since this way of pesticide application can provide the best protection in the vicinity of the future plant. The aim of research was to evaluate the effects of different seed treatments on germination and seedling growth in three maize inbred lines. The research included the seed treatment with several combinations of a fungicide Maxim XL 035-FS (a.i. metalaxil-M + fludioxonil) and neonicotinoid insecticides Gaucho 600-FS (a.i. imidacloprid) and Cruiser 350-FS (a.i. thiamethoxam), as well as untreated seed (control). The results indicated that inbred lines 21202 x 21101 NS and 317659 NS had a highly vigourous seed which was not affected by the seed treatments. The seed treatments with Maxim XL 035- FS+Gaucho 600-FS and Maxim XL 035-FS+Cruiser 350-FS led to a decrease in germination (90.25% and 89.50%, respectively) of maize inbred line 306081 NS as well as a decrease in root length (126.75 mm and 125.25 mm, respectively) and dry root weight (0.135 g and 0.1875 g, respectively) of maize inbred line 21202 x 21101 NS. All seed treatments had positive effects on root growth, as well as on fresh root weight of maize inbred lines 306081 NS and 317659 NS., Tretiranje semena fungicidima i insekticidima je uobičajen način pripreme semena pre setve, s obzirom na to da ovaj način primene pesticida može da pruži najbolju zaštitu mlade biljke od patogena i štetočina u zemljištu. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj različitih tretmana semena pesticidima na klijanje semena i početni porast izdanaka različitih inbred linija kukuruza. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo testiranje tretmana semena inbred linija kukuruza sa nekoliko kombinacija fungicida (Maxim XL 035-FS, fludioksonil, 25 g/l + metalaksil-M, 10 g/l) i insekticida (Gaucho 600-FS, imidakloprid 600 g/l i Cruiser 350-FS, tiametoksam, 350 g/l). Netretirano seme je uzeto za kontrolu. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da inbred linije 21202 x 21101 NS i 317659 NS imaju visoko vigorozno seme, na koje nisu uticali testirani preparati. Testirane kombinacije preparata pesticida Maxim XL 035-FS+Gaucho 600-FS i Maxim XL 035-FS+Cruiser 350-FS dovele su do smanjenja klijavosti semena inbred linije 306081 NS (90,25%, odnosno 89,50%), kao i do smanjenja dužine korena (126,75 mm, odnosno 125,25 mm) i mase suvog korena (0,135 g, odnosno 0,1875 g) izdanaka inbred linije 21202 x 21101 NS. Svi testirani tretmani imali su pozitivan uticaj na porast korena izdanaka, kao i na masu svežeg korena izdanaka inbred linija 306081 NS i 317659 NS.

Rapeseed is one of the most important sources of edible oil, raw material for industry, as well as feed. The yield and quality of rapeseed have significantly been improved in recent decades as a result of intensive breeding and optimized production technology. The application of Mendel's rules in introducing monogenic traits has also contributed to success in rapeseed breeding. Rule 1, which refers to the uniformity of F-1 generation, is now the basis of widespread development of rapeseed hybrids. Rule 2, dealing with genetic segregation in the F-2 generation, is the basis for understanding the process of breeding lines. Rule 3, regarding the independent segregation of genes and traits, while exempting linked traits, is the basis of combining different desirable properties by selection. In the last few decades, the systematic use of Mendel's rules has contributed to the improvement of many properties of rapeseed, including tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, yield and seed quality. Particular progress has been made in breeding for resistance to diseases, including the identification of molecular markers for marker-assisted selection. The next objective of rapeseed breeding is to create varieties with improved tolerance to environmental stress (e.g. frost, heat, and drought). Based on Mendel's rules, classical breeding methods and the latest developments in the field of molecular genetics and breeding, future progress is expected in the field of rapeseed breeding with an emphasis on polygenic, quantitative traits such as biomass, seed, and oil yield.

The deficiency of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) is a global issue causing not only considerable yield losses of food crops but also serious health problems. We have analysed Zn and Fe concentrations in the grains of two bread wheat cultivars along native gradient of micronutrient availability throughout Serbia. Although only 13% of the soil samples were Zn deficient and none was Fe deficient, the levels of these micronutrients in grain were rather low (median values of 21 mg kg(-1) for Zn and 36 mg kg(-1) for Fe), and even less adequate in white flour. Moreover, excessive P fertilization of calcareous soils in the major wheat growing areas strongly correlated with lower grain concentration of Zn. Our results imply that a latent Zn deficiency in wheat grain poses a high risk for grain quality relevant to human health in Serbia, where wheat bread is a staple food. k.

U trogodišnjem periodu (2009-2011. godine) vršena su istraţivanja uticaja tipa zemljišta (černozem i gajnjača), količine azota (kontrola, P60K60 - osnova, N30P60K60, N60P60K60 i N90P60K60) i sorti različitih grupa zrenja (Laura i Galeb – I grupa zrenja i Lana i VojvoĎanka - II grupa zrenja) na morfološke osobine, osobine rodnosti, prinos zrna, kvalitet zrna (sadrţaj proteina i ulja) kao i prinos proteina i ulja. Osim toga, u periodu pre setve soje, kao i u fazama formiranja mahuna (R3) i u punoj zrelosti (R8) praćeno je kretanje pristupačnog i ukupnog azota u zemljištu do dubine od 60 cm. Ispitivanja su obavljena putem poljskih mikroogleda u agroekološkim uslovima istočnog srema (Zemun Polje) i centralne Šumadije (selo Kloka), metodom razdeljenih parcela (split-plot). U trogodišnjem proseku, najveću visinu biljke i visinu prve etaţe, soja je imala na varijanti ishrane sa 60 kg azota po hektaru. Najveći broj etaţa mahuna kao i bočnih grana bio je na varijanti ishrane sa 30 kg azota po hektaru. Veće vrednosti svih morfoloških osobina su bile na černozemu, osim bočnih grana (gajnjača). Sve ispitivane osobine rodnosti (broj mahuna po biljci, masa zrna po biljci, masa 1.000 zrna) imale su najveće vrednosti na varijanti ishrane sa 60 kg azota po hektaru. Veće vrednosti svih osobina rodnosti, slično morfološkim, bile su na zemljištu tipa černozem. Prinos zrna soje je najviše zavisio od tipa zemljišta, manje od sorte, a najmanje od ishrane azotom. Na zemljištu tipa černozem ostvaren je veći prinos zrna soje za 49,1% u odnosu na gajnaču. Najveći prinos dala je kasnostasna sorta VojvoĎanka (6.173 kg ha-1), na černozemu upotrebom 60 kg ha-1 azota. Kvalitet zrna soje, odnosno sadrţaj proteina i ulja u zrnu su najviše zavisili od godine, zatim od tipa zemljišta i sorte, a najmanje od količine azota. Najveći sadrţaj proteina utvrĎen je ishranom sa najvećom količinom azota (90 kg ha-1), na oba tipa zemljišta. Veći sadrţaj ulja je utvrĎen na zemljištu gajnjača. Prosečan sadrţaj pro

U trogodišnjem periodu (2009-2011. godine) vršena su istraţivanja uticaja tipa zemljišta (černozem i gajnjača), količine azota (kontrola, P60K60 - osnova, N30P60K60, N60P60K60 i N90P60K60) i sorti različitih grupa zrenja (Laura i Galeb – I grupa zrenja i Lana i VojvoĎanka - II grupa zrenja) na morfološke osobine, osobine rodnosti, prinos zrna, kvalitet zrna (sadrţaj proteina i ulja) kao i prinos proteina i ulja. Osim toga, u periodu pre setve soje, kao i u fazama formiranja mahuna (R3) i u punoj zrelosti (R8) praćeno je kretanje pristupačnog i ukupnog azota u zemljištu do dubine od 60 cm. Ispitivanja su obavljena putem poljskih mikroogleda u agroekološkim uslovima istočnog srema (Zemun Polje) i centralne Šumadije (selo Kloka), metodom razdeljenih parcela (split-plot). U trogodišnjem proseku, najveću visinu biljke i visinu prve etaţe, soja je imala na varijanti ishrane sa 60 kg azota po hektaru. Najveći broj etaţa mahuna kao i bočnih grana bio je na varijanti ishrane sa 30 kg azota po hektaru. Veće vrednosti svih morfoloških osobina su bile na černozemu, osim bočnih grana (gajnjača). Sve ispitivane osobine rodnosti (broj mahuna po biljci, masa zrna po biljci, masa 1.000 zrna) imale su najveće vrednosti na varijanti ishrane sa 60 kg azota po hektaru. Veće vrednosti svih osobina rodnosti, slično morfološkim, bile su na zemljištu tipa černozem. Prinos zrna soje je najviše zavisio od tipa zemljišta, manje od sorte, a najmanje od ishrane azotom. Na zemljištu tipa černozem ostvaren je veći prinos zrna soje za 49,1% u odnosu na gajnaču. Najveći prinos dala je kasnostasna sorta VojvoĎanka (6.173 kg ha-1), na černozemu upotrebom 60 kg ha-1 azota. Kvalitet zrna soje, odnosno sadrţaj proteina i ulja u zrnu su najviše zavisili od godine, zatim od tipa zemljišta i sorte, a najmanje od količine azota. Najveći sadrţaj proteina utvrĎen je ishranom sa najvećom količinom azota (90 kg ha-1), na oba tipa zemljišta. Veći sadrţaj ulja je utvrĎen na zemljištu gajnjača. Prosečan sadrţaj pro

When water stress develops post-anthesis, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants have to rely increasingly on remobilization of previously stored assimilates to maintain grain filling. In two-year field trials, we studied more than 20 agronomic and developmental traits in 61 wheat genotypes (27 F4:5 families, 17 parents used for the crosses and 17 standards), comparing plants that were defoliated (DP) by cutting off all leaf blades 10 days after anthesis with intact control plants (CP). Estimated contributions of stem and sheath assimilate reserves to grain weight/spike were from 10-54% and from 24-84% in CP and DP plants, respectively. Stem-related traits were among key traits determining stem reserve contribution (SRC). The most important genetic variables in differentiating genotypes for stress tolerance were biomass/stem, stem reserves mobilization efficiency and grain filling rate (GFR). Balance among traits related to yield maintenance in DP were more important than their high values. In general F4: 5 families (FAM), that had been crossed to combine typical breeding traits such as biomass and yield components, showed better tolerance under moderate stress than standards and parents.

The objective of this research was to test the hypothesis of the existence of an active boron ( B) uptake into the cortical cells induced by low B supply. The uptake of B was characterised in two tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes: B-efficient FER and B-inefficient mutant T3238. In addition, pea (Pisum sativum L.) was used as an anatomically appropriate model for obtaining intact root cortex. Time course uptake studies in tomato indicate that the B-inefficient mutant was defective by the absence of an active low-B-induced uptake system in the cortex. Pea roots showed up to 10-fold higher accumulation of B into the cortex symplast at low (0.5 mu M) external B supply in comparison to adequate B (10 mu M) supply. Also, low-B-induced uptake of B was strongly inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, indicating a metabolic energy-derived active component of B uptake at low external supply. Uptake of B by the cortical cells of tomato and pea plants appears to be a combination of both passive and active components, with a passive component prevailing at higher external B. An active component of B uptake suppressed by either adequate or high B supply might indicate a downregulation of plasma membrane-associated B transporter(s) in root cortical cells.