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In urban environments, people's exposure to harmful ambient conditions and noise represents a particular challenge in the modern world. Global climate change and increasing population density, along with the increasing number of vehicles in urban areas, are constantly exacerbating this problem. The idea of this study is to assess the effects of temperature risks and noise pollution in two microlocations. An analysis of the ambient conditions and noise in the urban environment was conducted at two locations in Belgrade, which differed in configuration. Simultaneous measurements of temperature (Ta and Tg), humidity, wind speed, and equivalent noise level were taken during a hot summer day (maximum temperature over 30°C). It was shown that the noise level exceeds the prescribed noise level values for the analyzed acoustic zone. The noise level values differ for the two locations due to the different traffic densities in the environment and different urban characteristics. This study showed that the concept of green space, but also of built-up type in urban planning could has importance impact in regulating thermal and noise conditions and obtained improved urban environments.

The subject of the research paper is the use of remote sensing in monitoring and analyzing the impact of climate change on the occurrence of extreme precipitation, and the cause-and-effect occurrence of floods in the area of the Sana River Basin in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The goal is to process the "product" of remote sensing to identify the time intervals of occurrence of extreme precipitation, to assess their impact on water levels, and to map potential floods in space. Spatial identification of zones that are at risk of flooding is an integral part of the aforementioned goal. Precipitation monitoring was performed by processing Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station Data through the Google Earth Engine platform. The observed 30-year period (1992-2022) was compared with the average precipitation for 2017, 2018 and 2019. The impact of extreme precipitation on the water level of the Sana River was analyzed. Flooding periods have been identified: February and December 2017, March 2018 and May 2019. Mapping of flooded areas was carried out by pre-processing and post-processing of Sentinel-1 radar satellite images. The total flooded area is: 710.38 ha (February 2017), 496.79 ha (December 2017), 417.86 ha (March 2018) and 422.42 ha (May 2019). Based on the identified flooded areas, a flood risk map was created on the main course of the Sana River. The research contributes to a better understanding of the changes that occur in the area under the influence of climate change, and the data presented are important for numerous practical issues in the field of water resource management and flood protection.

Due to rapid urbanisation, urban microclimate research has become increasingly popular in the last decade. Significant variation in microclimate conditions can be created due to diversity in urban geometry and it can affect outdoor thermal comfort. Biometeorological measurements and survey were conducted in different urban settings (square, park, street) of the city of Novi Sad during a warm autumn day in October 2019. Air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and globe temperature, but also outdoor thermal comfort indices such as Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) and Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) were obtained for each location. The largest differences in the biometeorological conditions are noticed between the urban park and other urban areas. The maximum average value of Ta was at the city square with 27.9 oC, while in the urban park and street Ta were about 25 oC. The values of RH were the lowest at the city square. Globe temperature (Tg) had the highest values, on average, at the city square (about 40 oC), while the average values in the urban park and street were about 26-28 oC. The highest average PET values are registered at the city square (41.4 oC), followed by substantially lower average PET registered in urban park (27.1 oC) and urban street canyon (26.2 oC). The analysis showed that during about 70% of the time, urban dwellers experience extreme heat stress at the city square. Contrary to that, no extreme heat stress is noticed in urban park and street canyon.

Floods are the most frequent and devastating natural hazard event in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The detected increase in extreme precipitation over the study area in the last period has altered flood event patterns due to climate changes. Higher frequency of flood events and lack of flood protection infrastructure has a severe impact on socio-economic sectors and natural ecosystems. This paper focuses on the identification of flooded areas for each single flooding event in the lower part of the Sana river basin during the period 2016-2020. For delineating flooded areas, both radar and optical satellite imagery were used. Data obtained after processing remote sensing images were overlaid with a detailed land cover map in order to get insight into flooded land cover types. From temporal aspects, floods are most common during the spring season. They are usually caused by rapid snowmelt and prolonged excessive precipitation. Considering spatial aspects, flooded areas vary from 110 to 522 hectares in the study area. Over 95% of the flooded areas are arable land, meadows and pastures. Most affected settlements by floods are urban and suburban area of Prijedor, Gomjenica, Hambarine, Rakovčani, Rizvanovići, Brezičani, Donja Dragotinja, Vitasavci, Svodna, Blagaj Rijeka and urban area of Novi Grad. The applied methodological approach represents a starting point for further investigation of flooded areas in the Sana basin and data obtained by this analysis can be used in water management, spatial planning and emergency planning.

Intensive urbanization and global warming are impacting the health and well-being of urban population. Nevertheless, urban environments with different designs will have different micro and local climate conditions. This study used data from micrometeorological measurements performed in different urban spaces (downtown, urban park, riverside) in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on hot summer days in June 2021. Air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and globe temperature were measured and Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt), Psychologically Equivalent Temperature (PET), and modified Psychologically Equivalent Temperature (mPET) were calculated for each location. Results show that the downtown is the most uncomfortable area in terms of the highest TA, Tg, Tmrt, PET, and mPET values registered at this location. The urban park is the most comfortable area with the lowest values of Tg, Tmrt, PET, and mPET. Relative humidity is the highest at the riverside and the lowest in downtown. Furthermore, riverside had lower average TA during summer daytime compared to urban park and downtown likely due to the synergy between river cooling effect (evaporation and sensible heat transfer) and tree shade.

Urban and rural thermal properties mainly depend on surface cover features as well as vegetation cover. Surface classification using the local climate zone (LCZ) system provides an appropriate approach for distinguishing urban and rural areas, as well as comparing the surface urban heat island (SUHI) of climatically different regions. Our goal is to compare the SUHI effects of two Central European cities (Szeged, Hungary and Novi Sad, Serbia) with a temperate climate (Köppen-Geiger’s Cfa), and a city (Beer Sheva, Israel) with a hot desert (BWh) climate. LCZ classification is completed using WUDAPT (World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools) methodology and the thermal differences are analysed on the basis of the land surface temperature data of the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, derived on clear days over a four-year period. This intra-climate region comparison shows the difference between the SUHI effects of Szeged and Novi Sad in spring and autumn. As the pattern of NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) indicates, the vegetation coverage of the surrounding rural areas is an important modifying factor of the diurnal SUHI effect, and can change the sign of the urban-rural thermal difference. According to the inter-climate comparison, the urban-rural thermal contrast is the strongest during daytime in summer with an opposite sign in each season.

In this study, the Local Climate Zones (LCZs) in Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia, are analysed as to surface temperature differences. The LCZs were delineated on the basis of the GIS-based method created by Geletič & Lehnert (2016). Land Surface Temperatures (LSTs) were derived from the satellites Terra, sensor ASTER, and LANDSAT-8. The thermal images were provided at a similar time (at about 9.30 AM) between 2002 and 2008 (ASTER) and between 2013 and 2017 (LANDSAT-8). Statistical analyses, including the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-HSD test, were employed to reveal LST differences between the LCZs. The results indicate that in 84% of cases there were significant differences in LST between pairs of LCZs. Temperature differences between LCZs were the most pronounced in the summer season. In general, 8 (large low-rise), 10 (heavy industry), 2 (compact midrise) and 3 (compact low-rise) LCZs had the highest surface temperatures in Novi Sad. Contrary to this, LCZs A (dense trees), B (scattered trees) G (water bodies) were the coolest zones. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 451-03-68/2020-14/200125]

A direct outcome of the global climate change is the modification of seasonal precipitation patterns, apparent on a monthly temporal scale. In Central Europe, it includes more frequent high-intensity rainfalls, occurring mostly during spring and summer. These heavy rainfalls induce pluvial floods in urban areas due to a high percentage of impervious surfaces and limited drainage systems. This hazard affects Central European cities and impacts many receptors, including lives, infrastructures, private properties or the functioning of cities. This study focuses on the monitoring of precipitation events with the aim of revealing precipitation patterns across two different types of land cover: urban and suburban/rural areas of Novi Sad (Serbia). Measurements from seven rain gauge stations were used as input data, covering the 2015-2018 period. The precipitation data were analysed using 12 precipitation indices, nine of which were defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI), while three additional were designed specifically for this study. Based on their locations, the stations were classified into the 'urbanized' and 'non-urbanised' group. The concept of the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) was used to classify urbanised areas LCZ1-8, non-urbanised areas LCZ9 and the land cover zones (LCZ A-G). A statistical analysis based on the ANOVA F-test was conducted, defining the significance threshold at 90% for a = 0.01 and at 95% for a = 0.05. The obtained results revealed one relation for the CDD index at 95% and two relations at 90% for CDD and Rp95 indices, showing a relation between heavy rainfall and the type of land cover. Statistical results underline the need for a denser station network and longer monitoring periods in order to proceed to stronger statistical tests and make it possible to establish other relations with the climate indices.

Urban meteorological network (UMN) was established in the Central European City of Novi Sad (Serbia) based on "local climate zones" (LCZs) system. Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index was used for the assessment of outdoor thermal comfort in the "built" and "land cover" LCZ classes of Novi Sad. The index was calculated in the RayMan software based on the meteorological, physiological as well as building and vegetation data. Temporal analysis was performed for extreme heat stress days (PETmax ≥ 41 °C), extreme heat stress hours (PETav ≥ 41 °C) and days with occurrence of "tropical nights" (Tmin > 20 °C) during exceptionally hot summer of 2015. Our results show that extreme heat stress hours are the least frequent in compact midrise LCZ 2, followed by dense trees LCZ A. On the contrary, countryside (low plants - LCZ D) showed to be the most uncomfortable area during daytime followed by compact low-rise areas (LCZ 3). Tropical nights are the most frequent in midrise LCZs 5 and 2 (40-46 nights) and decreasing towards open, sparsely built and natural LCZs (6-8 tropical nights in LCZs A and D). This is almost 800% decrease and it has implications for health and recreation of urban population and emphasizes the need for UMN development based on LCZ system. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 451-03-68/2020-14/200125]

The aim of this paper was to assess the impact of heat-waves on mortality in ten Czech cities, using data recorded during the summers of 2015 and 2016. Temperature-related mortality during heat-waves was investigated by comparing mortality figures on heat-wave days and those on other days by means of the Mann-Whitney U test. Results for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases (CVD+R) mortality, as well as for mortality in the over-65 age group, show statistically significant differences (p

Hot summers with several intensive heat waves lead to strong heat-related mortality in Central and Southeast European cities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate association between maximum temperature and mortality during the summer period in 2015 and to contribute to the future long-term assessment of heat-related mortality in urban population. The daily number of deaths of all causes and cause-specific mortality for the population of Novi Sad were used, as well as hourly air temperature data from the Novi Sad urban network (NSUNET) system. Four heat waves were detected using the Huth and Kysely methods. Three heat wave periods lasted longer than ten days. In July and August, 45% of days had a maximum temperature above 30 ºC, and more than 70% of days had a maximum temperature above 25 ºC. The average number of deaths was higher during the heat wave days. Significant association was found between Tmax and all-cause, cardiorespiratory, non-cardiorespiratory in total population, all-cause and cardiorespiratory mortality in the age group 65 and over. This study demonstrates a high magnitude of relation between mortality and temperature. Finally, the results show that population in urban areas is highly vulnerable during heat waves.

Pluvial flooding is a result of overland flow and ponding before the runoff enters any watercourse, drainage system or sewer, or cannot enter it because the network is full to capacity, usually caused by intense rainfall. River and coastal floods get the most attention since they are largest and last the longest, while pluvial floods are relatively marginalized in research. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to show risk posed by pluvial floods, their connection to current global climate change processes, present effects of flooding in European cities, as well as what we can expect in the future. Furthermore, the aims were to present and get more familiar with scientific projects, strategies, directives and measures devised both on national and international levels, that deal with urban pluvial flood issues across the European continent. Climate change projections indicate that there will be an increase in the frequency and intensity of rainfall events throughout Europe and along with ongoing urbanization, the problem of pluvial flooding will most certainly require more attention, which it is starting to receive. Some countries have already developed their strategies and initiatives and implemented both structural and non-structural measures, such as spatial planning, constructional measures, information systems, reducing land sealing through policies, building codes and standards, on-site improvement of retention, infiltration, evaporation, and rainfall water recycling with the use of green roofs, permeable or porous pavements, rain gardening or urban rainwater harvesting. At the same time, there are numerous research papers, studies, conferences and workshops devoted to the problem of pluvial flooding and its management carried out in an attempt to properly deal with this hazard.

Due to excessive pollution, Veliki bački Canal (VBC) was turned into an open collection system for wastewater from food industry, farms and settlements. This lead to classification of the canal as a pollution "black spot" in Danube basin. As there is high percentage of residents living alongside the canal, VBC could represent potential health risk. In order to conduct an environmental assessment of the region, local residents' attitudes are being investigated through questionnaire in ten settlements (500 respondents). The results are indicating that local residents perceive the canal as extremely polluted, mainly due to industry and its by-products. Respondents claim that current state of the canal could have harmful effects to their health, as there are frequent reports of oil spills, dead fish and odor. Extremely negative attitude is reported among the residents of Vrbas, where the most is polluted section of the canal. Questionnaire reveals that most of the respondents are willing to participate in actions of cleaning VBC, which indicates high environmental awareness.

This paper examines temporal and spatial variability and trends of annual and seasonal precipitation in Slovenia and their relationship with three atmospheric circulation patterns represented by their indices: North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOi), Mediterranean Oscillation index (MOi) andWestern Mediterranean Oscillation index (WeMOi). Data from 45 precipitation stations were used for the period 1963–2012.Mean annual precipitation varies from 736 mm in eastern Slovenia to 2,518 mm in northwestern Slovenia. A significant annual precipitation decrease (from −3% to −6% per decade) is observed in western Slovenia. Significant negative trends are observed in southwestern Slovenia in summer (from −4% to −10% per decade) and near the Adriatic coast in spring (from −6% to −10% per decade). Non-significant negative and positive trends are observed in winter and autumn, respectively. Results indicate significant correlations between winter precipitation and MOi (from −0.3 to −0.7), NAOi (from −0.3 to −0.6) andWeMOi (from 0.3 to 0.6). Significant We-MOi influence is observed in spring and autumn, while NAOi and MOi influence has not been detected. Annual precipitation and WeMOi are significantly correlated in central and eastern Slovenia, while significant NAOi and MOi influence is observed in western Slovenia (with the larger area covered by MOi influence).

This paper presents development and implementation of an automated urban climate monitoring system in mid-sized European city Novi Sad (Vojvodina, Serbia). The urban climate monitoring network contains 27 stations (25 in urban area and 2 in non-urbanized environment). To determine the representativeness station cites we used Stewart-Oke Local Climate Zones (LCZ) classification, authors' local knowledge and field surveys to delineate urban area and surrounding environments. For LCZ determination we used Lelovics-Gál automated GIS (Geographic Information System) method. Stations measure the values and every 10 minutes send the readings related to air temperature, relative humidity, battery voltage, status value and other technical information to the main server. In order for the data stored in database server to be ready for usage in urban climate studies and for analyzing entire systems' work, we created Urban Path System tool (UP-SYS_tool) and URBAN-PATH Portal. Furthermore, the automatic data procession system visualizes the measured values from urban climate monitoring network in Novi Sad and informs the citizens about the most recent temperature, relative humidity and thermal comfort measurements. These, in situ measurements should provide long-term time series in order to highlight the thermal differences among different urban structures in city/es (intra-urban and inter-urban comparisons), and contribute to better understanding of urban climate in the urban canopy layer.

Inland excess water floodings are a common problem in the Carpathian Basin. Nearly every year large areas are covered by water due to lack of natural runoff of superfluous water. To study the development of this phenomenon it is necessary to determine where these inundations are occurring. This research evaluates different methods to classify inland excess water occurrences on a study area covering south-east Hungary and northern Serbia. The region is susceptible to this type of flooding due to its geographical circumstances. Three separate methods are used to determine their applicability to the problem. The methods use the same input data set but differ in approach and complexity. The input data set consists of a mosaic of RapidEye medium resolution satellite images. The results of the classifications show that all three methods can be applied to the problem and provide high quality satellite based inland excess water maps over a large area.

In this paper spring and autumn temperature thresholds of 5°C and 10°C, active air temperature sums and lengths of growing seasons with temperature threshold of 5°C and 10°C were analyzed. The analysis were made for 10 meteorological stations for the period 1961-2011. The dates of occurrence of phenological phases of selected plants (oxeye daisy, beech, apple, winter wheat and maize) has been investigated. It was observed a tendency of earlier appearance of spring phenological phases and later appearance of autumn phenological phases. As a result extension of vegetation periods in the Republic of Slovenia is present. Dates with occurrence of phenological phases of selected plants from 8 phenological stations were connected with the results of the analysis of meteorological parameters from 8 meteorological stations. The highest correlation coefficients were obtained for the temperature parameters (0.8), while the average precipitation quantities, number of days with frost, potential evapotranspiration and water balance showed a low correlation coefficient values with the appearance of phenological phases.

This paper represents an analysis of the time series of selected meteorological parameters: mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures, sums of effective air temperature values with the temperature thresholds 5ºC and 10ºC, average precipitation quantities, number of days with frost, potential evapotranspiration and water balance. Study included data from 10 meteorological stations located on the territory of the Republic of Slovenia for the period 1961-2011. Analyzes were performed on a seasonal and annual basis. The obtained results showed a statistically significant positive trends of temperature parameters and potential evapotranspiration, while average precipitation quantities and water balance had a negative trend on the seasonal and annual basis. Positive trend of number of days with frost is present on most stations. In the second part of this paper, the obtained results were associated with the phenological data (data about the development of plants) in order to determine the intensity of correlation between them.

In the second part of the 20th century, urbanization accelerated and reached enormous magnitude, which results more and more people live in urbanized regions. Nowadays, about half of the human population is affected by the burdens of urban environments and furthermore the modified parameters of the urban atmosphere compared to the natural environment. Novi Sad (45°15’N, 19°50’E) is located in the northern part of Serbia, i.e. on the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and it is the second largest city in the country with a population of about 320,000 in a built-up area of approximately 80 km2. The geographical area is plain, from 80 to 86 m a.s.l., with a gentle relief, so its climate is free from orographic effects. According to Köppen-Geiger climate classification, this region is categorised as Cfa climate (temperate warm climate with a rather uniform annual distribution of precipitation). In the last 20 years, a few papers have been published considering urban heat island (UHI) investigations of Novi Sad. The first publication in 1994 is theoretically based and presents all parameters, methods and measurements, which have to be used in order to work on UHI research of Novi Sad. The next studies from 1995 and 2006 analyzed various temperature parameters based on 30-40 year long time series and used rural and urban stations in order to get urban-rural temperature differences. Based on meteorological parameters and the structure of urban area, in 2010 the necessity of defining locations of an urban climate network was showed in order to advance further UHI research. In the last two publications from 2011 a new empirical modeling method, adjusted for cities located on plains, has been used in order to determine locations for representative stations of an urban climate network in Novi Sad.

Conventional approach in the investigation of urban climate of Novi Sad has been done through simple urban-rural air temperature differences. These inter-urban air temperature differences showed how much is city warmer than its surroundings, so-called urban heat island (UHI) effect. Temperature differences exist inside the city as well. To get to know the intensity of these intra-urban temperature differences, installation of meteorological stations in different parts of the city or mobile measurements are needed. In 2012 started IPA HUSRB project made by Department of Climatology and Landscape Ecology (University of Szeged) and Faculty of Sciences (University of Novi Sad). The main goal of this project is the development and installation of wireless urban meteorological network (temperature and relative humidity sensors) in Szeged and Novi Sad. Before the deployment of sensors, necessary metadata about each potential urban meteorological station site needs to be collected. Field work, collected metadata and Stewart and Oke climate-based classification system from 2012 were used for defining the potential urban meteorological stations sites on the territory of the city of Novi Sad (Serbia) and its surroundings.

Šid municipality is situated in the south-western part of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (north­western Serbia). Four geomorphological units are represented on its territory: The Fruška Gora Mountain, Srem loess plateau, Srem loess terrace and alluvial plains of river Sava and its tributaries. The largest part of Šid municipality consists of the early Quaternary sediments of intergranular porosity which form the water collecting environment for the phreatic aquifer. Because of the incomplete database, the main goals of this paper are restricted on defining basic characteristics of water regime of the phreatic aquifer in Šid municipality and their causal connection with the climatic, hydrological and anthropogenic factors. The results showed the prevailing presence of climatic type of the phreatic aquifer water regime in the study area, with fragmentary presence of climatic-hydrological type near rivers and climatic-anthropogenic type near and inside the city of Šid. Special emphasis is given to the inadequate phreatic water table depth monitoring in the study area. This situation prevents the detailed study of the phreatic aquifer water regime and estimating the exact directions of its outputs, which creates a significant problem that needs to be solved in the near future.

Within urban zones land cover, being the expression of human activities, could be greatly modificated by changes in urban surfaces. Land cover modifications can be measured with mathematical metrics that quantify different aspects of landscape pattern. This research examines land cover patches by a set of landscape metrics for area and size. (Number of patches - NP, CA - Class area, Mean patch size - MPS, % - class ratio). The classification of land cover patches was based on Corine Land Cover 2006 (CLC2006) seamless vector data. The main goal of the research is to investigate the impact of artificial surfaces on Urban Heat Island (UHI) in the City of Novi Sad. The methodology is based on crossing of landscape and geographical approach to UHI research. UHI metrics of Novi Sad reveal strong human impact indicating direct proportional relation between presence of artificial surface areas and increased air temperatures.

Management of protected natural wetland habitats and flooded plains is a real challenge in nature pro­tection. Such areas consist mainly of mosaic ecosystems, highly sensitive to all natural changes, espe­cially to those of anthropogenic origin. Special nature reserve 'Gornje Podunavlje' is one of the larg­est and most important wetland habitats in this part of Europe. The area is under protection, but for centuries it has been influenced by numerous economic activities. The institutions for nature protec­tion and protected area management face numerous challenges regarding this issue. The paper focus­es on the research of the landscape changes in 'Gornje Podunavlje' and its surroundings. They have be­come a sensitive issue under the circumstances when 'Gornje Podunavlje' and its broader areas have been nominated for biosphere reserve status.

Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) was applied for the detection of inhomogeneities in the time series of mean monthly air temperature data for 7 stations in Vojvodina Province (North Serbia) for the period 1949-2010. In time series of two stations missing data have been found, but gaps do not exceed 5% of dataset. These gaps have been filled in with values from the three best correlated neighbouring stations. Seven series of the moving average multi-annual air temperature (48-month and 72-month span) have been investigated. For inhomogeneity detection of these time series AnClim software package has been used, while further analysis used various statistical and cartography methods. Reference series have been chosen from 4 to 6 stations, based on distance, similar altitudes and squared correlation coefficient higher than 0.9. SNHT has been applied for detecting abrupt homogeneity breaks. The critical level of the test was 95%. Detected break points were compared to metadata records in order to diagnose causes of featured inhomogeneities. That type of information was crucial for applying calculated corrections of investigated series. After the homogenization process, the adjustment values have been analysed. The breaks which are explained in metadata are related to the relocations of the stations and show mostly low correction values. Differences between average values of raw and homogenised monthly time series are mostly within range from 0 to 0.12°C. According to low difference data, the results present very similar linear trends of original and homogenised time series for all stations. Still, there are a substantial changes of spatial distribution patterns. The patterns for homogenised series seem more regular, due to successful application of homogenisation process, making the image of climate variations in Vojvodina more reliable.

The focus of this research is Special nature reserve Carska bara that is situated in the area of central Banat (Vojvodina, Serbia). The whole territory of the Reserve and the surrounding area represents space that has been under the influence of human activities since the very beginning of the development of human communities. Another great influence comes from the process of melioration of the whole area and mainly of the river Begej, which consequently results in changes in sediments and their quality. Sediment has a strong influence on numerous goals and functions of protection. It changes the characteristics of the landscape and ecosystems. That is why the process of sediment remediation, through the process of demudding, is of crucial importance for the protection of this area and its natural values. Remediation influences some important aims of managing the area such as nature protection, education and tourism.

Srem, as traditional farming, orchard and wine-growing region, faces the problem of shortage of water needed for agriculture. During the seventies of the last century brook valleys in the southern part of Fruska Gora loess plateau were intended to be dammed. Thus, artificial lakes could have been formed. It took long period of time to put these projects into practice and numerous projects have not started yet. After the dams had been built and lakes filled with water, planners faced hydro-geological problems at many locations. Nevertheless, these accumulations fulfill their primary function, i.e. they ensure water for irrigation and protect agricultural land from floods. There is a hydroaccumulation system, Calma lakes, near the village of Calma. Its primary function was to ensure water supplies for agriculture, but eventually it got new significance which can be noticed in fish raising and sport fishing development.