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Dr. Robert Caldwell learned Tamil when he came to Tamil Nadu to do religious work. In the Dravidian language family, Tamil is known as the classical language. He studied linguistically that Tamilam was the Tramilam and the Tramilam was Dravidian and found that Tamil was the oldest and the first of the Dravidian languages. Knowing that Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam are like Tamil with grammar and literary dialogues, he wrote a book of a comparative grammar book. In 1856, Caldwell was the first to introduce the term "comparison grammar book of Dravidian languages" or "south Indian family languages" to the world of linguistics. This article explores the trend of moral literature and the literary records of family relations as a literary form in Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam, all the four Dravidian languages.

LED luminaires are considered the primary lighting solution and have replaced other traditional luminaires in all general and focused applications as they are energy-efficient and highly reliable. The lifetime of LED luminaires is decided by the quantity of light output as well as the quality of light color. The works of the researchers and the standards they have developed are carried out only on lumen-based lifetime estimation. However, the importance of color consistency of LED luminaires is most recently realized. The work presented in this article analyses the color characteristics such as Duv, xy chromaticity, and spectral power distribution at different accelerated and practical operating conditions. The results and analysis help to identify the primary failure criteria and reasons for possible color variations. This work is useful for industry manufacturers to improve the performance of LED luminaires by appropriate modifications in the design and thereby maintain a long-lasting health and color consistency of LED luminaires.

The Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, which brought the issue of pesticides to the center stage is dedicated to Albert Schweitzer, who said, “Man has lost the capacity to foresee and to forestall. He will end by destroying the Earth”. This paper will try to understand and analyse our position with regard to the prediction made by Albert Schweitzer. Are we still moving in the same direction of self-destruction or have we regained our capacity to foresee and forestall? Man’s interaction with nature has altered it in very significant ways which in turn has been affecting the life of man in unpredictable ways. The way forward is from adverse Anthropocene to conscious Anthropocene. Shankar’s 2018 release, Akshay Kumar and Rajnikanth starrer 2.0 warn us about the problems of radiation which will wipe away the birds from Earth before us going the same way. How the overcrowded telephone network towers and the radiation from them will wreak havoc, if not checked right away is the point of discussion in the movie. 2016 release Remo D’ Souza’s A flying Jatt, starring Tiger Shroff also speaks of the impending doom if we do not manage our waste properly. The pollutants which we are releasing generously into the environment are nothing but our own suicide in installments. The writing has been on the wall for long. Poornachandra Tejaswi in his novel Chidambara Rahasya depicts the picture of a society which ignores this writing on the wall for short term gains and this shortsightedness results in the destruction of nature, culture and the life as we know. This paper intends to study the equation between man and nature as depicted in the above mentioned movies and literature.

Interaction of plants to abiotic stress is complex and involve various physiological and biochemical responses. A common response of plants to fungicidal stress is the accumulation of proteins and amino acids. Amino acids and other soluble nitrogenous compounds play an essential role in plant metabolism. Hence the present work was carried out to study the effect of different concentrations of mancozeb on protein metabolism during the germination of paddy cultivars. The seeds were soaked in different concentrations of mancozeb and control was maintained. Seed treatment with mancozeb suppressed the protein content but significantly increased the protease activity, free amino acids and proline content in relation to progressive concentrations of fungicide. Thus mancozeb act as modulator and endow plants with capacity to adapt to stressful condition by biological and physiological adjustment at cellular level.

Speech recognition system has become an integral part of how the computer technologies can be used to influence and improve the human work and activities. These are being used extensively, from personal assistants to self-driving car Human Computer Interfaces (HCIs) and other industries as well. While the most common approach to speech recognition system building is using the Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). The HMM models assume a specific structure of the data and unable to capture temporal dependencies. This paper however presents a unique approach for isolated word recognition based on deep learning models using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) particularly, which can perform end to end speech recognition without any assumption of structure in data using Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM). The network proposed in the paper can learn both features in the data and capture temporal dependencies.

In the present study was designed to evaluate antimicrobial, anthelminthic activity and phytochemical analysis of different extracts of Sida cordata (Burm. f.) borssum root rxtract was prepared using different solvents like chloroform, petroleum ether, ethylacetate, ethanol, and water (aqueous extract). By using agar well diffusion method, the antibiotic activity of different extract was evaluated and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by 96 well resazurin based microtiter dilution the test organisms were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Lacto bacillus Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger. Among the different the extracts (ethanolic and aqueous) showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Lacto bacillus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Against S.aureus, aqueous extract showed better activity (20mm, MIC 0.187 mg/ml) followed by Ethanol extract (15mm with MIC 0.390 mg/ml), further the aqueous extract showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (15mm, MIC 1.5 mg/ml) followed by Ethanol extract (12mm with MIC 0.375 mg/ml) and same was observed for Lactobacillus (19mm). In terms of anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma (Indian earthworm) aqueous extract of the root exhibited significant activity in the concentration of 100mg/ml with 22.0 and 39 minutes for paralysis and death, respectively and that of standard drug Albendazole was 20 and 38.00 minutes. The aqueous extract showed significantly better effect comparable to standard and hence higher anthelmintic activity. Keywords: Sida cordata, Antimicrobial Resazurin, Anthelminthic, Pheretima posthuma.

Light-emitting diode is the most dominant lighting technology, and lumen output performance is dependent on junction temperature and operating drive current. An experimental analysis is performed to study the thermal and drive current effect on lumen output, and an empirical model is developed to determine the optimum operating conditions of temperature and drive current so as to obtain a maximum lumen output profile. Three commercially available light-emitting diode down-lighter’s light-emitting diodes are chosen for the study. The investigation reveals that there exists an optimum drive current at which lumen output is maximum, and it has a linear relation with junction temperature. Pulse-soak testing was performed to study the deviations of pulsed and continuous operation of drive current to understand the performance of light-emitting diodes. The work helps light-emitting diode luminaire manufacturers to design a controlled power electronic circuit so as to maximize the lumen output effectively and accurately.

LED luminaires are expected to have a long lifetime, and the reliability analysis needs to be performed for practical conditions. This article proposes a generalized methodology for predicting the lifetime of LED luminaire for the desired/practical conditions. The method involves a single accelerated degradation test (ADT) and electrothermal interaction (ETI) multiplication factors to predict lifetime. Using the reliability prediction model, the light-output performance of LED luminaire for practical conditions is predicted and validated using experimentation. The reason for the failure of the LED luminaire is identified and is further reasoned with the LED package-level analysis using SEM-EDS. The work presented is useful for the lighting industry to predict the reliability and lifetime performance of any luminaire with limited resources for any desired conditions accurately.

LED luminaires are a common lighting source used in general lighting application as they are energy-efficient and long-lasting. However, the reliability of an LED luminaire is not well established, and no standard method for estimating the performance of an LED luminaire is developed. This article presents an investigation to understand the performance of LED luminaires at the accelerated degradation test (ADT) condition and analyzes the reliability of LED luminaires. An LED luminaire has two subsystems, an LED light engine and the LED constant current driver that are subjected to ADT, and the light engine factors, lumen output, and Duv changes are analyzed. Similarly, the driver output stage electrolytic capacitor capacitance and equivalent series resistance (ESR) are estimated. The study of continuous operation in time and study when subjected to switching cycles to quantify reliability in terms of operating cycles is performed. All four key parameters—lumen maintenance, Duv, capacitance, and ESR—are estimated up to their specified threshold and reliability is analyzed. The LED light engine lumen output is found to degrade very quickly compared with other factors. LED luminaire failure at ADT is mainly due to lumen depreciation followed by color shift and, after significant intervals of time and cycles, the driver capacitor ESR follows as reason for the failure of the LED luminaire. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis is performed on the LED package, and results show that LED silver (Ag) mirror tarnish is the main reason for a significant reduction in light output.