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Résumé : On ne saurait imaginer une société sans culture, sans tradition, sans langue de communication. Les questions que l’on se pose sont les suivantes : quelle est la relation qui existe entre tradition, coutume et langue ? quelle est la place des langues dans le dialogue des cultures au Burkina Faso ? Dans un regard socio-ethnolinguistique, l’article tente de répondre à ces questions dans le double objectif d’établir le lien entre coutumes, traditions et langues et de proposer des cadres de dialogue interculturel et linguistique dans un pays cosmopolite qu’est le Burkina Faso. Pour y parvenir, une analyse documentaire soutenue par un entretien auprès des dépositaires des savoirs traditionnels nous a été d’une grande nécessité en vue de vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle la langue fait dialoguer les cultures, donc les traditions qu’elle pérennise pour la cohésion du monde présent et futur en corrélation avec l’histoire des peuples et des habitudes sociales. Finalement, il serait illusoire de dissocier langue et tradition qui se nourrissent mutuellement d’un dialogue à la fois générationnel et dynamique tout en constituant l’essence de l’existence même des sociétés humaines. Mots-clés : langues-cultures, coutumes, sociétés humaines

Genetic alterations in the TP63 (GenBank: NC_000003.12, ID: 8626) and CCR5 (receptor 5 chemokine co-receptor) (GenBank: NC_000003.12, ID: 1234) genes may increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the probable involvement of polymorphisms rs17506395 in the TP63 (tumour protein 63) gene and the CCR5Δ32 mutation in the occurrence of breast cancer in Burkina Faso. This case–control study included 72 patients and 72 controls. Genotyping of SNP rs17506395 (TP63) was performed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism, and genotyping of the CCR5Δ32 mutation was performed by allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction. For SNP rs17506395 (TP63), the genotypic frequencies of wild-type homozygotes (TT) and heterozygotes (TG) were, respectively, 27.72 and 72.22% in cases and 36.11 and 63.89% in controls. No mutated homozygotes (GG) were observed. For the CCR5Δ32 mutation, the genotypic frequencies of wild-type homozygotes (WT/WT) and heterozygotes (WT/Δ32) were 87.5 and 13.5%, respectively, in the cases and 89.29 and 10.71%, respectively, in the controls. No mutated homozygotes (Δ32/Δ32) were observed. None of the polymorphisms rs17506395 of the TP63 gene (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 0.69–3.17, P = 0.284) and the CCR5Δ32 mutation (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.46–3.77; P = 0.79) were associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in this study.

The aim of this study is to analyse rainfall variability and its impact on surface water in the Vranso catchment. To achieve this, the methodology consisted of collecting primary and secondary data. The primary data was acquired using a survey technique, while the secondary data was based on meteorological data (rainfall) and a literature review. Data processing was based on the standardised rainfall index (SPI), the Martonne aridity index and the standardised flow index. (SFI), and the frequency index (FI). The study shows that rainfall variability is significant over the period 1985-2014. This variability is reflected in alternating dry and wet periods. The study also shows that rainfall variability has an impact on flows in the Vranso catchment. Agricultural activities, gold panning and livestock farming contribute to the drying up of water bodies in the catchment. It would be useful for the regional authorities to tackle this problem by formulating conservation policies for these areas.

Several factors contribute to the development of breast cancer, including the immune system. This study is aimed to characterize the carriage of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*11 and 1*12 alleles in patients with breast cancer. This case-control study consisted of 96 histologically diagnosed breast cancer cases and 102 controls (cases without breast abnormalities). A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to characterize the carriage of HLA-DRB1*11 and 1*12 alleles. The HLA-DRB1*11 allele was present in 26.59% of cases and 22.55% of controls. The HLA-DRB1*12 allele was present in 56.63% of cases and 55.88% of controls. This study found no direct association between the carriage of the HLA-DRB1*11 and HLA-DRB1*12 alleles and the occurrence of breast cancer. In addition, the deletion of the HLA-DRB1*11 allele is associated (beneficial effect) with obesity/overweight (OR = 0.13; 95% CI [0.01–1.14]; and p = 0.03) which is a risk for breast cancer. No direct association was found between the carriage of HLA-DRB1*11 and 1*12 alleles and breast cancer risk. However, further investigation of other HLA alleles involved in the occurrence of breast cancer may provide more information.

Background: This study evaluated production technologies of the refined cottonseed oils and crude peanut oils and investigated the edible oils' sales condition in markets of Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso, Africa. Methods: The study was carried out by administering a questionnaire to 316 edible oil sellers in markets, 25 cottonseed oil producers, and 18 crude peanut oil producers. The production technologies and sale conditions such as brands, origins, storage, and packaging were evaluated on the basis of observations and surveys. The edible oils' sale conditions, production conditions of the peanut and cottonseed oils, as well as the means used for production of the aforesaid oils were investigated. Results: The results showed that the crude peanut oils were produced in two ways by only women (100%) using rudimentary means. However, cottonseed oils' production was of three types and mostly dominated by men (96%). The sodium hydroxide (100%), phosphoric acid (36.4%), citric acid (63.6%), filters (100%), and tonsil (80%) were used during refining cottonseed oils. In markets and other places, imported edible oils (94%) were mainly sold and 34.2% of the sellers exposed oils to the sun. Imported edible oils generally came from Ivory Coast, Malaysia, and Indonesia. So, local edible oils were faced with a great competition against the imported oils. These imported oils are from various origins and are mainly consumed with deplorable sale conditions. Conclusion: This study highlighted the production technologies and edible oils' sale conditions. The results of this study can provide the necessary information for the authorities to take measures to ensure the quality of edible oils.

Breast cancer remains the most common cause of cancer mortality in women. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between genetic variability in GSTM1 and GSTT1 and susceptibility to breast cancer.

Arzouma Paul Yooda,1–3 Salam Sawadogo,3 Serge Théophile Soubeiga,1,2 Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah,4 Koumpingnin Nebie,3 Abdoul Karim Ouattara,1,2 Birama Diarra,1,2 Abibou Simpore,3 Yetema Dieudonné Yonli,3 Abdoul-Guaniyi Sawadogo,3 Bia Emile Drabo,3 Seimbou Zalla,3 Anita Pierrette Siritié,3 Rodrigue Sosthène Nana,3 Honorine Dahourou,3 Jacques Simpore1,2 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LaBioGene), Training and Research Unit in Life and Earth Sciences, University Ouaga I Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Center (CERBA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 3National Blood Transfusion Center (NBTC), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 4Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana Introduction: In sub-Saharan Africa, the high endemicity of blood-borne infections is a serious threat to transfusion safety. In order to improve transfusion safety, Burkina Faso has undertaken in recent years a reorganization of its blood-transfusion system through the creation of a National Blood Transfusion Center, which is the only blood operator in the whole country. This study aimed to estimate the residual risk of transmission of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by blood transfusion at the Regional Blood Transfusion Center (RBTC) of Ouagadougou.Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at the RBTC of Ouagadougou between 2015 and 2017. Prevalence of infectious markers was calculated for first-time donors and incidence rates calculated for repeat donors who had made at least two donations of blood over the study period. Residual risks were estimated for the three viruses (HIV, HBV, and HCV) by multiplying the incidence rate per 100,000 person-years by the respective durations of serological windows.Results: Between 2015 and 2017, of a total of 84,299 blood donors, 68,391 (81.13%) were first-time donors compared to 15,908 (18.87%) repeat donors. The seroprevalence of HBV (8.56%) was twice that of HCV (4.40%) and fourfold that of HIV (1.80%). Incidence rates were 1,215, 2,601, and 1,599 per 100,000 donations for HIV, HCV, and HBV, respectively. In contrast, the estimated residual risk for HCV (1 in 213 donations) was double that of HBV (1 in 408 donations) and four times that of HIV (1 in 1,366).Conclusion: The residual risk of transmission of these viruses by blood transfusion remains high in repeat donors. An effective donor-retention and education policy could help to reduce this residual risk. Keywords: infectious diseases, prevalence, incidence, residual transfusion risk

Charlotte Bernard,1,2 Eric Balestre,1,2 Patrick A Coffie,3–5 Serge Paul Eholie,3,4 Eugène Messou,3–6 Viviane Kwaghe,7 Benson Okwara,8 Adrien Sawadogo,9 Yao Abo,10 François Dabis,1,2 Nathalie de Rekeneire1,2 On behalf of the International Epidemiological Database to evaluate Aids (IeDEA) West Africa Collaboration 1INSERM, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France; 2University of Bordeaux, School of Public Health (ISPED), Bordeaux, France; 3Département de Dermatologie et d’Infectiologie, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire; 4Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Treichville University Teaching Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire; 5Programme PAC-CI, Treichville University Teaching Hospital, Abidjan, Ivory Coast; 6Center of Care, Research and Training (CePReF), Yopougon-Attié Hospital, Abidjan, Ivory Coast; 7University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; 8University of Benin City Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; 9Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé (INSSA), Bobo-Dioulasso Polytechnic University, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 10National Blood Transfusion Center (CNTS), Abidjan, Ivory Coast Background: Reporting mortality and lost to follow-up (LTFU) by age is essential as older HIV-positive patients might be at risk of long-term effects of living with HIV and/or taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). As age effects might not be linear and might impact HIV outcomes in the oldest more severely, people living with HIV (PLHIV) aged 50–59 years and PLHIV aged >60 years were considered separately.Setting: Seventeen adult HIV/AIDS clinics spread over nine countries in West Africa.Methods: Data were collected within the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS West Africa Collaboration. ART-naïve PLHIV-1 adults aged >16 years initiating ART and attending ≥2 clinic visits were included (N=73,525). Age was divided into five groups: 16–29/30–39/40–49/50–59/≥60 years. The age effect on mortality and LTFU was evaluated with Kaplan–Meier curves and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regressions.Results: At month 36, 5.9% of the patients had died and 47.3% were LTFU. Patients aged ≥60 (N=1,736) and between 50–59 years old (N=6,792) had an increased risk of death in the first 36 months on ART (adjusted hazard ratio=1.66; 95% CI: 1.36–2.03 and adjusted hazard ratio=1.31; 95% CI: 1.15–1.49, respectively; reference: 50 years old should not be considered as a unique group irrespective of their age. Tailored programs focusing on improving the care services for older PLHIV in Sub-Saharan Africa are clearly needed to improve basic program outcomes. Keywords: HIV, aging, ART, mortality, lost to follow-up, Sub-Saharan Africa

Dans la région soudanienne du Burkina Faso riche en bas-fonds, ces derniers représentent une facette du paysage inondable et fertile, ayant une fonction contre-aléatoire à travers des productions diversifiées en milieu humide en saison des pluies, et en contre-saison. Les activités de bas-fond permettent de réduire la vulnérabilité des groupes les plus exposés, comme les petites exploitations, les femmes et les jeunes, mais les arrangements fonciers restent précaires. C’est aussi un paysage particulièrement changeant avec des actions d’aménagement collectif hydraulique, rizicole et maraîcher. Les changements climatiques en cours atténuent l’aléa de la sécheresse sauf en début de saison, et un risque accru d’inondations est apparu. Ces tendances renforcent l’aléa du régime de l’eau, limitant les rendements, ce qui requiert des innovations dans les domaines technique et organisationnel, qui devront prendre en compte explicitement la dimension sociale et environnementale des bas-fonds.