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Women frequently do not label their experiences of sexual harassment as sexual harassment (Magley & Shupe, 2005). The objective of this survey is to understand why women do not always categorize sexual harassment directed towards themselves as such, and whether there is a difference in perception and labeling when the harassment is observed rather than personally experienced. We are conducting a survey on the perception of sexually harassing behaviors among women. Half of the participants will rate on a scale of 1 ("not at all strong") to 7 ("very strong") how strongly they would label 16 harassing behaviors as harassment if they were to experience them (self-perspective), while the other half will rate how strongly another woman should label the harassing behaviors as harassment (external perspective). Subsequently, all participants will rank the overall severity of various forms of harassment on a scale of 0 ("not at all severe") to 7 ("very severe"). The assumption is that sexual harassment perceived as more severe is more likely to be labeled as such, while harassment perceived as less severe may not be labeled as such. Additionally, we will ask all participants what they believe would influence their decision to label a behavior as harassment (e.g., work relationship: supervisor or colleague). This open-ended question aims to contribute to a better understanding of the cognitive processes that precede the judgment of a behavior as sexually harassing. The participants will then answer a total of 8 items related to four potential motivations, based on Shupe's (2019) paper, for labeling or not labeling harassing behavior as sexual harassment. Shupe posits that the belief in a just world is the first motivator that encourages the labeling of sexual harassment, as addressing it requires its recognition. Motives for not labeling sexual harassment directed towards oneself, according to Shupe, can include relationship problems, self-regulation needs, and the desire to maintain control and identity. Individuals who have experienced sexual harassment are often expected to confront the perpetrator, which can lead to uncomfortable feelings or a sense of loss of control. Additionally, some survivors anticipate being treated or perceived differently by others after experiencing sexual harassment. According to Shupe, women may fear being blamed for the harassment or seen as seeking attention if they label it. These four motives identified by Shupe may also contribute to why sexual harassment experienced personally and observed sexual harassment are not always labeled the same: individuals who have personally experienced harassment may seek to maintain a sense of control, prevent relationship problems, and minimize self-regulation. Finally, all participants will be asked several socio-demographic questions regarding age, sexual orientation, educational level, and cultural background.

We will conduct a vignette study using samples of heterosexual women and men. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of four conditions in which they will read a vignette where a female employee's sexual orientations will be revealed in a work conversation, after which she is harassed by her male colleague. The study will have a 2 (gender of first partner: man, women) x 2 (gender of second partner: man, women) design. In each vignette, a male colleague called Mark will ask his female colleague Charlotte if she is still with her partner. The old partner’s gender is manipulated in the vignettes. She will respond that she now has a new partner, who’s gender will also be manipulated. In the heterosexual condition, the old and new partners each will have a male name. In the lesbian condition, the old and new partners will each have a female name. In the two bisexual conditions, the first partner will have a male name, and the second partner will have a female name, or the first partner will have a female name, and the second partner will have a male name. Mark will prompt to ask more specifically about Charlotte's sexual orientation ("Oh, so you're straight [lesbian/bi]?"), which she will confirm. Afterwards, Mark will sexually harass Charlotte, by saying that the two of them would certainly be a good match, too and that she should get in touch with him whenever she is interested. Participants will be asked to complete ten types of DVs. First, we will ask them to what extent they found the comment on Charlotte’s sexuality appropriate and whether the answer has surprised them. Second, participants will indicate what they found appropriate or surprising about the question in an open text form. Third, will measure participant’s responsibility attributions towards the victim and perpetrator, their perceived sexual promiscuity of bisexual women, and their modern homonegativity, as well as their benevolent and hostile sexism.

In this project, we investigate whether the current Corona pandemic reinforces traditional gender division of labor. We will investigate whether women do more household and caring work (i.e., traditional female work) during the Corona pandemic than before the pandemic. Furthermore, it will be assessed whether participants think that women, more than men, should engage more in additional domestic work. Finally, we will identify potential moderators of these effects.

Is fluency a critical component of stereotypes?

preregistration for macro biological essentialism hypotheses and analyses

Mechanisms and prevention of failed back surgery syndromes are rarely known in the clinical context. It has been shown that laminectomy induces outgrowth of putative nociceptive peptidergic afferents in the dura mater lumbalis of rats.We aimed to investigate whether the application of a polycaprolactone/polylactic acid membrane (Mesofol) after surgery inhibits sensory hyperinnervation.Adult Lewis rats were assigned to three groups: Control (no manipulation), Laminectomy and Laminectomy + Mesofol. Six weeks post-surgery, the durae were removed, immunohistochemically stained for CGRP- and SP-positive afferents and their density quantified.In controls, CGRP- and SP-positive neurons were predominantly found in ventral but rarely observed in dorsal parts of the dura. Following laminectomy, the density of afferents significantly increased ventrally, resulting in a dense network of nerve fibers. In dorsal regions, neuronal sprouting of was observed. Covering the dura with Mesofol after laminectomy had no impact on nerve fibre outgrowth.Application of Mesofol neither prevents nor significantly diminishes the laminectomy-induced increase in the density of peptidergic afferents.Mechanismen und Prävention des Failed-Back-Surgery-Syndroms sind im klinischen Kontext kaum bekannt. Tierexperimentell konnte gezeigt werden, dass Laminektomien das Wachstum von mutmaßlich nozizeptiven peptidergen Afferenzen in der Dura mater lumbalis von Ratten induziert. ZIEL: Evaluierung, ob die postoperative Anwendung einer Polycaprolacton-Polylactid-Membran (Mesofol) die sensorische Hyperinnervation hemmt.Erwachsene Lewis-Ratten wurden in 3 Gruppen unterteilt: Kontrolle (keine Manipulation), Laminektomie und Laminektomie + Mesofol. Sechs Wochen postoperativ wurden die Durae entfernt, CGRP- und SP-haltige Afferenzen immunhistochemisch markiert und deren Innervierungsdichte bestimmt.In den Kontrollen wurden die CGRP- und SP-positiven Neurone überwiegend in den ventralen, jedoch nur spärlich in den dorsalen Abschnitten der jeweiligen Dura gefunden. Nach Laminektomie nahm ventral die Anzahl der immunpositiven Afferenzen signifikant zu, was in einem dichten Netzwerk von Nervenfasern resultierte. In den dorsalen Regionen wurde ebenfalls eine Zunahme immunpositiver Nervenfasern sowie neuronales Aussprossen und Wachstum beobachtet. Das Bedecken der Durae mit Mesofol nach Laminektomie hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Nervenfaserwachstum.Die Verwendung von Mesofol konnte den Laminektomie-induzierten Dichteanstieg der peptidergen Afferenzen weder verhindern noch signifikant herabsetzen.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Mechanismen und Prävention des Failed-Back-Surgery-Syndroms sind im klinischen Kontext kaum bekannt. Tierexperimentell konnte gezeigt werden, dass Laminektomien das Wachstum von mutmaßlich nozizeptiven peptidergen Afferenzen in der Dura mater lumbalis von Ratten induziert. Ziel Evaluierung, ob die postoperative Anwendung einer Polycaprolacton-Polylactid-Membran (Mesofol) die sensorische Hyperinnervation hemmt. Material/Methoden Erwachsene Lewis-Ratten wurden in 3 Gruppen unterteilt: Kontrolle (keine Manipulation), Laminektomie und Laminektomie + Mesofol. Sechs Wochen postoperativ wurden die Durae entfernt, CGRP- und SP-haltige Afferenzen immunhistochemisch markiert und deren Innervierungsdichte bestimmt. Ergebnisse In den Kontrollen wurden die CGRP- und SP-positiven Neurone überwiegend in den ventralen, jedoch nur spärlich in den dorsalen Abschnitten der jeweiligen Dura gefunden. Nach Laminektomie nahm ventral die Anzahl der immunpositiven Afferenzen signifikant zu, was in einem dichten Netzwerk von Nervenfasern resultierte. In den dorsalen Regionen wurde ebenfalls eine Zunahme immunpositiver Nervenfasern sowie neuronales Aussprossen und Wachstum beobachtet. Das Bedecken der Durae mit Mesofol nach Laminektomie hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Nervenfaserwachstum. Schlussfolgerung Die Verwendung von Mesofol konnte den Laminektomie-induzierten Dichteanstieg der peptidergen Afferenzen weder verhindern noch signifikant herabsetzen.

This three-wave longitudinal study will focus on understanding how the experience of sexual harassment harms those who are targeted by it in an organizational context. We investigate if the experience of harassment reduces targets’ self-ascribed agency and leads to more negative work outcomes (i.e., reduced work engagement, performance motivation, and leadership motivation as well as enhanced turnover intentions). We test whether self-ascribed agency predicts being targeted by sexual harassment. Moreover, we examine the role of self-blame as a mediator in the postulated effect of harassment on self-ascribed agency.

A recent debate raises questions on what shapes socially responsible behavior. In an experiment, we disentangle major determinants, social information, buyer/seller framing and diffusion of responsibility, and provide evidence on how they influence decisions when decision-makers can gain money by harming uninvolved parties. Our results show that buyer/seller framing tends to encourage subjects to make purely self-interested decisions. In contrast, social information about others who behaved socially responsible increases social responsibility. When comparing individual decisions with joint decisions, we observe no effect of diffusion of responsibility on socially responsible behavior.

Im Vergleich zur Zerspanung mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide müssen beim Schleifen bedeutend höhere spezifische Energien zur Zerspanung eines Werkstoffvolumens eingesetzt werden. Durch die schnelle Rotation der Schleifscheibe bildet sich ein oberflächennahes Luftpolster, welches eine Ablenkung des Kühlschmierstoffstrahls bewirkt und somit das Schleifergebnis bedeutend beeinflussen kann.

Purpose Child language acquisition is marked by an optional infinitive period (ages 2–4 years) during which children use nonfinite (infinitival) verb forms and finite verb forms interchangeably in grammatical contexts that require finite forms. In English, children's errors include omissions of past tense /– ed / and 3rd-person singular /– s /. This language acquisition period typically ends by the age of 4 years, but it persists in children with language impairments. It is unknown if adults still process optional infinitives differently than other kinds of morphosyntax errors. Method We compared behavior and functional brain activation during grammaticality judgments across sentences with developmental optional infinitive tense/agreement errors (“Yesterday I play the song”), nondevelopmental agreement errors (“He am tall”) that do not occur in typical child language acquisition, and grammatically correct sentences. Results Adults ( N = 25) were significantly slower and less accurate in judging sentences with developmental errors relative to other sentences. Sentences with developmental errors yielded greater activation in bilateral inferior frontal gyri relative to nondevelopmental error sentences in both auditory and visual modalities. Conclusions These findings suggest that the heightened computational demands for finiteness extend well beyond early childhood and continue to exert their influence on grammatical mental and brain function in adulthood.

Early life stress has been associated with disrupted functional connectivity between the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), but it is unknown how early in development stress-related differences in amygdala–mPFC connectivity emerge. In a resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) analysis with 79 four- to seven-year-old children, we found a significant correlation between more adverse experiences and weaker amygdala–mPFC rs-FC. We also found that weaker amygdala–mPFC rs-FC was associated with higher levels of aggressive behavior and attention problems. These findings suggest that the impact of stress on emotional circuitry is detectable in early childhood and that this impact is associated with mental health difficulties. Connectivity in this circuit may be useful as a marker for mental health risk and for tracking the efficacy of early interventions.