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Streptomyces can produce numerous antibiotics and many other bioactive compounds. Recently, the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulators in control of antibiotic production by influencing the expression of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) have been extensively studied. However, for regulators that affect both antibiotic production and cell growth, the way to influence antibiotic production may be diverse, but related studies are limited. Here, based on time-course transcriptome analysis, a four-component system, SbrH1-R, consisting of the two-component system SbrKR (SBI_03479/3478) and two hypothetical proteins SbrH1 (SBI_03481) and SbrH2 (SBI_03480) potentially related with the biosynthesis of milbemycins was identified in Streptomyces bingchenggensis BC-101-4. Deletion of sbrH1-R resulted in weakened cell growth but a 110% increase of milbemycin production compared with that in BC-101-4. Comparative transcriptome analyses of the sbrH1-R mutant and BC-101-4 revealed that SbrH1-R not only indirectly represses milbemycin BGC expression, but also inhibits milbemycin production by modulating expression levels of genes related to precursor supply and antibiotic efflux. Further genetic experiments identified several new targets, including five precursor supply-associated reactions/pathways (e.g., the reaction from pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, the reaction from acetyl-CoA to citrate, the fatty acid β-oxidation process, and the branched chain amino acid and phenylalanine acid degradation pathways) and a milbemycin exporter system (MilEX2) that can be engineered for milbemycin overproduction. These results shed new light on the understanding of regulation of milbemycin biosynthesis and provide useful targets for future metabolic engineering of the native host to improve milbemycin production.

Streptomyces can produce numerous antibiotics and many other bioactive compounds. Recently, the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulators in control of antibiotic production by influencing the expression of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) have been extensively studied. However, for regulators that affect both antibiotic production and cell growth, the way to influence antibiotic production may be diverse, but related studies are limited. Here, based on time-course transcriptome analysis, a four-component system, SbrH1-R, consisting of the two-component system SbrKR (SBI_03479/3478) and two hypothetical proteins SbrH1 (SBI_03481) and SbrH2 (SBI_03480) potentially related with the biosynthesis of milbemycins was identified in Streptomyces bingchenggensis BC-101-4. Deletion of sbrH1-R resulted in weakened cell growth but a 110% increase of milbemycin production compared with that in BC-101-4. Comparative transcriptome analyses of the sbrH1-R mutant and BC-101-4 revealed that SbrH1-R not only indirectly represses milbemycin BGC expression, but also inhibits milbemycin production by modulating expression levels of genes related to precursor supply and antibiotic efflux. Further genetic experiments identified several new targets, including five precursor supply-associated reactions/pathways (e.g., the reaction from pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, the reaction from acetyl-CoA to citrate, the fatty acid β-oxidation process, and the branched chain amino acid and phenylalanine acid degradation pathways) and a milbemycin exporter system (MilEX2) that can be engineered for milbemycin overproduction. These results shed new light on the understanding of regulation of milbemycin biosynthesis and provide useful targets for future metabolic engineering of the native host to improve milbemycin production., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Wensheng Xiang, Yanyan Zhang, Lan Ye, Shanshan Li have filed two patents related to the data in this manuscript. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2022 The Authors.)